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ObjectiveExposure to chronic structural stressors (e.g., poverty, community violence, and discrimination) exacerbates posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and reduces how adolescents benefit from trauma-focused interventions. However, current evidence-based PTSD interventions seldom include concrete guidance regarding how to target chronic structural stressors in care.MethodThis study utilized qualitative thematic analysis of audio-recorded PTSD therapy sessions with 13 racially diverse, low socioeconomic status adolescents to elucidate (a) how often adolescents disclose chronic structural stressors in therapy, (b) the types of chronic structure stressors that are disclosed, and (c) the context in which chronic structural stressors are disclosed and the content of these disclosures.Results77% of adolescents disclosed at least one chronic structural stressor and that the presence of stressors exacerbated psychological distress, reduced treatment engagement, and decreased perceptions of intervention effectiveness.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that there is a missed opportunity to improve the effectiveness of treatment for PTSD by incorporating intervention elements that directly target structural stressors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Social justice-oriented teacher education has emerged as a critical area of inquiry within the field of education. Drawing on 60 empirical papers, this scoping review examines what shared principles can be distinguished in how teacher educators shape their social justice-oriented teacher education practices. Social justice-oriented teacher education practices are characterized by their focus on identifying structural inequities and disrupting unjust hierarchies, for example, in which knowledge and perspectives are undervalued or marginalized. Social justice-oriented teacher education actively engages with the context and communities in which teaching takes place. In their curriculum and pedagogical approach, teacher educators pay attention to unequal power relations and centralizingmarginalized perspectives. The papers included in this review further emphasize the importance of critical reflection and enacting shared principles in ways that fit the local context and power dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) are crucial to human health. Reducing inequalities and ensuring universal access to WASH are essential to achieving the agenda of sustainable development. We aimed to measure access to WASH among ethnic minority populations in Bangladesh and understand the situation and factors affecting WASH practices among them. Additionally, we reviewed policy related to WASH to highlight the inequality faced by ethnic minority populations. Methodology: We utilized data from the multiple indicator cluster survey-2019. We used the chi-square test for bivariate analysis and multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression analyses to identify the effect of ethnicity on WASH in Bangladesh after controlling selected covariates. Furthermore, we systematically reviewed Bangladesh’s WASH-related policies and programs. Findings: While 98.5% of Bengalis had access to basic drinking water services, the percentage is 60.6% for the ethnic minority population. For improved sanitation facilities not shared with others, the difference between Bengali and ethnic populations was 22.3% (64.6% vs. 42.3%). On the other hand, 75% of the Bengali population had a handwashing facility with water and soap, and 50% of the ethnic population had them. Ethnicity appeared to be a statistically significant predictor of every component of WASH. Compared to Bengali, the ethnic population had 87%, 45%, 31%, and 45% less access to water (aOR = 0.13, p ≤ 0.001), sanitation (aOR = 0.55, p ≤ 0.001), and handwashing (aOR = 0.69, p ≤ 0.05), and WASH facilities aOR = 0.55, p ≤ 0.001), respectively. Among the policies of Bangladesh, only one identified action for WASH rights of ethnic minorities. Conclusion: The government should identify the issues of WASH among ethnic minorities and represent them adequately in policies to achieve the aim of ‘leaving none behind’ of sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Social determinants of health encompass the social environmental factors and lived experiences that collectively shape an individual's health. Recently, the polysocial score approach has been introduced as an innovative method for capturing the cumulative impact of a broad spectrum of social factors. This approach offers a promising opportunity to complement and enhance conventional methodologies in the advancement of research on social determinants of health. In this issue of the Journal , Jawadekar et al (Am J Epidemiol. 2024;193(9):1296‑1300) evaluate the value of the polysocial score for predicting cognitive performance and mortality among middle-aged and older adults. Models built on a smaller set of social determinants, including race/ethnicity, sex, and education, performed comparably to the polysocial score models in which a more complex set of social factors was included. In this invited commentary, I evaluate the predictive ability of the polysocial score and discuss its merits and limitations. I also summarize the practical utility of the polysocial score in predicting health outcomes and its mechanistic significance in unveiling the relationship between genetics, social environment, and lifestyles in shaping an individual's health and elucidate health disparities. Lastly, I propose several avenues for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People may attribute social phenomena to either internal causes (e.g., people's ability, intelligence, effort, or personality) or external causes (e.g., people's circumstances, access to opportunities, treatment by others). In this review, we focus on external attributions, which have been widely characterized as positive because they help people view marginalized groups and rejected individuals sympathetically. We argue, however, that there exists an important actor‐observer distinction in the consequences of external attributions, giving them the potential to yield both positive and negative consequences: When observers attribute others' setbacks or rejections to external causes, this may help them adopt a sympathetic view. However, when actors attribute their own setbacks or rejections to external causes, this view may harm their mental wellbeing, motivation, or self‐concept. We identify this actor‐observer distinction in three domains: social disparities, social rejection, and academic setbacks. Finally, we discuss some implications of this actor‐observer difference and directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Fire Ecology is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Negative racial stereotypes routinely work together with myths about American equality to undermine public support for policies that would reduce inequality. But what happens when white Americans are confronted with information about structural racial inequality, which contradicts the myth of equal opportunity? Evidence from an original survey experiment conducted among approximately 4,000 white Americans demonstrates that emphasizing the systemic origins of racial inequalities in the COVID-19 pandemic makes respondents more accepting of policies aimed at reducing racial inequalities in a variety of domains. Qualitative insights from post-treatment reflections further show that facing the reality of structural inequality disrupts blame-based narratives and generates support for policies meant to confront inequality. The findings suggest that discussing structural inequality can disrupt individualistic understandings and increase approval for policies that promote equality across multiple domains; they also illuminate why opponents of equality see discussions of structural inequality as so threatening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the concept and role of 'institutional racism' in contemporary discussions of race should be reconsidered. It starts by distinguishing between 'intrinsic institutional racism', which holds that institutions are racist in virtue of their constitutive features, and 'extrinsic institutional racism', which holds that institutions are racist in virtue of their negative effects. It accepts intrinsic institutional racism, but argues that a 'disparate impact' conception of extrinsic conception faces a number of objections, the most serious being that it has no plausible account of what it is that makes extrinsically racist institutions racist. It also argues that claims about the explanatory indispensability of institutional racism are overstated (individual racism is at least as important), critiques structural approaches to racial inequality, and suggests that there is reason to doubt whether institutional reform can provide us with all that morality may require in the racial domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that polygamous marriage should be decriminalized only if certain conditions are met: (1) every party involved is able to enter and exit the marriage at all times, (2) governments promote social norms that respect equality of every sex, and (3) children's well-being is protected. Four objections against the legalization of polygamy are examined and criticized. First, the structural inequality objection – polygamy should be illegal because the structure of polygamous marriage is inherently inegalitarian. Second, the bargaining inequality objection – polygamy should be illegal because, in inegalitarian liberal societies, it is more likely that those who choose to be the peripheral spouse in polygamous marriage would decide from unequal bargaining positions. Third, the male-dominated norms objection – polygamy should be illegal because, in social contexts where polygyny is much more popular than polyandry, legalizing polygamy would boost inequality between males and females. Fourth, the children's well-being objection – polygamy should be illegal because it would likely inflict harm on children. I argue that these four objections fail to justify the criminalization of polygamy. Instead, polygamy should be legal under certain conditions that are not as demanding as polygamy's critics propose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Apple TV+ series Ted Lasso (2020–23) presents a utopian vision of English football, which embodies both the positive and negative connotations inherent to utopian storytelling in entertainment and sports fiction more specifically. Using the example of a Premier League club, Ted Lasso presents an escapist and feel-good narrative, promoting values such as empathy, kindness and community to overcome personal challenges, something that was particularly valuable for many viewers during the COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, it neglects structural and institutional shortcomings in English football, such as sportswashing, racism and homophobia, while sharing financial interests with the Premier League and thus running the risk of absolving it of some of its shortcomings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social justice-oriented teacher education has emerged as a critical area of inquiry within the field of education. Drawing on 60 empirical papers, this scoping review examines what shared principles can be distinguished in how teacher educators shape their social justice-oriented teacher education practices. Social justice-oriented teacher education practices are characterized by their focus on identifying structural inequities and disrupting unjust hierarchies, for example, in which knowledge and perspectives are undervalued or marginalized. Social justice-oriented teacher education actively engages with the context and communities in which teaching takes place. In their curriculum and pedagogical approach, teacher educators pay attention to unequal power relations and centralizing marginalized perspectives. The papers included in this review further emphasize the importance of critical reflection and enacting shared principles in ways that fit the local context and power dynamics.

Drawing from a network case study, this article traces enactments of a letter writing enquiry in one Kindergarten public school classroom in New York City, and in doing so, explores both the affordances and limitations of sociomaterial approaches employed by the researcher towards school literacies. Looking down at one morning meeting revealed rotting pumpkins, playdough, pocket charts and cheese sandwiches, doing the work of environmental nonprofits, DOE officials, and cafeteria staff, all becoming entangled with the teacher and students in solving the problem of food waste at lunch, and ultimately to students writing letters to their school administrators. Yet, in looking out from this same data, I reconsider how the curriculum was not only constituted by networks of circulating materials, but also by networks circulating students' bodies into unequal school spaces, fuelling changes in the school's enrolment and funding through neighbourhood gentrification. I propose ways in which sociomaterial accounts of literacy curriculums may contribute bridgework along with accounting for structural inequalities mobilized in and through schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of PRAKSIS is the property of PRAKSIS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we establish a structural inequality of the ∞-subLaplacian ▵ 0 , ∞ in a class of the semi-simple Lie group endowed with the horizontal vector fields X 1 , ... , X 2 n . When 1 < p ≤ 4 with n = 1 and 1 < p < 3 + 1 n − 1 with n ≥ 2 , we apply the structural inequality to obtain the local horizontal W 2 , 2 -regularity of weak solutions to p-Laplacian equation in the semi-simple Lie group. Compared to Euclidean spaces R 2 n with n ≥ 2 , the range of this p obtained is already optimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Associations between structural inequalities and health are well established. However, there is limited work examining this link in relation to mental health, or that centres public perspectives. This study explores people's experience and sense‐making of inequality in their daily lives, with particular consideration of impacts on mental health. Methods: We conducted a peer research study. Participants had to live in one of two London Boroughs and have an interest in inequalities and mental health. Using social media, newsletters, local organisations and our peer researchers' contacts, we recruited 30 participants who took photos representing their experience of inequality and discussed them during semi‐structured interviews. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Three themes were identified in this study: (1) inequalities are unjust, multilayered and intertwined with mental health. Accounts demonstrated a deep understanding of inequalities and their link to mental health outcomes, describing inequalities as 'suffering' and 'not good for anyone'. Financial, housing, immigration and healthcare problems exacerbated poor mental health, with racism, gender‐based violence and job loss also contributing factors for both poor mental health and experiences of inequality; (2) inequalities exclude and have far‐reaching mental health consequences, impacting personal sense of belonging and perceived societal value and (3) moving forwards—addressing long‐standing inequality and poor public mental health necessitated coping and resilience strategies that are often unacknowledged and undervalued by support systems. Conclusion: Lived experience expertise was central in this study, creating an innovative methodological approach. To improve public mental health, we must address the everyday, painful structural inequalities experienced by many as commonplace and unfair. New policies and strategies must be found that involve communities, redistributing resources and power, building on a collective knowledge base, to coproduce actions combatting inequalities and improving population mental health. Patient or Public Contribution: This study was peer‐led, designed and carried out by researchers who had experiences of poor mental health. Six authors of the paper worked as peer researchers on this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to understand the impact on student learning of redesigning an elective substance use course with the intent of contextualizing the topic by modeling a structural critical lens. In addition, we look at how this shift impacts students' approaches to working with clients who use substances. Secondary data from student course evaluations were used to determine themes. The findings reinforce the value of a social work approach, the need to rebalance individual and society's responsibility for substance use, the necessity of a critical structural lens, new skills students learned, and the existing gaps students have identified in relation to integrated substance use practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A systematic review was conducted to investigate scholarship from the last ten years regarding graduate training for the provision of culturally competent mental health care to individuals who hold marginalized identities (e.g., those marginalized based on their race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation). This review furthered a conceptualization of cultural competence that views clients as individuals embedded within their own cultures and communities while also recognizing the interplay of systems of power and oppression within an individual's life that create unique lived experiences. This was accomplished by conducting a systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines. Seven databases (i.e., PsycINFO [EBSCO], PubMed, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection [EBSCO], Academic Search Complete [EBSCO], SocIndex [EBSCO], Science Direct, ProQuest) were searched using a priori-defined search strings that encompass graduate training, cultural competence, and the various mental health care fields. Recommendations for improving cultural competence conceptualizations, engendering innovative training interventions, and increasing rigorous evaluation tools are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of reviewWe review and analyze recent literature in public health, urban planning, and disaster management to better understand the relationships between climate change, natural disasters, and root causes of health disparities in the USA.Recent findingsExisting scholarship establishes clear linkages between climate change and increasing occurrences and severity of natural disasters across the USA. The frequency and types of disasters vary by region and impact both short and long-term health outcomes. Current research highlights health inequities affecting lower income and minoritized communities disproportionately, but data-driven studies critically examining the role of structural inequalities in climate-induced health disparities are sparse. Adding to the body of knowledge, our conceptual framework maps how long-standing structural inequalities in policy, practice, and funding shape vulnerability of lower-income, racially and ethnically marginalized individuals. Vulnerability follows three common pathways: disparities in "exposure", "sensitivity", and "resiliency" before, during, and after a climate disaster. We recommend that future research, policy, and practice shift towards solutions that unearth and address the structural biases that cause environmental disaster and health inequities.

Latino people in the US are experiencing higher excess deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic than any other racial/ethnic group, but it is unclear which sociodemographic subgroups within this diverse population are most affected. Such information is necessary to target policies that prevent further excess mortality and reduce inequities. Using death certificate data for January 1, 2016 through February 29, 2020 and time-series models, we estimated the expected weekly deaths among Latino people in California from March 1 through October 3, 2020. We quantified excess mortality as observed minus expected deaths and risk ratios (RR) as the ratio of observed to expected deaths. We considered subgroups categorized by age, sex, nativity, country of birth, educational attainment, occupation, and combinations of these factors. Our results indicate that during the first seven months of the pandemic, Latino deaths in California exceeded expected deaths by 10,316, a 31% increase. Excess death rates were greatest for individuals born in Mexico (RR 1.44; 95% PI, 1.41, 1.48) or a Central American country (RR 1.49; 95% PI, 1.37, 1.64), with less than a high school degree (RR 1.41; 95% PI, 1.35, 1.46), or in food-and-agriculture (RR 1.60; 95% PI, 1.48, 1.74) or manufacturing occupations (RR 1.59; 95% PI, 1.50, 1.69). Immigrant disadvantages in excess death were magnified among working-age Latinos in essential occupations. In sum, the COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately impacted mortality among Latino immigrants, especially those in unprotected essential jobs. Interventions to reduce these inequities should include targeted vaccination, workplace safety enforcement, and expanded access to medical care and economic support.

Los estereotipos han recibido una atención creciente en el derecho de los derechos humanos en cuanto forma de discriminación. Se ha hecho notar que los estereotipos implican generalizaciones que, en ciertas circunstancias, obscurecen a los sujetos individualmente considerados y, a través de un proceso de heterodesignación, esencializan sus características y comportamiento de un modo constitutivo y regulatorio. Los estereotipos son, por tanto, causa y consecuencia de un proceso de subordinación que fija las identidades y estatus de los grupos desaventajados. El daño discriminatorio de los estereotipos se asocia, por ello, a la negación de la individualidad y complejidad del sujeto, que puede impedir el libre ejercicio de la autonomía y el acceso o la garantía de derechos. Este trabajo examina desde una perspectiva estructural estos procesos de heterodesignación y las dimensiones colectivas del daño, a través del análisis de una sentencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos.

Abstract Introduction Associations between structural inequalities and health are well established. However, there is limited work examining this link in relation to mental health, or that centres public perspectives. This study explores people's experience and sense‐making of inequality in their daily lives, with particular consideration of impacts on mental health. Methods We conducted a peer research study. Participants had to live in one of two London Boroughs and have an interest in inequalities and mental health. Using social media, newsletters, local organisations and our peer researchers' contacts, we recruited 30 participants who took photos representing their experience of inequality and discussed them during semi‐structured interviews. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results Three themes were identified in this study: (1) inequalities are unjust, multilayered and intertwined with mental health. Accounts demonstrated a deep understanding of inequalities and their link to mental health outcomes, describing inequalities as ‘suffering’ and ‘not good for anyone’. Financial, housing, immigration and healthcare problems exacerbated poor mental health, with racism, gender‐based violence and job loss also contributing factors for both poor mental health and experiences of inequality; (2) inequalities exclude and have far‐reaching mental health consequences, impacting personal sense of belonging and perceived societal value and (3) moving forwards—addressing long‐standing inequality and poor public mental health necessitated coping and resilience strategies that are often unacknowledged and undervalued by support systems. Conclusion Lived experience expertise was central in this study, creating an innovative methodological approach. To improve public mental health, we must address the everyday, painful structural inequalities experienced by many as commonplace and unfair. New policies and strategies must be found that involve communities, redistributing resources and power, building on a collective knowledge base, to coproduce actions combatting inequalities and improving population mental health. Patient or Public Contribution This study was peer‐led, designed and carried out by researchers who had experiences of poor mental health. Six authors of the paper worked as peer researchers on this study.

As in other nations, higher education has many benefits for individual participants and for communities in the United States. But, the opportunity to attain higher education is unequal. To understand the forces that contribute to higher education attainment in the United States, this essay first provides a brief overview of the characteristics of the nation’s higher education system. It then discusses the importance of academic preparation, financial resources, and information to college enrollment and success, as well as structural inequality in the availability of these resources. The essay then discusses how particular practices used by colleges and universities in the United States contribute to stratification in the transition from high school to college.

India accounts for 14.5 percent of the global SCD newborns, roughly over 42,000 a year, second to sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the availability of cheap diagnostic and treatment options, SCD remains a largely neglected disease within healthcare policy and practice. Epidemiological modeling based on small, often dated, regional studies (largely from sub-Saharan Africa) estimate that between 50 and 90 percent of affected children will/die before the age of 5 years. This premise, coupled with targets of reducing under 5 mortality (SDG 4), privileges public health interventions for screening and prevention of new births, undermining investments in long-term health and social care. This paper presents a retrospective, descriptive analysis of the socio-demographic profile of 447 patients diagnosed with sickle cell or sickle-beta thalassemia, who died following admission at a tertiary care entre in India. We used anonymized hospital records of 3,778 sickle cell patients, admitted in pediatric and adult/medical wards between January 2016 and February 2021. A majority of hospital deaths occurred in the second and third decades of life, following a hospital admission for a week. The overall mortality during 2016–2019 was 14% with little gender difference over time. Contrary to our expectations, the number of hospital deaths did not increase during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, between 2020 and 2021. The conclusion highlights the importance of longitudinal, socio-demo-graphic data on deaths as providing important insights for identifying ethical policy interventions focused on improving SCD outcomes over time, reducing inequities in access to care, and preventing what might be considered “excess” deaths.

Marginalization encompasses structural, interpersonal, and intergroup dynamics that perpetuate inequality and exclusion. This manuscript advocates that the solution to marginalization lies in fostering a sense of belonging. Belonging is a fundamental human need, critical for mental well-being, academic success, and personal growth. It significantly impacts engagement, retention, and overall development, especially in health professional education settings like nursing schools. When individuals feel they belong, they are more likely to seek support, engage actively in learning, and perform better academically. However, achieving a sense of belonging is not straightforward, and many challenges at both individual and institutional levels hinder its realization. Individual challenges include resistance to change, implicit biases, and lack of awareness of the disparities caused by marginalization. Institutional challenges include insufficient commitment, inadequate resource allocation, and lack of representation from marginalized groups. In the United States, recent legislation obstructing initiatives toward diversity, equity, and inclusion poses additional obstacles. To overcome these challenges and promote belonging, this manuscript offers strategies that highlight the importance of aligning institutional values with policies and practices, recognizing and rewarding inclusive efforts, and actively seeking diverse perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human habitation and adaptation to extreme environments have a deep history in anthropological research. Anthropologists' understanding of these ecological pressures and how humans respond to them has grown substantially over the last 100+ years. This review covers long-standing knowledge on adaptation to classic extreme conditions of heat, cold, and high altitude, while also updating the areas in which recent research has broadened our understanding of human adaptation, acclimatization, and resilience. Unfortunately, the intersecting stresses of structural inequality and climate change have made these extremes more extreme, with drastic negative impacts on health and well-being. Future research will need to explore how extreme environments, structural inequality, and climate change are embodied as well as mitigated so that humans are better prepared to face a rapidly changing world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A social work approach to addressing substance use embraces the NASW Code of Ethics with a dually focused client-centered and person-in-environment lens. These social work values often conflict with the myriad of U.S. policies that impact substance users by creating and reinforcing structural inequalities. Michael Lipsky's Street-Level Bureaucracies reveal for social workers opportunities to mitigate policy with the consistent practice of a social work approach to substance use. This article provides an overview of Michael Lipsky's Street-Level Bureaucracies and outlines opportunities to embrace social justice and human rights through micro and macro social work practice with people who use substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the intersecting impact of structural inequalities and transactional sex on in-school adolescent girls' risk of pregnancy and poor educational outcomes in rural northern KwaZulu-Natal. In this article, we understand structural inequalities as providing a basis for transactional relationships between adolescent girls and older men. Participatory visual research methods were employed with 18- and 19-year-old girls and boys to examine multiple systems of oppression and inequalities experienced by inschool rural adolescent girls, focusing particularly on their vulnerability to transactional sex, pregnancy and poor educational outcomes. In this context, moralising discourses on transactional sexual relationships are unhelpful if structural barriers placing girls at risk are not addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: Federal pretrial services and probation officers assess defendants and make influential recommendations that defendants be either released or detained, based on their threat to community safety and risk of flight. To inform efforts to reduce disparities in pretrial detention, we examined officers' decision making about 149,815 defendants across 81 districts. Overall, the probability of a detention recommendation was 34% higher for Black than White defendants. Racial disparities were most pronounced in ambiguous cases that invoked substantial officer discretion—including cases where the defendant had little or no criminal record. Nevertheless, mediation analyses revealed that up to 79% of the racial disparity in detention recommendations operates through institutionalized factors (i.e., pretrial policy) rather than personally mediated factors (e.g., implicit racism or classism). The lion's share of the disparity operates through one institutionalized factor alone: criminal history. Policy Implications: This study illustrates an empirical strategy for understanding the pathways through which disparities operate, which is crucial for shaping effective solutions. Providing officers with training and decision guides could reduce personally mediated bias—which is crucial for high discretion cases. However, this study shows that disparities mostly flow through institutionalized bias. So, greater gains may be had by making strategic shifts in policies and their implementation. One promising direction is to corral criminal history by adopting a tight definition that demonstrably predicts violence and failure to appear, and limiting the weight assigned to criminal history versus other predictive factors, when making recommendations. Another promising direction is to adopt risk‐based release policies that leverage an existing tool to reduce both detention rates and racial disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) should promote diversity, equity, inclusion, and social justice for the next generation of psychologists. Statement of the Problem: I worry that the SoTL propagates an exclusionary field that becomes increasingly irrelevant in our diverse society given that graduate curricula largely exclude scholarship on structural inequality. Literature Review: I detail the process of graduate curricular changes in my current department, with a focus on my new required graduate course, Diversity, Systems, and Inequality. I utilize scholarship from law, sociology, philosophy, women and gender studies, education, and psychology. Teaching Implications: I provide the structure and content of the course—including syllabi and lecture slides—as well as modes of assessment that promote inclusivity and critical thinking. I detail how current faculty can learn to incorporate the content of this work into their own teaching and scholarship through weekly journal clubs. Conclusion: SoTL outlets can publish transdisciplinary, inclusive course materials regarding structural inequality, thus mainstreaming and amplifying such work for the benefit of the field and our world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we establish a structural inequality of the ∞-subLaplacian ▵0,∞ in a class of the semi-simple Lie group endowed with the horizontal vector fields X1,…,X2n. When 1

Among the many sites on the battleground of the United States in which racism and classism rage is the all-too-overlooked mental health industrial complex. Over the past four decades, the mental health industrial complex has used the biomedical explanation for mental suffering. This focus on diagnoses that result from problems of the brain and not from social factors has contributed to an exponential increase of consumed medications and total revenue earned from the mental health and addiction services provided in the United States. Moreover, this specific ontology of subjectivity—that humans are solely defined by their material brains—helps serve the interests of the dominant hegemony. It is the assertion of this article that today as persons are conditioned to understand mental illness as a result of a purely individual problem, they become unaware of the ways in which the structural problems of race and class contribute to their mental illness. As a therapist who works with marginalized populations, I have seen firsthand how the biomedical model can be used to reinforce the illnesses that it aims to treat. The following article will illustrate the complex dynamics of the mental health industrial complex by way of analyzing three case studies of Black, male patients who I treated while working at a mental health facility in the Northeastern United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shaped by inconsistent policy decisions, the COVID‐19 pandemic in Brazil has made structural gender and racial inequalities more acute. Black and low‐income women are overburdened with unpaid domestic work, increased domestic violence, and more vulnerable due to informal and exploitative working regimes. These structural aspects are intensifying, since the pandemic has broadened inequalities at the intersection of gender, race, labor market, and social class. We examine pre‐ and during pandemic inequalities on three dimensions: (a) unpaid domestic and care work, (b) women's labor market participation, and (c) domestic violence. We link the care diamond model and racial stratification forwarding a feminist perspective by examining how the interlocking of race and gender in Brazil renders different socioeconomic dynamics to the detriment of Black and low‐income women. Based on this evidence, we stress that a more equal future requires a better social protection and policies targeting the articulation of gender, race, and class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciência & Trópico (03042685) is the property of Fundacao Joaquim Nabuco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to reduce gender dysphoria and combat stigma, transgender women often affirm their gender through social and medical transition, which may include cross-sex hormone therapy. This study examined associations between medically monitored hormone use and hormone misuse (non-prescribed hormone use including "fillers"), structural inequities (access to housing, health insurance, and income), and social network dynamics among 271 transgender women in Los Angeles. Hormone use status was coded trichotomously (hormone use, hormone misuse, no hormone use), and robust multinomial logistic regression as well as novel social network analysis was conducted to examine associations. Results demonstrated that younger, African-American/Black transgender women were most likely to engage in hormone misuse compared to transgender women who were older or non-African-American/Black. One-third of the sample reported sex work as a main source of income, and this group was more likely to misuse hormones than those with another primary source of income. Transgender women with access to stable housing and health insurance were most likely to engage in medically monitored hormone use. Social network analysis revealed that transgender women with a greater number of hormone-using network alters were most likely to misuse hormones, but that using the Internet to find transgender friends mitigated this association. Results demonstrate the multifaceted risk profile of transgender women who use and misuse hormones, including that social networks play an important role in hormone usage among transgender women.