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The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of increasing doses of mineral and organic fertilizers on the root chemotaxis of Avena strigosa and avoidance of Folsomia candida. Five soil samples were used for the mineral fertilization with NPK and other five soil samples were used for the organic fertilization with poultry litter-based organic fertilizer. The experiment included control soils (without applications) and soils containing 4-, 8-, 16- and 32-ton fertilizer per ha. A. strigosa was planted and cultivated in the soils for 14, 21, 28 and 35 days and avoidance behavior of F. candida. The root amounts in the soils containing mineral fertilizer were higher than those of the soils containing poultry litter-based organic fertilizer. The avoidance behavior of F. candida from the soils containing poultry litter-based organic fertilizer increased from 8- to 32-ton ha-1. Applications of high poultry litter-based organic fertilizer doses in soil increase the toxic effects for A. strigosa and F. candida.

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the antiparasitic drug eprinomectin causes hepatic oxidative stress and impairment of hepatic energetic metabolism in the silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen), in conditions of experimental aquatic contamination. The fish were exposed for 24 and 48 h at various concentrations of eprinomectin (0.0, 1.124, 1.809 and 3.976 μg L−1), followed by 48 h of recovery in eprinomectin-free water. We measured levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipoperoxidation (LOOH) in hepatic tissue, as well as levels of antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP), and activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), in addition to the activities of enzymes involved in energy metabolism, adenylate kinase (AK) and pyruvate kinase (PK). After 24 h, hepatic ROS levels increased in fish exposed to all concentrations of eprinomectin, and the same occurred with LOOH at the two highest concentrations of eprinomectin. ACAP levels decreased after 24 h of exposure to the highest concentration, also occurring with SOD activity at the two highest concentrations. Glutathione enzymes activities (GPx and GST) decreased after 48 h of exposure to the highest concentration. Fish transfer to eprinomectin-free water, with re-analysis after 48 h post-recovery, was unable to reverse ROS and LOOH increases, likewise with the reductions of ACAP, SOD, GPx and GST, especially at the two highest concentrations. AK and PK activities decreased after 48 h of exposure, AK decreased at the two highest concentrations and PK decreased at the highest concentration. AK activity remained lower after 48 h in eprinomectin-free water. PK activity returned to normal after 48 h in eprinomectin-free water. In summary, silver catfish exposed to aquatic contamination with the antiparasitic drug eprinomectin showed hepatic oxidative stress, possibly related to impairment of the phosphotransfer network and energy metabolism.

SUMMARY In order to evaluate the effects of a symbiotic on 1–42-d-old broiler chicks, performance and carcass yield (CY), as well as litter concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen were measured in a trial using 640 male chicks (Cobb 500). Birds were randomly distributed into 4 treatments with 8 replicates (pens) of 20 birds each. The treatments were different levels of the symbiotic (probiotic bacteria, exogenous enzymes, and autolyzed yeast) in the diets: 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kg/t, and regression analysis using orthogonal polynomial contrasts was performed. As a challenge, it simulated conditions of commercial broilers sheds. The symbiotic provides beneficial effects for the animal's performance, especially weight gain, which increased 4.3%, in the treatment with 1.5 kg/t inclusion compared with the diet without symbiotic. Inclusion of the symbiotic in the diets provided improvements in CY and breast yield. The data suggested that the tested symbiotic is a good tool for enhancing poultry performance through nutrition.

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether antiparasitic eprinomectin may be an environmental contaminant in water compartment in low concentrations, negatively affecting neurotransmission and, consequently, the natural behavior of the jundia (Rhamdia quelen). Fish were randomly allocated in tanks and exposed for 24 and 48 h to eprinomectin concentrations in water [0.0 (Control), 1.124 (T1), 1.809 (T2) and 3.976 (T3) μg L−1], followed by 48 h of recovery in eprinomectin-free water, in order to evaluate the behavioral parameters, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain, as well as cerebral enzymatic activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and of the sodium-potassium ATPase pump (Na+/K+-ATPase). Especially at the two highest concentrations of eprinomectin (T2 and T3), the fish showed alterations in natural behavior, particularly hyperlocomotion and longer time on the surface. Furthermore, at these same concentrations, cerebral ROS levels increased and cerebral AChE activity decreased. At the highest concentration (T3) cerebral Na+/K+-ATPase activity was reduced. Increased ROS and impairment of AChE and Na+/K+-ATPase enzymes in the brain may have contributed directly to behavioral changes, due to neuronal damage and synapse impairment. Even after 48 h in water without eprinomectin, behavioral changes and neurotoxic effects were observed in fish, suggesting residual effects of the antiparasitic. In conclusion, eprinomectin even in low concentrations may be a hazardous environmental contaminant for aquatic organisms, as it causes brain damage and affects the natural behavior of fish.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a mediator and biomarker of pro- and anti-inflammatory processes. Excessive levels of NO for long periods have been associated with inflammation and tissue damage. The metabolism and synthesis of NO is usually measured indirectly, as metabolites and enzymes involved in reactions, often as the nitrite/nitrate (NOx) level. The aim of the present study was to measure the NOx levels in vital organs of juvenile silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to various levels of eprinomectin in the water. The fish were exposed for 24 and 48 h to start concentration (0 h) of eprinomectin in water (0.0, 1.12, 1.80, and 3.97 μg/L). The eprinomectin concentrations in water were lower at 24 h (0.0, 0.85, 1.14, and 1.15 μg/L) and 48 h (0.0, 0.39, 0.69, and 1.28 μg/L), due to the process of eprinomectin metabolization. Subsequently, the fish were left for 48 h of recovery in eprinomectin-free water. NO levels were measured indirectly, as NOx levels in brain, liver, and gill tissue. Within 24 h of exposure, there was no significant increase in NOx levels in the organs evaluated at any of the concentrations tested. However, increases in NOx levels did occur at 48 h of exposure in all organs, particularly at the two highest concentrations of eprinomectin (1.80 and 3.97 μg/L). The transfer of fish to eprinomectin-free water did not result in reversal of NOx levels after 48 h of recovery, especially in fish that had been exposed to the two highest concentrations in the brain and liver tissues, and for the highest concentration in the gills. We conclude that silver catfish exposed to eprinomectin for up to 48 h present possible cerebral, hepatic, and branchial inflammatory process associated with increased tissue NOx levels, and that recovery for 48 h in water without antiparasitic is insufficient for the fish to recover from the poisoning.

The objective of this study was to evaluate if there were alterations in hematological variables of fish after transportation and exhibition at an agricultural fair. We first collected blood samples from 12 fish of the species Prochilodus lineatus (curimbata) at the Goio-En research institute; then, these animals were transported (60 km) to the agricultural fair, where they stayed for 3 days in glass aquariums exposed to the visitors of the event. On the return of the fish to the institute, we collected blood again. We performed hematological analyses, measuring hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and total erythrocyte count in the harvested material. We also determined mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Total leukocyte counts and leukocyte differential performed on blood smears. There were no differences in hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, leukocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte concentration (P > 0.05) before and after the fair. However, the number of erythrocytes and thrombocytes were lower after the fish show (P

O Brasil está entre os principais países produtores e exportadores de mamão (Carica papaya Linnaeus). O mamão é um dos frutos mais importantes na economia e alimentação brasileira, com inúmeras possibilidades industriais e de aplicações nutricionais, farmacológicas e medicinais. Contudo, sua produção no país apresenta aspectos particulares, os quais influenciam as pesquisas científicas sobre o fruto, bem como o mercado consumidor nacional e mundial. Este estudo consiste de uma revisão bibliográfica sobre aspectos e peculiaridades da produção de mamão no Brasil. Foi incluído um breve histórico do mamão; características gerais da planta mamoeiro e do fruto mamão; características de consumo e aplicabilidades industriais do fruto; produção comercial no Brasil; principais cultivares híbridas utilizadas e fatores de risco para a produção, especialmente doenças virais de impacto econômico; aspectos do melhoramento genético do mamoeiro no Brasil; as limitações da transgenia no país e novas estratégias sugeridas. A partir do conjunto de informações deste estudo, são consideradas necessárias pesquisas aplicadas sobre novas tecnologias para a manutenção da produtividade do mamão no Brasil. Para tanto, sugere-se a realização de pesquisas genéticas sobre a hibridização das cultivares comerciais utilizadas com variedades selvagens de mamoeiros da América do Sul e/ou América Central.

The objective of this study was to measure the impact on part of soil fauna of application of non-stabilized (fresh) manure from post-weaning pigs fed diets formulated with or without dual-purpose wheat, and with or without the use of antimicrobial growth-promoting additives (100 mg kg-1 doxycycline + 50 mg kg-1 colistin + 250 mg kg-1 Zn oxide). Two species of edaphic organisms were evaluated, the springtails Folsomia candida and the earthworms Eisenia andrei, using ecotoxicological avoidance behavior tests. The treatments were swine manure from: RR: Reference Ration; WR: Wheat Reference; RA: Reference Ration + Antimicrobial Additives; WA: Wheat Reference + Antimicrobial Additives). The doses of waste used for treatments were as follows: 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 65 and 100 m³ ha-1 for the springtails and 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 65 m³ ha-1 for the earthworms, applied in the Oxisol. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates. The use of non-stabilized swine manure did not affect the avoidance behavior of F. candida at any dose, regardless of the use of antimicrobial or wheat additives. For E. andrei, there was avoidance behavior at all treatments and doses used. These avoidance behaviors were related to the sensitivity of each species of soil organism. The avoidance behavior for earthworms was related to the doses of non-stabilized swine manure in soil and not to the various diets and/or the use of growth-promoting additives. O estudo foi realizado com objetivo de mensurar o impacto sobre parte da fauna do solo de aplicações de dejetos sem estabilização (frescos), provenientes de suínos na fase de creche arraçoados com diferentes dietas, formuladas com ou sem o uso do trigo de duplo propósito, e com ou sem o uso de aditivos antimicrobianos promotores de crescimento (100 mg kg-1 de doxiciclina + 50 mg kg-1 de colistina + 250 mg kg-1 de óxido de Zn). Foram avaliadas duas espécies de organismos edáficos, colêmbolos Folsomia candida e minhocas Eisenia andrei, com o uso de ensaios ecotoxicológicos de comportamento de fuga. Os tratamentos foram dejetos de suínos provenientes de: RR: Ração Referência; WR: Trigo Referência; RA: Ração Referência + Aditivos Antimicrobianos; WA: Trigo Referência + Aditivos Antimicrobianos). As doses de dejetos utilizadas para os tratamentos foram: 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 65 e 100 m³ ha-1 para os colêmbolos e 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 65 m³ ha-1 para as minhocas, aplicadas em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco réplicas. A utilização de dejetos de suínos não estabilizados não afetou a fuga de F. candida em nenhuma das doses, independente do uso ou não de aditivos antimicrobianos ou de trigo. Já para E. andrei o comportamento foi inverso e houve fuga em todos os tratamentos e doses utilizados. Os comportamentos de fuga foram relacionados à sensibilidade de cada espécie de organismo edáfico. O comportamento de fuga para minhocas foi relacionado com as doses dos dejetos de suínos não estabilizados no solo e não às várias dietas e/ou ao uso dos aditivos promotores de crescimento.

A busca pela sustentabilidade norteia diversos setores da sociedade, mas sua eficácia pode parecer utópica e inconsistente com os fatores econômicos e sociais da sociedade atual. Compreender conceitos aplicáveis ​​à realidade atual, em seu simples exercício, pode constituir um caminho para sua eficácia. A experiência envolveu 30 propriedades rurais no Oeste de Santa Catarina e foi desenvolvida pelos alunos do curso de graduação em Zootecnia da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina – Centro de Estudos do Oeste - UDESC/CEO, campus de Chapecó. Utilizando a metodologia MESMIS, os alunos consideraram diferentes parâmetros para a mensuração dos indicadores de sustentabilidade em cada propriedade, considerando as dimensões ambiental, social e econômica. As pontuações máximas obtidas concentraram-se na dimensão econômica e as mínimas na social. O estudo, além de seu propósito didático, apontou a severidade das condições sociais da área (recorrentes em estudos de sucessão e envelhecimento), bem como a falta de espaços de treinamento e lazer.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of the antiparasitic agent eprinomectin in two subtropical soils, using ecotoxicological lethality, reproduction and avoidance behavior tests with springtails (Folsomia candida). Eprinomectin concentrations were 0 (control), 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 mg kg−1 of dry soil combined with either Entisol or Oxisol soils. Statistically significant toxic effects of eprinomectin on springtails were observed in both soils. Eprinomectin was lethal starting at 8 mg kg-1 of dry soil in Entisol, and 20 mg kg−1 of dry soil in Oxisol, with effects less than 50% at lethal concentrations. Reductions in the reproduction rate of the springtails were also observed starting at 8 mg kg−1 of dry soil in Entisol, and 0.5 mg kg−1 of dry soil in Oxisol. ECrepr50 value calculated for Entisol was 4.38 ± 0.62 mg kg-1 of dry soil; for Oxisol the ECrepr50 was above the highest tested concentration. For avoidance behavior, the effect occurred from 0.5 mg kg-1 of dry soil for both soils. In Entisol, all concentrations caused avoidance of more than 95%, and in Oxisol the ECavoi50 value was 1.33 ± 0.83 mg kg-1 of dry soil. We conclude that eprinomectin affected survival, reproduction and caused avoidance behavior of F. candida in both soils. The toxic effects were greater as the concentration in the soils increased. The effects in Oxisol were less intense than those in Entisol with respect to the affected springtails. This discrepancy may be attributed to the different physicochemical characteristics of the soils that determine the retention capacity for eprinomectin; in particular, there are greater contents of clay, organic matter and cation exchange capacity in Oxisol.

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether antiparasitic eprinomectin may be an environmental contaminant in water compartment in low concentrations, negatively affecting neurotransmission and, consequently, the natural behavior of the jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). Fish were randomly allocated in tanks and exposed for 24 and 48 h to eprinomectin concentrations in water [0.0 (Control), 1.124 (T1), 1.809 (T2) and 3.976 (T3) μg L