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11. The auxin efflux carrier PIN1a regulates vascular patterning in cereal roots.

Author

Fusi, Riccardo, Milner, Sara Giulia, Rosignoli, Serena, Bovina, Riccardo, De Jesus Vieira Teixeira, Cristovão, Lou, Haoyu, Atkinson, Brian S., Borkar, Aditi N., York, Larry M., Jones, Dylan H., Sturrock, Craig J., Stein, Nils, Mascher, Martin, Tuberosa, Roberto, O'Connor, Devin, Bennett, Malcolm J., Bishopp, Anthony, Salvi, Silvio, and Bhosale, Rahul

Subjects
GENETIC models, OUTCROSSING (Biology), ROOT development, ROOT growth, ARABIDOPSIS thaliana, BRACHYPODIUM
Abstract

Summary: Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is an important global cereal crop and a model in genetic studies. Despite advances in characterising barley genomic resources, few mutant studies have identified genes controlling root architecture and anatomy, which plays a critical role in capturing soil resources.Our phenotypic screening of a TILLING mutant collection identified line TM5992 exhibiting a short‐root phenotype compared with wild‐type (WT) Morex background. Outcrossing TM5992 with barley variety Proctor and subsequent SNP array‐based bulk segregant analysis, fine mapped the mutation to a cM scale. Exome sequencing pinpointed a mutation in the candidate gene HvPIN1a, further confirming this by analysing independent mutant alleles.Detailed analysis of root growth and anatomy in Hvpin1a mutant alleles exhibited a slower growth rate, shorter apical meristem and striking vascular patterning defects compared to WT. Expression and mutant analyses of PIN1 members in the closely related cereal brachypodium (Brachypodium distachyon) revealed that BdPIN1a and BdPIN1b were redundantly expressed in root vascular tissues but only Bdpin1a mutant allele displayed root vascular defects similar to Hvpin1a.We conclude that barley PIN1 genes have sub‐functionalised in cereals, compared to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), where PIN1a sequences control root vascular patterning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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18. The effect of organic matter amendments on soil surface stability in conventionally cultivated arable fields

Author

Stroud, Jacqueline L., Kemp, Simon J., Sturrock, Craig J., Stroud, Jacqueline L., Kemp, Simon J., and Sturrock, Craig J.

Abstract

In this study, new and traditional organic wastes (green waste compost, farmyard manure (FYM), anaerobic digestate or straw) were ploughed into an arable field experiment at a range of rates (1–3 t C ha−1) and under spring and winter cropping rotations for 5 years. The stability of the soil surface structure (<5 cm) was assessed in Years 3, 4 and 5 to guide the use of organic wastes in arable field management. Aggregate stability was determined by immersing each soil sample in water (fast-wetting test, relevance to summer storms) and measuring the size distribution of the aggregates (mean weight diameter, MWD). The MWD value was compared with the different classes of aggregate stability (very stable, stable, medium, unstable or very unstable) to classify each result. All the arable field samples were classified as unstable, and there were no significant differences (p > .05) in MWD after any treatment. Potentially, this approach is too imprecise to detect differences, so pore-scale analyses using CT scanning were used. There were no significant differences in porosity or pore shape (features associated with microbial activity) between the control and organic waste treatments. The results contradicted published data from the Broadbalk experiment (established in 1843), which was the basis for this study, so its soils were studied to understand this discrepancy. Broadbalk soils were classified as unstable, including soils treated with annual FYM applications. Instead, we found a significant relationship between MWD and clay content and previous interpretations had not taken this variable (23%–39% clay content) texture into consideration. In conclusion, to achieve a stable soil surface structure, a 150% improvement in aggregate stability would be needed here and ploughing in organic wastes was not a successful management approach on these arable field experiments.

Published
2024

28. Development of an experimental model to investigate the community dynamics of selected saprotrophic wood decomposer fungi from the frigate Unicorn

Author

Sturrock, Craig John, White, Nia, and Palfreyman, John

Subjects
579.5
Abstract

An experimental microcosm system developed to investigate the community dynamics of two- and three-fungal species interactions is described. The microcosm consists of tessellated nutrient agar tiles allowing the varied prescription of: (1) the number of interacting fungal species; (2) the spatial organisation (patchiness) of the distribution of individuals; and (3) the scale of the interaction arena. The system also allows the quantification of interaction outcome in terms of species occupancy within each tile using a destructive re-isolation based plating technique. The outcome and reproducibility of small-scale, pairwise confrontations were used to predict the behaviour of larger two- and three-species interactions. The influence of experimental factors such as species patch size and spatial distribution on the community dynamics were also investigated. The spatial heterogeneity displayed during large-scale three species tessellations was represented by a novel application of principal component analysis, which showed good intuitive agreement with visual assessment of the interaction outcome patterns. The development of a non-destructive method, based on green fluorescent protein labeling of one of the organisms studied, to continuously monitor the development of the interactions is also described. Results indicated that for two species interactions of equal patch size the final outcomes of the large-scale tessellations could be extrapolated from the behaviour of relevant small-scale binary confrontations. However, further investigation revealed that species patch size influenced the temporal dynamics of the system. It was shown that larger patch sizes of species increased the time taken for one species to replace the other. Results also showed that extrapolation of the behaviour of large-scale three species confrontations were not possible from combative hierarchy information derived from the outcome of binary tile confrontations. The outcomes of the three species interactions were shown to be neither random nor fully deterministic and that a degree of stochasticity was displayed in outcome for all tessellations. These findings suggest that the initial spatial distribution of species influence outcome and reproducibility of the interactions. The model therefore demonstrates the complex and coordinated behaviour of fungal mycelia on fungal community development. The work to develop a non-destructive analysis system for the study of fungal interactions was unsuccessful. The work attempted to introduce the gene for green fluorescent protein into the genome of one of the study organisms, C. marmorata, via genetic transformation. Although, the introduction and expression of exogenous genetic material into the genome of C. marmorata was not successful, it was possible to isolate protoplasts from this species. This is the first known report of this for this species.

Published
2002

29. Visual Object Tracking for the Extraction of Multiple Interacting Plant Root Systems

Author

Mairhofer, Stefan, Sturrock, Craig J., Bennett, Malcolm J., Mooney, Sacha J., Pridmore, Tony P., Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Agapito, Lourdes, editor, Bronstein, Michael M., editor, and Rother, Carsten, editor

Published
2015
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30. Working with UK farmers to investigate anecic earthworm middens and soil biophysical properties

Author

Stroud, Jacqueline L., Dummett, Iain, Kemp, Simon J., Sturrock, Craig J., Stroud, Jacqueline L., Dummett, Iain, Kemp, Simon J., and Sturrock, Craig J.

Abstract

The conversion from conventional tillage to no-tillage soil management practices is generally associated with an improvement in aggregate stability and anecic earthworm populations. We worked with UK farmers who measured Lumbricus terrestris midden area (%) and earthworm numbers associated with middens compared to the general soil. They found that middens covered up to 42% of the soil surface. Middened soil (i.e., soil underlying the middens) was associated with significantly more earthworms than the general soil (i.e., non-middened soil) in agreement with research from scientific field trials. We compared the biophysical properties of middened soil to general soil across an experimental field trial recently converted to no-tillage soil management practices. We measured water-stable aggregation, soil porosity at scales relevant to water storage and gas diffusion and invertebrate feeding activity. Middened areas covered up to 13% of the field trial and were associated with significantly improved aggregate stability and porosity compared to the general soil. Our findings highlight the importance of considering middens when surveying soil quality and health in arable systems.

Published
2023

32. Effects of Ascophyllum Nodosum and Soil Amendments on the Development of Maize Seedlings Cultivated Under Acid Oxisol

Author

Trindade, Polyanna Ribeiro, primary, Mooney, Sacha J, additional, Rodrigues, Carlos Ribeiro, additional, Castoldi, Gustavo, additional, Veneziano, Vitor Martins, additional, Atkinson, Brian, additional, Sturrock, Craig J, additional, Chagas, Marcos Gustavo Kemmerich, additional, Alves, Guyanlukia Brito, additional, Rodrigues, Arthur Almeira, additional, and Filho, Sebastião Carvalho Vasconcelos, additional

Published
2023
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35. Defining the scope for altering rice leaf anatomy to improve photosynthesis: a modelling approach

Author

Xiao, Yi, primary, Sloan, Jen, additional, Hepworth, Chris, additional, Fradera‐Soler, Marc, additional, Mathers, Andrew, additional, Thorley, Rachel, additional, Baillie, Alice, additional, Jones, Hannah, additional, Chang, Tiangen, additional, Chen, Xingyuan, additional, Yaapar, Nazmin, additional, Osborne, Colin P., additional, Sturrock, Craig, additional, Mooney, Sacha J., additional, Fleming, Andrew J., additional, and Zhu, Xin‐Guang, additional

Published
2022
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36. Hydraulic flux–responsive hormone redistribution determines root branching

Author

Mehra, Poonam, primary, Pandey, Bipin K., additional, Melebari, Dalia, additional, Banda, Jason, additional, Leftley, Nicola, additional, Couvreur, Valentin, additional, Rowe, James, additional, Anfang, Moran, additional, De Gernier, Hugues, additional, Morris, Emily, additional, Sturrock, Craig J., additional, Mooney, Sacha J., additional, Swarup, Ranjan, additional, Faulkner, Christine, additional, Beeckman, Tom, additional, Bhalerao, Rishikesh P., additional, Shani, Eilon, additional, Jones, Alexander M., additional, Dodd, Ian C., additional, Sharp, Robert E., additional, Sadanandom, Ari, additional, Draye, Xavier, additional, and Bennett, Malcolm J., additional

Published
2022
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43. Root angle is controlled by EGT1in cereal crops employing anantigravitropic mechanism

Author

Fusi, Riccardo, Rosignoli, Serena, Lou, Haoyu, Sangiorgi, Giuseppe, Bovina, Riccardo, Pattem, Jacob K., Borkar, Aditi N., Lombardi, Marco, Forestan, Cristian, Milner, Sara G., Davis, Jayne L., Lale, Aneesh, Kirschner, Gwendolyn K., Swarup, Ranjan, Tassinari, Alberto, Pandey, Bipin K., York, Larry M., Atkinson, Brian S., Sturrock, Craig J., Mooney, Sacha J., Hochholdinger, Frank, Tucker, Matthew R., Himmelbach, Axel, Stein, Nils, Mascher, Martin, Nagel, Kerstin A., De Gara, Laura, Simmonds, James, Uauy, Cristobal, Tuberosa, Roberto, Lynch, Jonathan P., Yakubov, Gleb E., Bennett, Malcolm J., Bhosale, Rahul, and Salvi, Silvio

Abstract

Root angle in crops represents a key trait for efficient capture of soil resources. Root angle is determined by competing gravitropic versus anti-gravitropic offset (AGO) mechanisms. Here we report a new root angle regulatory gene termed ENHANCED GRAVITROPISM1 (EGT1) that encodes a putative AGO component, whose loss of function enhances root gravitropism. Mutations in barley and wheat EGT1 genes confer a striking root phenotype, where every root class adopts a steeper growth angle. EGT1 encodes a F-box and Tubby domain containing protein which is highly conserved across plant species. Haplotype analysis found that natural allelic variation at the barley EGT1 locus impacts root angle. Gravitropic assays indicated that Hvegt1 roots bend more rapidly than wildtype. Transcript profiling revealed Hvegt1 roots deregulate ROS homeostasis and cell wall-loosening enzymes and cofactors. ROS imaging shown that Hvegt1 root basal meristem and elongation zone tissues have reduced levels. Atomic Force Microscopy measurements detected elongating Hvegt1 root cortical cell walls are significantly less stiff than wildtype. In situ analysis identified HvEGT1 is expressed in elongating cortical and stele tissues, which are distinct from known root gravitropic perception and response tissues in the columella and epidermis, respectively. We propose that EGT1 controls root angle by regulating cell wall stiffness in elongating root cortical tissue, counteracting the gravitropic machinery’s known ability to bend the root via its outermost tissues. We conclude that root angle is controlled by EGT1 in cereal crops employing a novel anti-gravitropic mechanism.

Published
2022

46. Root angle is controlled byEGT1in cereal crops employing an antigravitropic mechanism

Author

Fusi, Riccardo, primary, Rosignoli, Serena, additional, Lou, Haoyu, additional, Sangiorgi, Giuseppe, additional, Bovina, Riccardo, additional, Pattem, Jacob K., additional, Borkar, Aditi N., additional, Lombardi, Marco, additional, Forestan, Cristian, additional, Milner, Sara G., additional, Davis, Jayne L., additional, Lale, Aneesh, additional, Kirschner, Gwendolyn K., additional, Swarup, Ranjan, additional, Tassinari, Alberto, additional, Pandey, Bipin K., additional, York, Larry M., additional, Atkinson, Brian S., additional, Sturrock, Craig J., additional, Mooney, Sacha J., additional, Hochholdinger, Frank, additional, Tucker, Matthew R., additional, Himmelbach, Axel, additional, Stein, Nils, additional, Mascher, Martin, additional, Nagel, Kerstin A., additional, De Gara, Laura, additional, Simmonds, James, additional, Uauy, Cristobal, additional, Tuberosa, Roberto, additional, Lynch, Jonathan P., additional, Yakubov, Gleb E., additional, Bennett, Malcolm J., additional, Bhosale, Rahul, additional, and Salvi, Silvio, additional

Published
2022
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48. Ethylene inhibits rice root elongation in compacted soil via ABA- and auxin-mediated mechanisms

Author

Huang, Guoqiang, primary, Kilic, Azad, additional, Karady, Michal, additional, Zhang, Jiao, additional, Mehra, Poonam, additional, Song, Xiaoyun, additional, Sturrock, Craig J., additional, Zhu, Wanwan, additional, Qin, Hua, additional, Hartman, Sjon, additional, Schneider, Hannah M., additional, Bhosale, Rahul, additional, Dodd, Ian C., additional, Sharp, Robert E., additional, Huang, Rongfeng, additional, Mooney, Sacha J., additional, Liang, Wanqi, additional, Bennett, Malcolm J., additional, Zhang, Dabing, additional, and Pandey, Bipin K., additional

Published
2022
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50. Working with UK farmers to investigate anecic earthworm middens and soil biophysical properties

Author

Stroud, Jacqueline L., Dummett, Iain, Kemp, Simon J., Sturrock, Craig J., Stroud, Jacqueline L., Dummett, Iain, Kemp, Simon J., and Sturrock, Craig J.

Abstract

The conversion from conventional tillage to no-tillage soil management practices is generally associated with an improvement in aggregate stability and anecic earthworm populations. We worked with UK farmers who measured Lumbricus terrestris midden area (%) and earthworm numbers associated with middens compared to the general soil. They found that middens covered up to 42% of the soil surface. Middened soil (i.e., soil underlying the middens) was associated with significantly more earthworms than the general soil (i.e., non-middened soil) in agreement with research from scientific field trials. We compared the biophysical properties of middened soil to general soil across an experimental field trial recently converted to no-tillage soil management practices. We measured water-stable aggregation, soil porosity at scales relevant to water storage and gas diffusion and invertebrate feeding activity. Middened areas covered up to 13% of the field trial and were associated with significantly improved aggregate stability and porosity compared to the general soil. Our findings highlight the importance of considering middens when surveying soil quality and health in arable systems.

Published
2022

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