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This study investigated the effect of inclusion of dietary oligosaccharides, onion peel, and an essential oil blend (EOB; containing anise, clove, oregano, cedarwood, and ginger in the ratio 4:2:2:1:1) individually and in combinations in the total mixed ration of dairy cattle on in vitro gas production (GP), dry matter disappearance (DMD), fiber fraction disappearance, and total and individual volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. EOB was used at 200 µL g-1 of feed while the other additives were administered at 3% of the feed on a dry matter basis. The in vitro batch culture technique was used for this experiment and the design was a completely randomized design with 12 treatments replicated eight times. The total GP at 24 h was significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced by the inclusion of EOB-containing additives in the total mixed ration. The lowest gas volume was recorded for the treatment containing mannanoligosaccharide + EOB while the highest value was recorded for sole onion peel treatment. The EOB treatment had the lowest methane production while onion peel alone had the highest values for the greenhouse gas parameters. The inclusion of EOB individually and in combination with the oligosaccharides reduced (p < 0.05) propionate and increased acetate molar proportions, with the highest acetate and lowest propionate noted for the galacto-oligosaccharide and onion peel mixture treatment. Inclusion of the additives evaluated in this study had positive effects on rumen fermentation and digestibility indices with a potential for abatement of greenhouse gases when EOB is present individually or in combination with the oligosaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the inclusion of fumaric acid and essential oil blends (EOBs) containing anise, cedarwood, clove, cumin, eucalyptus, garlic, ginger, lavender, lemongrass, nutmeg, oregano, and peppermint at different proportions on in vitro dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD), fiber fraction disappearance, the efficiency of microbial production, and the total volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Ten treatments without (control treatment) or with different EOB/fumaric combinations were used in the study with eight replicates. The EOB inclusion level was 200 μL/g of feed (total mixed ration, (TMR)) while fumaric acid was administered at 3% of the TMR (DM basis). The highest DMD, in vitro true degradable DM, partitioning factor (PF24), and in vitro apparent degradable DM were recorded for the fumaric only treatment and the control. Neutral detergent fiber disappearance was reduced with the inclusion of EOB/fumaric combinations. The production of microbial mass and undegraded DM were higher (p < 0.001) for all EOBs and EOB and fumaric treatments. The inclusion of EOB and fumaric combinations reduced (p < 0.001) the total gas production, methane, and ammonia, with a higher PF24 value noted for EOB3 treatment. The inclusion of individual EOB1 containing garlic, lemongrass, cumin, lavender, and nutmeg in a ratio of 4:2:2:1:1 or combined with fumaric acid yielded the highest propionate concentration across all treatments. We concluded that EOBs decreased methane production and nutrient degradability with better results with the individual EOB1 or EOB1/fumaric combination, which showed a potential enhancement in energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the synergistic effects of prebiotics containing galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and/or mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), essential oil blend (EOB), and onion peel (OPE) on fermentation characteristics using the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) system. Three rumen-cannulated, non-lactating Holstein Friesian cows were the inoculum donors. The substrate used for the study was a total mixed ration (TMR), which consisted of corn silage, alfalfa hay, and concentrate at 6:2:2, respectively. Sixteen fermentation vessels were randomly allotted to four treatments with four replicates each over a 9-day period in a completely randomized design. The treatments assessed include: control [TMR only], GEO [TMR + GOS + EOB + OPE], MEO [TMR + MOS + EOB + OPE], and OLEO [TMR + OLG + EOB + OPE]. OLG comprises GOS and MOS in equal proportion. EOB was included at 3 µL/g, while OPE, GOS, MOS, and OLG were added at 30 mg/g TMR. Results showed that pH, gas volume, effluent volume, and ammonia-N were not affected (p > 0.05) by the different additives. Similarly, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and nutrient digestibility were not affected by the treatments. Compared to the control, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were decreased (p < 0.05) by 14.8, 10.8, and 8.5% with GEO, MEO, and OLEO inclusion, respectively, while the molar proportion of acetate was increased (p = 0.011) by 3.3, 1.1, and 3.8% with GEO, MEO, and OLEO inclusion, respectively. MEO increased isobutyrate (p = 0.001) and branched chain VFA (p = 0.013) contents; however, GEO and OLEO inclusion reduced them. Overall, the interaction of EOB, OPE, GOS, and/or MOS did not affect nutrient digestibility or GHG emissions but reduced VFA production. Further research is recommended to assess the dose effect of the additives on GHG emissions and VFA production; and to determine the long-term effects of these interventions on the rumen microbiome and animal performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chemical reaction network has been utilized as an energy and radical source to drive a polymerization of acrylonitrile monomer in an aqueous solution. The polymer is formed in a polymerization-induced self-assembly fashion. The carbonization of polyacrylonitrile leads to the formation of nanoporous carbon nitride. Ru species are observed in the porous polymer and carbon nitride. Tris (2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(II) chloride hexahydrate, a catalyst used in the B–Z reaction, remains in the carbon nitride framework, enhancing the electronic and chemical properties of the composites. The electrochemical properties of the composites were studied using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The specific capacitance of the electrode was found to be 763 F g−1 at 0.3 A g−1 current densities. The excellent specific capacitance behavior is mainly attributed to micro/mesopores structure, active sites for a superior redox reaction, intimate contact between Ru/RuO2 nanoparticles with amorphous carbon nitride, rapid transportation of ions, and fast electrolyte transfer process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kawasaki disease is an acute febrile condition seen in children. However, it is also well recognized that some patients do not fulfill the classic diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease. The incomplete form of Kawasaki disease is termed as 'Incomplete KD' or 'Atypical KD'. This is a case of 4 years old child with fever and mumps. He had bilateral cervical adenitis. Patient failed to respond to IV antibiotics fulfilled the criteria of incomplete Kawasaki disease. The child was managed with high dose aspirin until the child was afebrile for 48 hours. Kawasaki disease is a common vasculitis in children. Atypical cases might be missed if there is concomitant viral illness. Hence the identification and management of Kawasaki disease is paramount to decrease the mortality related to the cardiac disease. Keywords: bilateral cervical adenitis; fever and mumps; failed to respond IV antibiotics; incomplete kawasaki disease.