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6. Patrones de infestación por insectos xilófagos en renovales de Nothofagus obliqua Mirb. y Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst. (Fagales: Nothofagaceae)

Author

SUÁREZ, LORENA H., AGUILAR, ANGÉLICA V., and GONZÁLES, WILFREDO L.

Subjects
Nothofagus dombeyi, xylophagous insect, insectos xilófagos, herbivoría, herbivory, wood-boring insect, insectos barrenadores de xilema, Nothofagus obliqua
Abstract

Evaluamos los patrones de infestación por insectos xilófagos en renovales de Nothofagus obliqua y Nothofagus dombeyi en las provincias de Valdivia, Osorno y Llanquihue (Chile). Realizamos los análisis a dos escalas: en primer lugar se consideraron las variables diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) y clase de copa del árbol hospedante (CC) como predictores de daño por xilófagos a nivel del árbol. En segundo lugar se consideraron las variables densidad arbórea total, densidad de hospedante, número y cobertura de especies (estas últimas agrupadas en los estratos arbóreo, arbustivo, de herbáceas y de epífitas), y su asociación con el porcentaje de infestación a nivel de rodal. El área de estudio presentó una infestación promedio de 9,35 % en N. obliqua y 15,89 % en N. dombeyi. A nivel individual tanto el DAP como la CC se relacionan positivamente con la presencia de daño, sin embargo el DAP resultó mejor predictor tanto para N. obliqua como para N. dombeyi, aumentando la probabilidad de encontrar un árbol dañado con el aumento del DAP. A nivel de rodal se encontró que las variables estudiadas no se relacionan con la infestación en N. obliqua, mientras que en N. dombeyi renovales con mayor número de especies en el estrato arbustivo y/o con mayor densidad de rodal y hospedante presentaron menores niveles de infestación Infestation patterns of xylophagous insects were evaluated in second growth stands of Nothofagus obliqua and Nothofagus dombeyi in Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue provinces of Chile. The analysis addressed two scales. First, at the individual level, diameter at breast height (DBH) and canopy class (CC) of the host tree were used as predictor traits of xylophagous damage. Second, at the stand level, variables such as total tree density, host density, species richness and cover (arboreal, shrubby, herbaceous and epiphytic strata) and their asociation with infestation average were considered. The infestation mean was 9.35 % for N. obliqua and 15.89 % for N. dombeyi. At individual level both DBH and CC were positively associated with damage presence. However, the best predictor of tree infestation was DBH in both N. dombeyi and N. obliqua, greater DBH increasing the probability to find an infested tree. At the stand level, no relationship was found between insect infestation and evaluated traits in N. obliqua, whereas N. dombeyi stands with high species richness in the shrubby stratum and/or with higher total tree density and host density showed the lowest infestation levels

Published
2005

8. Genetic variation in the reduction of attractive floral traits of an annual tarweed in response to drought and apical damage.

Author

Gonzáles, Wilfredo L., Suárez, Lorena H., and Gianoli, Ernesto

Subjects
PLANT variation, POLLINATORS, PLANT genetics, PLANT shoots, WATER supply, PHENOTYPIC plasticity in plants
Abstract

Aims Foliar herbivory and water stress may affect floral traits attractive to pollinators. Plant genotypes may differ in their responses to the interplay between these factors, and evolution of phenotypic plasticity could be expected, particularly in heterogeneous environments. We aimed at evaluating the effects of simulated herbivory and experimental drought on floral traits attractive to pollinators in genetic families of the annual tarweed Madia sativa, which inhabits heterogeneous environments in terms of water availability, herbivore abundance and pollinator abundance. Methods In a greenhouse experiment with 15 inbred lines from a M. sativa population located in central Chile (Mediterranean-type climate), we measured the effects of apical bud damage and reduced water availability on: number of ray florets per flower head, length of ray florets, flower head diameter, number of open flower heads per plant, flowering plant height and flowering time. Important Findings Apical damage and water shortage reduced phenotypic expression of floral traits attractive to pollinators via additive and non-additive effects. Plants in low water showed decreased height and had fewer and shorter ray florets, and fewer and smaller flower heads. Damaged plants showed delayed flowering, were less tall, and showed shorter ray florets and smaller flower heads. The number of ray florets was reduced by damage only in the low water treatment. Plant height, flowering time and number of flower heads showed among-family variation. These traits also showed genetic variation for plasticity to water availability. Ray floret length, flower head size and time to flowering showed genetic variation for plastic responses to apical damage. Plasticity in flowering time may allow M. sativa to adjust to the increased aridity foreseen for its habitat. Because genetic variation for plastic responses was detected, conditions are given for evolutionary responses to selective forces acting on plastic traits. We suggest that the evolution of adaptive floral plasticity in M. sativa in this ecological scenario (heterogeneous environments) would result from selective forces that include not only pollinators but also resource availability and herbivore damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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