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Background/Aims: Selecting patients with an urgent need for endoscopic he mostasis is difficult based only on simple parameters of presumed acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. This study assessed easily applicable factors to predict cases in need of urgent endoscopic hemostasis due to acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods: The consecutively included patients were divided into the endoscopic hemostasis and nonendoscopic hemostasis groups. We reviewed the enrolled pa tients’ medical records and analyzed various variables and parameters for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding outcomes such as demographic factors, comor bidities, symptoms, signs, laboratory findings, rebleeding rate, and mortality to evaluate simple predictive factors for endoscopic treatment. Results: A total of 613 patients were analyzed, including 329 patients in the endo scopic hemostasis and 284 patients in the non-endoscopic hemostasis groups. In the multivariate analysis, a bloody nasogastric lavage (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 6.786; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.990 to 11.543; p < 0.0001) and a hemoglobin level less than 8.6 g/dL (AOR, 1.768; 95% CI, 1.028 to 3.039; p = 0.039) were indepen dent predictors for endoscopic hemostasis. Significant differences in the morbid ity rates of endoscopic hemostasis were detected between the group with no pre dictive factors and the group with one or more predictive factors (OR, 2.677; 95% CI, 1.920 to 3.733; p < 0.0001). Conclusions: A bloody nasogastric lavage and hemoglobin < 8.6 g/dL were inde pendent predictors of endoscopic hemostasis in patients with acute upper gastro intestinal bleeding.

A variety of routing protocols targeted specifically at mobile ad-hoc network environments have been developed. Mobile ad-hoc network is a self-organizing temporary network, operating without the aid of any established wired infrastructure. The proposed protocol supports seamless communication services between the mobile hosts within a mobile ad-hoc network environments. In particular, our protocol makes faster route re-establishment possible by maintaining multiple paths in each mobile host, and also, the protocol provides reliable communication environments. We compare the performance of RWP model with that of LW model. This paper shows delivery ratio with single path and non-disjoint multiple path according to mobility model and node numbers.

Endometrial cancer is the sixth most common cancer in women worldwide. Peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) are antioxidant enzymes that serve important roles in cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. In the present study, the potential associations between PRDX expression and endometrial cancer were investigated. The expression levels of various PRDX mRNAs were detected by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in endometrial cancer tissues (n=26) and normal endometrial tissues (n=10). Additionally, the expression of PRDX isoforms was immunohistochemically examined in endometrial cancer tissues and adjacent normal endometrial tissues from 42 patients. Finally, the associations between high PRDX expression levels and clinicopathological features were examined in patients with endometrial cancer. Analysis of PRDX expression in endometrial cancer tissues and normal endometrial tissues by semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that all PRDX isoforms had increased expression in the endometrial cancer tissues compared with that in the normal endometrium, and the differences in the expression levels of PRDX1 and PRDX3 between cancer and normal tissues were statistically significant (P=0.0015 and P=0.0134, respectively). Additionally, analysis of PRDX expression in endometrial cancer and paired normal endometrial tissues by immunohistochemistry showed strong cytoplasmic staining of PRDX3 and PRDX5 in cancer tissues, with high PRDX3 (25/42, 59.5%) and PRDX5 (32/42, 76.2%) appearing more frequently in endometrial cancer than in normal endometrial tissues (P=0.0001 and P=0.0023, respectively). Furthermore, high expression of PRDX5 was associated with advanced-stage endometrial cancer (P=0.0399). Although the 5-year survival rate was marginally higher in patients with low expression of PRDX3 and PRDX5, this result was not statistically significant. In summary, PRDX3 and PRDX5 are highly expressed in endometrial cancer and could be associated with advanced stage and poor prognosis. Therefore, these proteins may potentially be used as prognostic markers for endometrial cancer.

This paper proposes a method to track the center of pupil and perform the remote control for interface based on the substituted commands according to movements of pupil under smart phone environment. The proposed method, which is a remote control through the movement of eyes, may be helpful for the handicapped people or users who want a more convenient input method. A method based on webcam, which is representative one among the previous methods to track pupil of user, has a few limitations on distance and angle between location of user and webcam. However, this paper uses smart phone that is convenient to carry. The proposed method can perform the remote control through tracking of pupil using wireless network without any restriction on the location of users. Thus, the method is effectively applied for controlling the smart TV that should be controlled on the distance as well as the remote control for PC.

The clinical course of acute viral hepatitis A (AHA) is highly variable. Serum alphafetoprotein (AFP) level is often elevated in various types of acute liver injuries, indicating active liver regeneration. This study was aimed to investigate the clinical significance of serum AFP level in the aspect of the early recovery in AHA.A total of 238 patients with AHA, confirmed by IgM anti-hepatitis A virus, were included. The patients were classified according to serum AFP level. Multivariate analysis by Cox proportional hazards model using dichotomized clinical variables was performed to identify the independent predictors for early recovery (ALT normalization within 2 weeks).The median age (range) was 30 (17-50) years and male dominant (62%, 147/238). Compared to low AFP group, high AFP group (10 ng/mL) had significantly lower platelet counts (p0.0001), lower albumin (p =0.003), lower AST (p0.001), lower ALT (p = 0.001), higher total bilirubin level (p0.0001) on univariate analysis. On Cox regression analysis, high AFP level (10 ng/mL) was the only independent predictor for early recovery (Hazard ratio (HR); 2.392, 95% CI; 1.564-3.659, p = 0.0001).High serum AFP level (10 ng/mL) may indicate the already-started recovery through active liver regeneration or the early recovery within 2 weeks in AHA.

Background/aims The tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging is an useful system to assess the prognosis of any solid cancer. As new TNM staging classification of 7th stomach cancer was revised in 2009, we evaluated the prognostic predictability of the 7th International Union Against Cancer/American Joint Committee on Cancer (UICC/AJCC) TNM classification compared to 6th UICC/AJCC TNM classification in gastric cancer. Methods From January 2000 to December 2009, 5-year survival rates of 266 patients with gastric cancer were calculated by the 6th and 7th UICC/AJCC TNM classification. Results Using the 7th UICC/AJCC TNM classification, there was no significant difference in the 5-year cumulative survival rates (5 YSR) between stage IIA and IIB, IIB and IIIA, and IIIA and IIIB (70% vs. 71%, p=0.530; 71% vs. 80%, p=0.703; 80% vs. 75%, p=0.576, respectively) though significant differences of the survival rates were observed among stages of 6th edition. Using T stage of 7th edition, 5 YSR was not different between T2 and T3 (86% vs. 82%, p=0.655). Using N stage of 7th edition, 5 YSR were not different between N1 and N2, N3a and N3b (79% vs. 81%, p=0.506; 41% vs. 17%, p=0.895, respectively). Conclusions The 7th UICC/AJCC TNM classification had poor prognostic predictability in gastric cancer compared to the 6th edition.

GAIT is defined as a person's manner of walking. While the computer vision community has progressed the identification of individuals by means of their gait, there are many difficulties which are not settled yet. Especially, dependency to the direction of walking is very serious. That is, extracted gait features become individualized according to the direction of walking, even if the camera is fixed. In this paper we propose an improvement to reduce this dependency based on homography. We establish a direction of walking through the silhouette of gait then estimate the planar homography by means of simple operations. Through transformation using planar homography we reduce dependency to the direction of the gait features. In order to estimate planar homography, vanishing point and vanishing lines are considered. The proposed planar homography that transforms the vanishing point to infinity makes the corresponding directional vanishing lines parallel, and this can always transform any plane that is established by the integrated silhouette of gait to the canonical plane. Therefore one can obtain the canonical-viewed images using the estimated homography. Moreover, through synthesizing of canonical-viewed images by means of the estimated homography, a viewpoint variation from the direction of walking is compensated. To test this idea we segment the gait silhouette into sub-regions and use the averaged features and variations on each region, as input to a gait recognition experiment. Our experiments show that the proposed method efficiently reduces the dependency to directional variations of gait.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of second generation light emitting diode (2ndLED) units in composite curing. In order to compare their effectiveness with that of conventional quartz tungsten halogen light curing units (QTH) and first generation LEDs (1stLED), the amount of linear polymerization shrinkage, polymerization speed and microhardness were measured. Linear polymerization shrinkage was measured every 0.5-0.55 seconds for 60 seconds when composite specimens (Z250, 3M ESPE Dental Products, St Paul, MN, USA) were light cured with five different light sources: XL 3000 (QTH, 3M ESPE Dental Products), Elipar FreeLight 2 (2ndLED, 3M ESPE Dental Products), Ultra-Lume LED2 (2ndLED, Ultradent Products, South Jordan, UT, USA), Elipar FreeLight (1stLED, 3M ESPE Dental Products) and experimental product X (1stLED, Biomedisys, Seoul, Korea). The amount of linear polymerization shrinkage in 60 seconds and the speed of polymerization shrinkage in the first 15 seconds were measured for the different lighting units. The amount of polymerization was compared with one-way ANOVA using Tukey at the 95% confidence level. In order to compare the speed of polymerization, the peak time (PT) showing the highest speed of polymerization and maximum speed of polymerization (Smax) were determined from the data and compared using one-way ANOVA with Tukey at the 95% confidence level for each material. For microhardness measurements, the microhardness of 2-mm composites, Z250, which had been light cured by XL 3000 (G1), FreeLight 2 (G2), Ultra-Lume LED2 (G3), FreeLight (G4) or experimental product X (G5) were compared on the upper and lower surface. The microhardness of each surface was compared between groups using two-way ANOVA with Tukey test at 95% levels of confidence. The amount of polymerization shrinkage at 60 seconds was G1, G2, G3G4, G5 (p0.05). PT was G1, G3G2G4, G5. Smax was G1, G2G3G4, G5 (p0.05). On the upper composite surface, there was no difference in microhardness between groups (p0.05). On the lower surface, the microhardness was G1, G2G3G4, G5 (p0.05). There was no difference in microhardness between the upper and lower surface in G1 and G2; whereas, microhardness of the lower surface was lower in G3, G4 and G5. It was concluded that 2ndLEDs and the conventional QTH unit cu red composites moreeffectively than 1stLEDs.

This study compared the efficacy of using conventional low-power density QTH (LQTH) units, high-power density QTH (HQTH) units, argon (Ar) laser and Plasma arc curing (PAC) units for curing dual-cured resin cements and restorative resin composites under a pre-cured resin composite overlay. The microhardness of the two types of restorative resins (Z100 and Tetric Ceram) and a dual-cured resin cement (Variolink II) were measured after they were light cured for 60 seconds in a 2 mm Teflon mold. The recorded microhardness was determined to be the optimum microhard-ness (OM). Either one of the two types of restorative resins (Z100, Tetric Ceram) or the dual cured resin cement (Variolink II) were placed under a 1.5-mm thick and 8 mm diameter pre-cured Targis (Vivadent/Ivoclar AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) overlay. The specimens that were prepared for each material were divided into four groups depending upon the curing units used (HQTH, PAC, Laser or LQTH) and were further subdi-vided into subgroups according to light curing time. The curing times used were 30, 60, 90 and 120 seconds for HQTH; 12, 24, 36 and 48 seconds for the PAC unit; 15, 30, 45 and 60 for the Laser and 60, 120 or 180 seconds for the LQTH unit. Fifteen specimens were assigned to each sub- group. The microhardness of the upper and and lower composite surfaces under the Targis overlay were measured using an Optidur Vickers hardness-measuring instrument (Göttfert Feinwerktechnik GmbH, Buchen, Germany). In each material, for each group, a three-way ANOVA with Tukey was used at the 0.05 level of significance to compare the microhardnesses of the upper and lower composite surfaces and the previously measured OM of the material. From the OM of each material, 80% OM was calculated and the time required for the microhardness of the upper and lower surface of the specimen to reach 100% and 80% of OM was determined. In Z100 and Tetric Ceram, when the composites were light cured for 120 seconds using the HQTH lamp, microhardnesses of the upper and lower surfaces reached OM. When they were cured with the PAC unit, only 48 seconds was needed for the upper and lower surfaces to reach OM. When they were cured using the laser, the lower surface did not reach OM in any of the groups. When the specimens were cured using the LQTH lamp, 180 seconds of curing was needed for Z100 to reach OM, whereas Tetric Ceram did not reach OM. In Z100, 60, 12, 30 and 60 seconds were needed in HQTH, PAC, Laser and LQTH, respectively, for the specimens to reach 80% OM. Tetric Ceram was needed 60,24,45 and 180 seconds to reach 80% OM. In the Variolink II specimen, microhardness of the upper and lower surfaces did not reach OM even though they were light cured with the HQTH lamp for 120 seconds. When they were cured with the PAC unit, 48 seconds was insufficient for them to reach OM. When they were cured with laser for 45 and 60 seconds, microhardness reached OM on the upper surface but not on the lower surface. However, when they were cured using the LQTH lamp, microhardness did not reach OM on the upper and lower surfaces even though the curing time was extended to three minutes. In Variolink II, 120, 36, 45 and180 seconds were needed in HQTH, PAC, Laser and LQTH, respectively, for the specimens to reach 80% OM. In conclusion, the PAC system is the most effective curing system to cure the restorative composite and dual cured resin cement under the 1.5 mm Targis overlay, followed by the laser, HQTH and LQTH units. In addition, the restorative composites cured more efficiently than the dual-cured resin cements.

목적: 최근 우리나라 여성에서 발생하는 난소 덩이의 조직병리학적 특성 및 임상양상을 조사하여 향후 진단 및 치료 결정에 도움이 되고자 하였다. 연구 방법: 1997년 1월부터 2009년 6월까지만 12년 6개월간 인제대학교 의과대학 부산백병원과 동래백병원 산부인과에 난소 덩이로 입원하여 수술을 시행 받았던 환자 2,875예를 대상으로 조직병리학적 분류와 연령에 따른 발생 분포를 비교해 보았다. 결과: 총 2,875예의 난소 덩이 중 비 신생물성 덩이가 1,078예 (37.5%), 신생물성 덩이가 1,797예 (62.5%)였고, 신생물성 덩이 중 양성 난소종양은 1,286예 (44.7%), 경계성 난소종양은 140예 (4.9%), 악성난소종양은 371예 (12.9%)였다. 비 신생물성 덩이 중에서는 자궁내막종이 644예 (59.7%)로 가장 많았고 양성 난소종양 중에서는 생식 세포 종양이 611예 (47.5%)로 가장 많았으며 경계성 난소종양 중에서는 점액낭샘종이 105예 (75.0%), 악성난소종양 중에서 상피성 난소암이 267예 (72.0%)로 가장 많았다. 연령에 따른 난소종양의 분포는 10대와 20대에서는 생식세포종양 (성숙 낭기형종)이 가장 많았고, 30대와 40대에서는 자궁내막종이 가장 많았으며, 50대 이상에서는 양성 상피성 난소종양이 가장 많았다. 결론: 최근 우리나라 여성에서 발생하는 난소 덩이 중에서는 전체적으로 자궁내막종이 가장 많았는데, 이는 근래 자궁내막종의 증가 추세와 유사한 결과를 나타낸 것으로 생각된다.