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The continuous cooling phase transformation behavior has important guiding significance for formulating the heat treatment process of steel. In this paper， the thermal expansion method was used to measure the continuous cooling phase transformation curves of 40Cr13 mold steel at different cooling rates （0.5 ℃/s-20 ℃/s）. The microstructure and Vickers hardness of the material after phase transformation at different cooling rates were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and microhardness tester， The phase transition behavior of 40Cr13 mold steel was observed in situ under high-temperature confocal laser microscopy （HTCLSM）. The results showed that the critical transition point Ac1 was 836 ℃ and Ac3 was 903 ℃； Martensite transformation occured in the cooling rate range of 0.5 ℃/s-20 ℃/s. As the cooling rate increased， the distribution of carbides in the steel became more uniform. When the cooling rate increased from 0.5 °C/s to 3 °C/s， the average hardness value of the sample increased from 417 HV to 550 HV. As the cooling rate continued to increase， the average hardness value of the sample finally stabilized at 560-580 HV. When the cooling rate was 3 °C/s， it was observed under HTCLSM that the starting temperature of martensite transformation was 214.5 °C. As the temperature decreased， the number of martensite increased， and the martensite laths grow in different directions and the thickness of the laths in the same direction decreased.

Electrical wiring diagrams， which represent the positions of electrical equipment and describe their wiring and cabling methods， need to be converted into XML for smart grid system scheduling and management. This conversion process is known as vectorization. To address the inefficiencies and time-consuming nature of manual vectorization， this paper proposes a solution for vectorizing electrical wiring diagrams. First， the paper introduces an attention mechanism-enhanced YOLOv3 method for precise recognition and localization of graphic elements in electrical wiring diagrams. Next， it proposes a text region detection algorithm based on multi-scale feature extraction to locate electrical text annotation areas on the diagrams， and uses a CRNN model to recognize their content. Finally， the paper presents a vectorization strategy based on template matching， which analyzes the relationships between electrical elements on the diagrams at the graphic element group level. This method has been practically deployed and can efficiently and accurately complete the vectorization of electrical wiring diagrams， meeting the application needs of power systems.

Deaf and hearing adults perceive faces differently. This study investigates whether these differences are acquired during childhood development. We characterized facial perception in deaf and hearing children aged 7-17 using a perceptual discrimination task. Configural and featural information was manipulated in the eye and mouth facial regions. Participants were asked whether two faces presented simultaneously were different. Deaf and hearing children performed better in featural than configural discriminations and in mouth than eye discriminations. Compared with children with typical hearing, deaf children performed better in featural and mouth judgments but had longer reaction times with strongest effects at 7-8 and 13-14 years old. Type and location contributed jointly in deaf children's face perception with different configural but similar featural discriminations in mouth and eye locations. However, children with typical hearing showed different featural and configural judgments in both locations. Thus, featural and configural information effects on location processing differ between the two groups.

The acquisition of language involves the functional specialization of several cortical regions. Connectivity between these brain regions may also change with the development of language. Various studies have demonstrated that the arcuate fasciculus was essential for language function. Vocabulary learning is one of the most important skills in language acquisition. In the present longitudinal study, we explored the influence of vocabulary development on the anatomical properties of the arcuate fasciculus. Seventy-nine Chinese children participated in this study. Between age 4 and age 10, they were administered the same vocabulary task repeatedly. Following a previous study, children's vocabulary developmental trajectories were clustered into three subgroups (consistently good, catch-up, consistently poor). At age 14, diffusion tensor imaging data were collected. Using ROI-based tractography, the anterior, posterior and direct segments of the bilateral arcuate fasciculus were delineated in each child's native space. Group comparisons showed a significantly reduced fractional anisotropy in the left arcuate fasciculus of children in the consistently poor group, in particular in the posterior and direct segments of the arcuate fasciculus. No group differences were observed in the right hemisphere, nor in the left anterior segment. Further regression analyses showed that the rate of vocabulary development, rather than the initial vocabulary size, was a specific predictor of the left arcuate fasciculus connectivity.

The present study reported data on phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and Chinese literacy skills of 294 children from an 8-year longitudinal study. Results showed that mainland Chinese children's preliterate syllable awareness at ages 4 to 6 years uniquely predicted post-literate morphological awareness at ages 7 to 10 years. Preliterate syllable awareness directly contributed to character reading and writing at age 11 years, while post-literate phonemic awareness predicted only character reading at age 11 years. In addition, preliterate syllable and morphological awareness at ages 4 to 6 years had indirect effects on character reading and writing, reading fluency, and reading comprehension at age 11 years, through post-literate morphological awareness at ages 7 to 10 years. Findings underscore the significant role of syllable awareness in Chinese character reading and writing, and the importance of morphological awareness in character-level processing and high-level literacy skills. More importantly, our results suggest the unique relation of syllable awareness and morphological awareness in Chinese as they focus on the same unit, which is also likely to map directly onto a character, the basic unit for high-level Chinese reading skills.

Previous meta-analyses on the relationship between phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming (RAN), and reading have been conducted primarily in English, an atypical alphabetic orthography. Here, we aimed to examine the association between phonological awareness, RAN, and word reading in a nonalphabetic language (Chinese). A random-effects model analysis of data from 35 studies revealed a moderate relationship of phonological awareness with reading accuracy (r = 0.36) and reading fluency (r = 0.39). RAN also correlated significantly with reading accuracy (r = -0.38) and reading fluency (r = -0.51), but its relationship varied as a function of test type (graphological RAN correlated more strongly with reading than nongraphological RAN) and reading outcome (RAN correlated more strongly with reading fluency than reading accuracy). Age/grade and dialect (Mandarin vs. Cantonese) did not influence the size of the correlations. Taken together, the findings of this meta-analysis suggest that phonological awareness and RAN are universal correlates of word reading.

In this 8-year longitudinal study, we traced the vocabulary growth of Chinese children, explored potential precursors of vocabulary knowledge, and investigated how vocabulary growth predicted future reading skills. Two hundred and sixty-four (264) native Chinese children from Beijing were measured on a variety of reading and language tasks over 8 years. Between the ages of 4 to 10 years, they were administered tasks of vocabulary and related cognitive skills. At age 11, comprehensive reading skills, including character recognition, reading fluency, and reading comprehension were examined. Individual differences in vocabulary developmental profiles were estimated using the intercept-slope cluster method. Vocabulary development was then examined in relation to later reading outcomes. Three subgroups of lexical growth were classified, namely high-high (with a large initial vocabulary size and a fast growth rate), low-high (with a small initial vocabulary size and a fast growth rate) and low-low (with a small initial vocabulary size and a slow growth rate) groups. Low-high and low-low groups were distinguishable mostly through phonological skills, morphological skills and other reading-related cognitive skills. Childhood vocabulary development (using intercept and slope) explained subsequent reading skills. Findings suggest that language-related and reading-related cognitive skills differ among groups with different developmental trajectories of vocabulary, and the initial size and growth rate of vocabulary may be two predictors for later reading development.