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1. Introduction 2. The Pauli Equation and its Symmetries {2.1} Gauge-Invariant Form of the Pauli Equation {2.2} Aharonov-Bohm Effect {2.3} Aharonov-Casher Effect 3. Gauge Invariance in Non-Relativistic Quantum Many-Particle Systems {3.1} Differential Geometry of the Background {3.2} Systems of Spinning Particles Coupled to External Electromagnetic and Geometric Fields {3.3} Moving Coordinates and Quantum-Mechanical Larmor Theorem 4. Some Key Effects Related to the $U(1) \times SU(2)$ Gauge Invariance of Non-Relativistic Quantum Mechanics {4.1} ``Tidal'' Aharonov-Bohm and ``Geometric'' Aharonov-Casher Effects {4.2} Flux Quantization {4.3} Barnett and Einstein-deHaas Effects {4.4} Meissner-Ochsenfeld Effect and London Theory of Superconductivity {4.5} Quantum Hall Effect 5. Scaling Limit of the Effective Action of Fermi Systems, and Classification of States of Non-Relativistic Matter 6. Scaling Limit of the Effective Action of a Two-Dimensional, Incompressible Quantum Fluid {6.1} Scaling Limit of the Effective Action {6.2} Linear Response Theory and Current Sum Rules {6.3} Quasi-Particle Excitations and a Spin-Singlet Electron Pairing Mechanism 7. Anomaly Cancellation and Algebras of Chiral Edge Currents in Two- Dimensional, Incompressible Quantum Fluids {7.1} Integer Quantum Hall Effect and Edge Currents {7.2} Edge Excitations in Spin-Polarized Quantum Hall Fluids 8. Classification of Incompressible Quantum Hall Fluids {8.1} QH Fluids and QH Lattices: Basic Concepts {8.2} A Dictionary Between the Physics of QH Fluids and the Mathematics of QH Lattices {8.3} Basic Invariants of Chiral QH Lattices (CQHLs) and their Physical Interpretations {8.4} General Theorems and Classification Results for CQHLs {8.5} Maximally Symmetric CQHLs {8.6} Summary and Physical Implications of the Classification Results, Comment: 145 pages, Latex2e. Part I of lectures presented by J.F. at the 1994 Les Houches Summer School ``Fluctuating Geometries in Statistical Mechanics and Field Theory'' (also available at http://xxx.lanl.gov/lh94/ ). For part II, see cond-mat/9508063

A classification of incompressible quantum Hall fluids in terms of integral lattices and arithmetical invariants thereof is proposed. This classification enables us to characterize the plateau values of the Hall conductivity $\sH$ in the interval $\,(0,1]\,$ (in units where $\,e^2/h=1$) corresponding to ``stable'' incompressible quantum Hall fluids. A bijection, called shift map, between classes of stable incompressible quantum Hall fluids corresponding to plateaux of $\sH$ in the intervals $\,[1/(2\mini p+1),1/(2\mini p-1)\mini)\,$ and $\,[1/(2\mini q+1),1/(2\mini q-1)\mini)$, respectively, is constructed, with $\,p,q=1,2,3, (\ldots),\ p\neq q$. Our theoretical results are carefully compared to experimental data, and various predictions and experimental implications of our theory are discussed., Comment: 40 pages, LaTeX, 1 figure included; (for some possible macro issues, see the remarks about ``ways of producing the symbols for number fields'' in the preamble)

In this paper, the key ideas of characterizing universality classes of dissipation-free (incompressible) quantum Hall fluids by mathematical objects called quantum Hall lattices are reviewed. Many general theorems about the classification of quantum Hall lattices are stated and their physical implications are discussed. Physically relevant subclasses of quantum Hall lattices are defined and completely classified. The results are carefully compared with experimental data and also with other theoretical schemes (the hierarchy schemes). Several proposals for new experiments are made which could help to settle interesting issues in the theory of the (fractional) quantum Hall effect and thus would lead to a deeper understanding of this remarkable effect., Comment: 81 pages, LaTeX, 2 figures and 10 tables included