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A sample of 171 benzodiazepine (bzd) users was investigated in the pharmacy where the patients filled in their prescriptions. Of the sample, 29.8% were males and 70.2% were females. About 60% of the patients had their current prescription from a general practitioner, the rest from different specialists. 70.8% stated to take bzds on more than 3 days of the week. The mean duration of intake of the entire sample was 4.5 years. The most frequent reasons for bzd intake were sleep disturbance followed by nervousness and somatic diseases. A total of 74.9% of the patients turned out to be well informed about the potential dependence hazards of bzd long term intake, but less than half of them had been informed by the prescribing physician. In a second step it could be demonstrated by means of multiple stepwise logistic regression analysis that certain characteristic parameters differentiate long-term users and persons with signs of potential abuse and dependence from other bzd users.

Antidepressants can be administered by different routes. Advantages for either the oral or the intravenous administration have been suggested from pharmacokinetic as well as from clinical points of view. Controlled comparison studies of the two routes do not provide unequivocal recommendations. In this investigation, amitriptyline was studied over a 4-week period consisting of a 2-week, double-blind/double-dummy phase with either oral (150 mg/day), high-dose intravenous (150 mg/day), or medium-dose intravenous (100 mg/day) treatment and a 2-week phase of open oral treatment in 80 patients with major depression. A psychopathologic assessment was made using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Clinical Global Impressions Scale, the von Zerssen's "Befindlichkeitsskala," an adjective checklist, and a Visual Analog Scale. No significant differences were found concerning the mean scores of the rating scales or time of onset of action in the physicians' ratings. In the patients' self-ratings, there was an earlier therapeutic effect in the high-dose intravenous group. The number of improvers after 7 days was significantly higher in the high-dose intravenous group compared with both other groups. After 14 days, no significant differences in the numbers of improvers and responders between groups were detected. The results of this study do not clearly favor one of the tested options. The main differences found in this study seem to be dose-related rather than differentiating between oral and intravenous routes of administration.

Es wird uber die Schwangerschaft einer 31 jahrigen Patientin, die seit ihrem 24 Lebensjahr an Schizophrenie erkrankt ist, berichtet. Die Patientin steht unter Clozapin-Dauermedikation, herkommliche Neuroleptika wurden nicht toleriert. Mit einer Tagesdosis von 100mg war die Patientin die letzten 5 Jahre vor ihrer Schwangerschaft symptomfrei. Wegen Kinderwunsch versuchte die Patientin Clozapin vor einer geplanten Schwangerschaft abzusetzen, das Wiederauftreten von Halluzinationen zwang jedoch zur Beibehaltung der Medikation. Nach eingehender medizinischer Beratung entschlos sich die Patientin zur Schwangerschaft unter Clozapin-Medikation.

Alcohol withdrawal delirium (AWD) requires treatment with an adequate sedative, anticonvulsant, and antipsychotic agent next to general intensive care measures. Optimal medication should have a rapid onset of action and the possibility of parenteral application. A specific antagonist should be available. Flunitrazepam is a benzodiazepine that fulfills all these criteria. Twenty five patients suffering from AWD (mean age 45 years) took part in an open trial and underwent treatment with infusions of flunitrazepam (concentration: 8 mg/250 ml NaCl; speed, 250 ml/hr). Psychopathological, vegetative, and vital parameters were assessed every hour. All patients survived. They were treated with a mean total dose (SD) of 83.9 (45.4) mg of flunitrazepam (1.3 mg/kg body weight), which induced sedation 13.2 (5.3) min after the initiation of intravenous treatment. The mean duration of AWD (85.1 +/- 39.4 hr) corresponded to other studies, whereas the frequency of preexisting and concomitant diseases was higher (92%) in our patients. A patient who suffered from bronchitis and had a nasopharyngeal tamponade showed severe respiratory depression after having received 4 mg of flunitrazepam. This complication remitted immediately when 0.5 mg of flumazenil was given intravenously. No epileptic manifestation was observed during the treatment or after discontinuation of flunitrazepam. Vegetative and psychopathological symptoms (tremor, sweating, hallucinations, confusion, and restlessness) remitted rapidly. Our data suggest that intravenous flunitrazepam can be an efficacious and safe alternative to traditional treatment strategies of AWD.

Information on the number of benzodiazepine prescriptions in all the departments of the Innsbruck University Clinics in 1985 was obtained from the hospital pharmacy. Expenditure on benzodiazepines amounted to 0.5% of total medication costs. In a second step, the authors questioned 264 patients from the five largest departments about benzodiazepine use. On the day of the interview, 24.1% of all investigated male patients and 20.5% of the female patients were taking benzodiazepines. Of the patients found to take benzodiazepines, 34.5% had already been using these before hospital admission. One-fifth of these patients reported problems when trying to stop medication.

Zotepine is new tricyclic neuroleptic with a pharmacological profile comparable to substances such as thioridazine and chlorpromazine. Its chemical structure is related to clozapine and fluperlapine. Ten patients (8 men and 2 women) fulfilling DSM III criteria for residual schizophrenia participated in an open clinical trial that lasted 8 months. The effects of low-dose maintenance therapy with Zotepine were evaluated using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Eight patients dropped out of the study within the first 6 months, 5 because of acute psychotic relapse, 3 due to compliance problems. Psychotic relapse appeared to be indicated by increasing BPRS and SANS scores recorded 1 month before relapse. Apart from minor sedation, no side effects, especially none of the extrapyramidal motor type, were observed. Even though Zotepine does not seem to possess sufficient prophylactic properties against psychotic relapse, preliminary results suggest that it might play an important role as a supplement to conventional neuroleptics in the near future.

Zotepine is a new tricyclic neuroleptic with a pharmacological profile comparable to substances such as thioridazine and chlorpromazine. Ten patients fulfilling DSM-III criteria of paranoid schizophrenia were included in an open pilot study at the Department of Psychiatry in Innsbruck. Neuroleptic efficacy, optimal dose, side effects, and the influence on serum prolactin levels were evaluated. Definite onset of antipsychotic action could be demonstrated between days 5-10, and approximately 400 mg/die seems to be an optimal dose. Four patients showed side effects of a minor degree that had no influence on the course of therapy. These results suggest that Zotepine is a rapidly acting neuroleptic with a high benefit-risk ratio. Further double-blind studies will be needed to reinforce these preliminary data.

Zotepine is a new tricyclic neuroleptic with a pharmacological profile comparable to substances like Thioridazine and Chlorpromazine. In an open pilot study, 10 patients suffering from negative symptoms in the course of chronic schizophrenia were treated with Zotepine. The efficacy of Zotepine in this indication was evaluated by means of the BPRS and the Andreasen Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Significant improvement could be demonstrated after 3 weeks of treatment. No side effects were observed within the dosage range of 50 to 200 mg per die. These results suggest that Zotepine is useful in the treatment of residual schizophrenia.