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High levels of negative urgency imply risk for impulsive and potentially self-destructive behavior. The social consequences of these impulsive states remain poorly understood. In the present study, we examined how state-like fluctuation in negative urgency provokes day-to-day interpersonal stressors using experience sampling methods. We recruited 119 adults with a history of recurrent self-injury to complete surveys of negative urgency and interpersonal stress (i.e., exposure to criticism and rejection) 4 times per day over 14 days. Results from hierarchical linear models showed that when people experienced more negative urgency, relative to their personal norms, they were more likely than usual to encounter interpersonal stress over the next few hours. There was some evidence to suggest that this within-person connection was more pronounced for people who tended to have higher negative urgency levels in general across the experience sampling period. We interpret these findings in the context of stress generation theory, and we conclude that within-person variation in negative urgency may represent a clinically useful model of near-term risk for interpersonal dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress generation posits that (a) individuals at-risk for psychopathology may inadvertently experience higher rates of prospective dependent stress (i.e., stressors that are in part influenced by their thoughts and behaviors) but not independent stress (i.e., stressors occurring outside their influence), and (b) this elevated dependent stress, in some measure, is what places these individuals at-risk for future psychopathology. In recognition of 30 years of stress generation research, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using frequentist and Bayesian approaches (102 articles with 104 eligible studies, N = 31,541). Generally strong support was found for psychopathology predicting dependent stress (e.g., dsOverall psychopathology = 0.36–0.52, BF10 = 946.00 to 4.65 × 1018). Moderator analyses for dependent stress revealed larger effects for briefer assessments periods, shorter follow-ups, and self-report measures than for interviews. Among risk factors, depressogenic cognitive styles (ds =.26–.50, BF10 = 47.50 to 1.00 × 105) and general interpersonal vulnerability (ds =.26–.44, BF10 = 2.72 to 2708.00) received the strongest support as stress generation mechanisms, and current evidence is modest for protective factors predicting dependent stress. Overall, larger effects were generally found for prospective prediction of dependent stress than independent stress. Evaluations of mediation in the research literature were relatively few, limiting the current review to qualitative analysis of the mediation component of stress generation. General support was found, however, for dependent stress as a mediator for psychopathology and associated risk factors in relation to subsequent psychopathology. The current review ends with recommendations for future research and integration of stress generation within minority stress frameworks. Public Significance Statement: Stress generation is the process by which individuals' characteristics, behaviors, and psychopathology inadvertently generate stress in their lives. This systematic review and meta-analysis of 102 studies provides a comprehensive evaluation on the prospective association between (a) psychopathology, (b) biopsychosocial risk factors, (c) protective factors, and (d) sociodemographic characteristics in relation to dependent and independent stress. We found robust effects for associations between overall dependent stress and (a) overall psychopathology, particularly depression, and (b) cognitive and interpersonal vulnerabilities. Some supportive evidence was found, however, for small associations with independent stress. In short, there is robust evidence that psychopathology predicts future dependent stressors and that these stressors may in turn lead to further psychopathology. Prevention and intervention efforts aimed at addressing and preventing dependent stressors may be critical to reduce psychopathology. Findings further our understanding of stress generation in the development, maintenance, and recurrence of mental health problems across development, with key future research directions discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maintaining the functional integrity of primary teeth is important, as these teeth are integral in vital functions such as mastication, speech development, and space maintenance for permanent teeth; hence, premature loss of primary teeth can affect a child's quality of life. Various restorative materials are available to restore the function of grossly decayed teeth. Stainless steel crowns and zirconia crowns are widely used in pediatric dentistry; however, there are certain disadvantages associated with these materials. Recently introduced BioFlx crowns provide acceptable esthetics with a conservative approach. Nevertheless, there is a lack of evidence regarding their strength and clinical acceptability. Finite element analysis measures the physical response of teeth and assesses the stress generation, which is important to estimate the integrity of the restorations and crowns. Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare stress generation in primary teeth restored with zirconia and BioFlx crowns using finite element analysis. Methods: Models of extracted teeth restored with zirconia and BioFlx crowns were used for the study. The finite element analysis of these models was carried out through Analysis of Systems (ANSYS) software. The models were subjected to a simulated occlusal loading force of 245 N. Results: Von Mises stress generated in BioFlx crowns along with underlying dentin was much less compared to that which was generated in zirconia crowns. Conclusion: Restoring the functional integrity of carious teeth is essential. BioFlx crowns can be used as full coverage restorations and can be a suitable alternative to zirconia crowns and traditional stainless steel crowns.

Introduction: In this study we investigated the stress generation hypothesis in romantic relationships, testing how individuals' depressive symptoms can lead to interpersonal stress that worsens their depressive symptoms. Interpersonal stress was operationalized as conflict enactment (critical, hostile, and rejecting behaviors toward one's romantic partner) and breakup rumination (persistent and intense thoughts of ending the relationship). Methods: Participants included 226 heterosexual adult romantic couples, with a mean age of 21.48 years for women and 22.35 years for men. A short-term longitudinal design was employed, involving three waves of data collection, including a daily diary portion. Depressive symptoms were measured in the lab at the beginning of the study (Wave 1) and again one month later (Wave 3). Following Wave 1, conflict enactment and breakup rumination were measured online over a 14-day period (Wave 2) through daily diary entries, which were then averaged across the 14 days into a single score for each construct. Results: Using actor-partner interdependence mediation modelling, we found women's and men's depressive symptoms at Wave 1 positively predicted their own conflict enactment and breakup rumination at Wave 2, as well as their own depressive symptoms at Wave 3 (actor effects). Women's depressive symptoms at Wave 1 positively predicted men's conflict enactment at Wave 2 (partner effect). Additionally, women's conflict enactment at Wave 2 positively predicted their own depressive symptoms at Wave 3 (actor effect) and mediated the increase in their own depressive symptoms from Wave 1 to 3 (indirect effect). Discussion: Findings illustrate how depressive symptoms are embedded in an interpersonal context and exacerbated by conflictual behaviors within romantic relationships over a period of one month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japanese psychiatrists have proposed a new type of depression characterized by passing blame and irritability, which worsens on working days. This new type of depression is assumed to be closely associated with two personality traits: Interpersonal sensitivity, which reflects the tendency to be excessively concerned about or overreact to others' negative evaluations, and privileged self, which reflects the tendency to pursue own pleasures at the expense of maintaining harmony with others. Although a previous longitudinal study showed that these traits can lead to interpersonal stress generation among university students, it did not control for the influence of baseline negative events, nor use a scale that separately assessed negative dependent events caused by the participants' behaviors and negative independent events occurring outside the participants' control. The current study addressed these limitations and investigated whether interpersonal sensitivity and privileged self led to stress generation and increased depressive symptoms. Undergraduate and graduate students in Japan (N = 265) responded to self-report measures twice at an interval of four weeks. The results indicated that privileged self was related to an increase in subsequent experiences of negative dependent and independent events after controlling for either category of events experienced at the baseline. These findings suggest that privileged self can lead to stress generation or the perception that surrounding circumstances are worse than they are. Furthermore, privileged self was associated with an increase in subsequent depressive symptoms via experiences of negative interpersonal dependent events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly, research is highlighting the implications of exposure to unpredictable environments during childhood (i.e., “childhood unpredictability”) on outcomes in adulthood. Converging evidence from preclinical and clinical studies has implicated childhood unpredictability in disrupted reward processing and anhedonia. From the stress generation literature, altered social support has emerged as a possible mechanism by which this effect may occur. In the current study, our goal was to understand whether the pathway from childhood unpredictability to anhedonia occurs through reduced perceptions of social support. Toward this end, we recruited an online community sample of adults in the US (N = 242) to complete surveys assessing childhood unpredictability, depressive symptoms, anhedonia, and social support, as well as a novel online version of the Probabilistic Reward Task. We found that childhood unpredictability was associated with increased depressive symptoms and anhedonia (but not objective measure of anhedonia), and reduced perceptions of social support in adulthood. Mediation analyses revealed a significant indirect effect of perceived social support on the association between childhood unpredictability and anhedonia, controlling for age, sex, and non-anhedonic depressive symptoms. Unexpectedly, measures of reward responsiveness from the behavioral task were not related to childhood unpredictability. The current findings replicate previous reports linking childhood unpredictability and self-reported anhedonia, and extend them to incorporate the potential mediating pathway of reduced social support. Implications for treatment for anhedonia are discussed.

Maladaptive emotion regulation (ER) strategies are important predictors of stress generation—the process by which individuals with certain traits are likely to experience higher levels of dependent (self-generated), but not independent (fateful), stressful life events. Positive affect (PA) dampening, the tendency to downregulate positive moods by reducing their intensity and duration, may weaken interpersonal ties and therefore increase vulnerability to stress generation, particularly in the interpersonal domain. The present study examined longitudinal associations between PA dampening and stress generation in an adolescent sample (N = 241, Mage = 15.9, 51.8% female) assessed at baseline and at follow-up 1.5 years later. Dampening was assessed with a self-report questionnaire and stress exposure was assessed using contextual threat-based interview methods. Preregistered analyses revealed that PA dampening did not prospectively predict episodic interpersonal or non-interpersonal dependent stress; instead, dampening was associated with greater episodic independent stress, inconsistent with the stress generation model. Higher dampening at baseline also predicted increases in chronic stress in both interpersonal and non-interpersonal domains over follow-up. Findings suggest that PA regulation strategies may contribute to sustained stressful contexts, rather than discrete life events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundDepression is thought to generate stressful life events. However, other internalizing symptoms such as anxiety or post-traumatic stress and individual difference variables such as personality traits and alcohol use may contribute to stressful life events. Whether stress generation is specific to depression or generalized to these other variables is unclear. Therefore, we tested whether stress generation was depression specific or generalizable to anxiety, PTSD, alcohol use, neuroticism, and extraversion.DesignTwo-wave longitudinal study with a five-year follow-up.Methods917 young adults completed measures of internalizing symptoms, alcohol use, neuroticism, and extraversion during college and five years later along with an interview-based measure of life events.ResultsSymptoms of depression, anxiety, PTSD, and neuroticism exhibited bivariate predictive effects on interpersonal-dependent events. When considering internalizing symptoms in the aggregate, stress generation was specific to symptoms rather than neuroticism. Furthermore, interpersonal-dependent life events mediated Time 1 internalizing symptoms predicting Time 2 symptoms.ConclusionOur results indicate that stress generation applies to internalizing symptoms broadly rather than specifically to depression. Moreover, neuroticism was no longer a significant predictor of life events when examined with internalizing symptoms simultaneously. These results support the value of integrative models that test numerous factors predicting stressful life events.

Background: Theoretical and empirical studies on stress generation suggest four event generation processes: (1) vulnerability factors predict more negative interpersonal events; (2) vulnerability factors predict fewer positive interpersonal events; (3) resiliency factors predict fewer negative interpersonal events; and (4) resiliency factors predict more positive interpersonal events. However, few studies have examined these four processes simultaneously within a single analytic model. Therefore, it is unclear whether vulnerability and resiliency factors make unique and differential contributions to the occurrences of negative and positive interpersonal events. General objectives: This study aimed to fill this important gap by examining whether social withdrawal and excessive reassurance-seeking (vulnerable interpersonal behaviors) and prosocial behaviors (a resilient interpersonal behavior) uniquely and differentially predict the occurrences of negative and positive peer events among young adolescents. This study also examined the sex differences in these relationships. Methods: One hundred and ninety-eight students (109 girls) were recruited from a public middle school in Japan. A multiple-group path analysis was conducted to examine possible sex differences. Results: Social withdrawal uniquely predicted more negative peer events for boys and fewer positive peer events for boys and girls. Excessive reassurance-seeking uniquely predicted both more negative peer events and more positive peer events for boys and girls. Prosocial behavior uniquely predicted more positive peer events for boys and girls. Conclusion: This study underscores the unique and differential roles of vulnerable and resilient interpersonal behaviors in predicting negative and positive peer events among young adolescents. These findings not only advance our understanding of stress generation processes but also have broader implications for adolescent development and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While much research exists linking stress and suicidality in cross-sectional paradigms, little is known regarding the longitudinal interplay of stress and suicidality across time. In addition, less research exists on suicidal ideation – a transdiagnostic precursor to suicidal behavior. Two competing, though not mutually exclusive, explanations relate to stress exposure, where stress causes suicidal ideation, and stress generation, where suicidal ideation causes stress. The present study examined 101 adults self-reporting symptoms of borderline personality disorder. Participants completed a self-report measure of suicidal ideation and a life stress interview in a three-wave design over the course of one year. Cross-lagged panel analyses were used to examine the longitudinal relationships between suicidal ideation and interpersonal/non-interpersonal chronic life stress, as well as dependent/interpersonal episodic life stress. Results supported chronic and episodic interpersonal stress generation for suicidal ideation, although not across all timepoints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the past, different stress generation studies have used self-report measures comprising different items to assess each category of negative events. Moreover, the validity of these scales has not been adequately investigated. Therefore, we developed a self-report measure dedicated to assessing experiences of negative interpersonal dependent events, negative non-interpersonal dependent events, and negative independent events in university students, which was named the Negative Independent/Dependent Events Scale. Methods: Japanese undergraduate students (N = 247; mean age = 19.18 years, SD = 3.08) responded to the Negative Independent/Dependent Events Scale, which had items selected for adequate content validity. They also responded to self-report measures of depressive symptoms, reassurance-seeking behaviors, inattention, and lack of perseverance. Results: All the negative events subscales had moderate positive correlations with depressive symptoms. In addition, the negative interpersonal dependent events subscale showed a moderate positive correlation with reassurance-seeking behaviors, and the negative non-interpersonal dependent events subscale showed a strong positive correlation with inattention. Furthermore, the negative non-interpersonal dependent events subscale was more strongly correlated with inattention than the other two negative events subscales. In contrast, the negative interpersonal dependent events subscale was more strongly correlated with reassurance-seeking behaviors than with the negative independent events subscale but not more strongly than with the negative non-interpersonal dependent events subscale. Conclusions: These findings indicated the acceptable construct validity of the Negative Independent/Dependent Events Scale. However, further research is necessary to establish the discriminant validity of the negative interpersonal dependent events subscale and the negative non-interpersonal dependent events subscale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined the causes and consequences of stress generation in university students in Japan. A two-wave longitudinal study with an 8- or 9-week interval was conducted in the fall of 2020. Undergraduate and graduate students at four universities in Japan (N = 201) completed self-report measures assessing experiences of negative interpersonal dependent events, negative non-interpersonal events, and negative independent events at two times. At the same time, they also responded to measures of aggressive behaviors, trait rumination, and depressive symptoms. Path analyses revealed that baseline aggressive behaviors were positively associated with an increase in subsequent negative interpersonal dependent events, even after controlling for the influences of negative interpersonal dependent events, rumination, and depressive symptoms at baseline. However, aggressive behaviors were not significantly associated with subsequent negative non-interpersonal dependent events or negative independent events. These findings suggest that aggressive behaviors may have been a factor leading to interpersonal stress generation. Furthermore, all categories of negative event experiences predicted an increase in subsequent depressive symptoms, but not subsequent rumination, and rumination was not significantly associated with subsequent depressive symptoms. This research extends previous studies on the causes and consequences of stress generation conducted in the US by using specific measures of aggressive behaviors and including a non-restricted sample of university students in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Identifying mechanisms of major depressive disorder that continue into remission is critical, as these mechanisms may contribute to subsequent depressive episodes. Biobehavioral markers related to depressogenic self-referential processing biases have been identified in adults with depression. Thus, we investigated whether these risk factors persisted during remission as well as contributed to the occurrence of stress and depressive symptoms over time. Methods: At baseline, adults with remitted depression (n = 33) and healthy control subjects (n = 33) were administered diagnostic and stress interviews as well as self-report symptom measures. In addition, participants completed a self-referential encoding task while electroencephalography data were acquired. Stress interviews and self-report symptom measures were readministered at the 6-month follow-up assessment. Results: Drift diffusion modeling showed that compared with healthy individuals, adults with remitted depression exhibited a slower drift rate to negative stimuli, indicating a slower tendency to reject negative stimuli as self-relevant. At the 6-month follow-up assessment, a slower drift rate to negative stimuli predicted greater interpersonal stress severity among individuals with remitted depression but not healthy individuals while controlling for both baseline depression symptoms and interpersonal stress severity. Highlighting the specificity of this effect, results were nonsignificant when predicting noninterpersonal stress. For self-relevant positive words endorsed, adults with remitted depression exhibited smaller left- than right-hemisphere late positive potential amplitudes; healthy control subjects did not show hemispheric differences. Conclusions: Self-referential processing deficits persist into remission. In line with the stress generation framework, these biases predicted the occurrence of interpersonal stress, which may provide insight about a potential pathway for the re-emergence of depressive symptoms.

Stress generation theory suggests that people engage in certain behaviors that causally generate "dependent" stressful life events. Stress generation has primarily been studied in the context of depression with limited consideration of anxiety. People with social anxiety exhibit maladaptive social and regulatory behaviors that may uniquely generate stress. Across two studies, we examined if people with elevated social anxiety experienced more dependent stressful life events than those lower in social anxiety. On an exploratory basis, we examined differences in perceived intensity, chronicity, and self-blame of stressful life events. As a conservative test, we examined whether observed relationships held after covarying depression symptoms. Community adults (N s = 303; 87) completed semi-structured interviews about recent stressful life events. Participants with higher social anxiety symptoms (Study 1) and social anxiety disorder (SAD; Study 2) reported more dependent stressful life events than those with lower social anxiety. In Study 2, healthy controls rated dependent events as less impactful than independent events; those with SAD rated dependent and independent events as equally impactful. Regardless of social anxiety symptoms, participants placed greater blame on themselves for the occurrence of dependent than independent events. Life events interviews are retrospective and preclude conclusions about short-term changes. Mechanisms of stress generation were not assessed. Results provide initial evidence for the role of stress generation in social anxiety that may be distinct from depression. Implications for assessing and treating unique and shared features of affective disorders are discussed. • People high in social anxiety and depression experience more dependent stressors. • Social anxiety is associated with stress generation above and beyond depression. • People with SAD are similarly impacted by dependent and independent events. • Social anxiety is associated with greater self-blame for stressful events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress generation suggests a reciprocal relationship between depression and prospective stressful life events. However, the applicability of stress generation to anxiety disorders has been understudied, particularly among youth. We address this gap by examining stress generation in youth at high-risk of developing anxiety disorders. Participants were one-hundred thirty-six at-risk youth (M age = 8.69, 84.6% Caucasian; 55.9% female), each of whom had a parent with an anxiety disorder. We examined the role of an anxiety disorder diagnosis, anxiety symptoms, and cognitive distortions in youth's prospective one and six-year stressful life events (i.e., stress generation). Anxiety symptoms and cognitive distortions were significant predictors of one-year total dependent stress. Anxiety diagnosis and anxiety symptoms were significant predictors of one-year dependent interpersonal stress. Anxiety diagnosis and anxiety symptoms were significant predictors of six-year independent stress. Support for the stress generation model was found in high-risk youth, but only over a one-year period. This suggests important effects of anxiety and cognitive distortions on stress generation, though their implications might be time-capped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress generation theory initially posited that depression elevates risk for some stressful events (i.e., dependent events) but not others (i.e., independent events). This preregistered meta-analytic review examined whether stress generation occurs transdiagnostically by examining 95 longitudinal studies with 38,228 participants (537 total effect sizes) from over 30 years of research. Our multilevel meta-analyses found evidence of stress generation across a broad range of psychopathology, as evidenced by significantly larger prospective effects for dependent (overall psychopathology: r =.23) than independent (overall psychopathology: r =.10) stress. We also identified unique patterns of effects across specific types of psychopathology. For example, effects were larger for depression than anxiety. Furthermore, effects were sometimes larger in studies with younger participants, shorter time lags between assessments, checklist measures of stress, and for interpersonal stressors. Finally, a multilevel meta-analytic structural equation model suggested that dependent stress exacerbates psychopathology symptoms over time (β =.04), possibly contributing to chronicity. Interventions targeting the prevention of stress generation may mitigate chronic psychopathology. Conclusions of this study are limited by the predominance of depression effect sizes in the literature and our review of only English language articles. On the other hand, the findings are strengthened by rigorous inclusion criteria, lack of publication bias, and absence of moderating effects by publication year. The latter underscores the replicability of the stress generation effect over the last 30 years. Taken together, the review provides robust evidence that stress generation is a cross-diagnostic phenomenon that contributes to a vicious cycle of increasing stress and psychopathology. Public Significance Statement: Stress generation theory originally showed that people with depression can create their own stress. This meta-analysis indicates that stress generation is a cross-diagnostic phenomenon that contributes to the chronicity of symptoms of psychopathology. Findings imply that interventions aimed at preventing stress generation may mitigate chronic psychopathology. Stress generation also varied in nuanced ways across various types of psychopathology, thereby indicating for whom and under what conditions stress generation is most prominent. Importantly, a lack of publication bias and absence of moderating effects by publication year and by most demographic variables underscores the replicability of the stress generation effect over time and its universality across groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Offspring of mothers with a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) are at high risk of developing the disorder themselves, yet specific mechanisms of risk remain unclear. One hypothesized mechanism is interpersonal stress, which has been shown to be elevated in offspring of mothers with a history of MDD. The goal of this study was to examine the role of a specific form of interpersonal stress, peer victimization (overt and relational). In doing so, we not only examined the impact of peer victimization on changes in youth depression, but also youth depression on changes in peer victimization, consistent with stress generation models. Participants were 251 mothers with (n = 129) or without (n = 122) a history of MDD and their child (aged 8–14 years at baseline) who were assessed every six months for two years. Using random intercepts cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM), we were able to separate between-subject effects (mother MDD group differences in average levels of peer victimization and offspring depressive symptoms) and within-subject effects (transactional influences between within-subject fluctuations in peer victimization and depressive symptoms among offspring over time). Overall, these effects were stronger for relational victimization than for overt victimization and stronger for girls than boys. These results support the role of peer victimization, particularly relational victimization, as a risk factor among offspring of mothers with MDD, particularly girls, and highlight transactional relations between relational victimization and depressive symptoms in girls over time, which may create a vicious cycle of risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children who experience maltreatment are at increased risk of revictimization across the life span. In childhood, this risk often manifests as peer victimization. Understanding the nature of this risk, and its impact on mental health, is critical if we are to provide effective support for those children who are most vulnerable. A systematic scoping review was conducted using Google Scholar and PsycINFO. Studies on adults, psychiatric, and/or inpatient populations were excluded. Included studies concerned all forms of child maltreatment and peer victimization. We found 28 studies about the association between maltreatment experience and peer victimization as well as peer rejection. We review the evidence documenting the relation between these adverse childhood experiences and mental health. The evidence suggests that maltreatment and peer victimization have additive effects on mental health outcomes. A number of theoretical developmental frameworks that delineate putative mechanisms that might account for an association are considered. Building on prior research, we then discuss the role of recent neurocognitive findings in providing a multilevel framework for conceptualizing mental health vulnerability following maltreatment. In addition, we consider how altered neurocognitive functioning following maltreatment may shed light on why affected children are more likely to be victimized by their peers. Specifically, we consider the threat, reward, and autobiographical memory systems and their role in relation to stress generation, stress susceptibility, and social thinning. Such a mechanistic understanding is necessary if we are to reduce the likelihood of peer victimization in children exposed to maltreatment, and move to a preventative model of mental health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The affinity for hikikomori represents the desire to be withdrawn, as well as to entertain an empathetic attitude towards withdrawn individuals. It is composed of two subdimensions, the maladaptive desire for hikikomori, and empathy for others with hikikomori. This longitudinal study examined whether autistic traits predicted the affinity for hikikomori. At the baseline assessment, undergraduate and graduate students in Japan (N = 272) completed the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), the Affinity for Hikikomori Scale in University Students, and measures assessing academic failures and interpersonal conflicts. They also completed all measures excluding the AQ eight weeks later. Structural equation modeling indicated that difficulties in social interaction aspects of autistic traits were positively associated with academic failures at Time 2 even after controlling for academic failures at Time 1. In addition, difficulties in social interaction were positively related to the desire for hikikomori at Time 2 indirectly via academic failures at Time 2 after controlling for the desire for hikikomori at Time 1. Difficulties in social interaction were also directly associated with the increased desire for hikikomori at Time 2. These findings suggest that autistic traits, and especially difficulties in social interaction, are predictors of the maladaptive aspect of the affinity for hikikomori. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We evaluated whether the effects of recent stressful life events (SLEs) and early childhood adversities (ECAs) on depressive symptoms are consistent between men and women and across older age, and whether there was evidence for the following: stress sensitization, whereby the psychological impact of SLEs is greater for individuals with ECAs compared with those without; or stress proliferation effect, whereby those with ECAs are more likely to report more SLEs than those without ECAs to effect depressive symptoms. Method: ECAs, SLEs in the past two years, and current depressive symptoms through a modified CES-D were obtained from 11,873 individuals participating in a population representative study of older adults, yielding 82,764 observations. Mixed-effects regression models on depressive symptoms were constructed to control for multiple observations per participant and evaluate within-person effects over time, thereby reducing bias from reverse causation. Results: Results suggest a stress proliferation effect and do not support stress sensitization. ECAs contribute to vulnerability for depressive symptoms, with a dosage effect for each additional ECA. Recent SLEs result in greater depressive symptom risk, with stable effects over age and dosage effects for each additional SLE that were smaller than the effects of ECAs among men, but not women. Belonging to an ethnic minority group, having less education, and less household income at baseline were associated with greater depressive symptom risk. Conclusions: Findings suggest the importance of addressing early childhood adversity and sociodemographic factors, among at-risk older adults to mitigate life-course stress proliferative processes and thereby reduce disparate risk for depression in older age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research on the relationship between rumination and behavioral impulsivity has been limited because impulsivity was assessed by using individual tasks. This study examined the concurrent associations of a latent variable named impulsive action with rumination and depression to alleviate the task-impurity problem and the low reliability of laboratory tasks assessing impulsivity. This study also examined whether stressors mediated the association between impulsive action and rumination. University students in Japan (N = 176) conducted three laboratory tasks assessing impulsive action: the Go/No-Go Task, the Stop Signal Task, and the Conners Continuous Performance Test 3rd Edition. They also completed self-report measures of rumination, stressors, and depression. Results indicated that the latent variable named impulsive action constructed from the performance in these three tasks was positively associated with rumination. Moreover, stressors mediated this association. Also, impulsive action was positively associated with depression via the increase in stressors and rumination. These findings and those of previous studies examining associations between rumination and self-reported impulsivity suggest that impulsivity might be a determinant of rumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Depression and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are prevalent and highly comorbid. ADHD symptoms are associated with specific dependent (i.e., self-generated) stressors in children, and there is a strong link between dependent stress and depression. Despite continued comorbidity of ADHD and depressive symptoms into adulthood, it is unknown whether stress generation mediates the relation between ADHD and subsequent depressive symptoms in emerging adulthood, a period of heightened stress. Method: We tested this mediation model in a semester-long longitudinal study of 224 college students (aged 18–23 years). We additionally tested whether this model differed between inattentive versus hyperactive/impulsive ADHD symptoms given evidence that they vary in their relations to stress and depression. Results: Dependent stress mediated the association between total ADHD symptoms at baseline and later depressive symptoms; these effects were equivalent for inattentive versus hyperactive/impulsive ADHD symptoms. Conclusion: These findings suggest stress generation as a mechanism for increased depression in individuals with ADHD symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This multi-wave longitudinal study examined the role of depressive symptoms and the weakest link approach as an indicator of cognitive vulnerability to predict stress generation. The weakest link approach posits that an individual is as cognitively vulnerable as his or her strongest attributional style. Data of 521 Chinese adolescents were investigated in this study. During an initial assessment, participants completed a demographic survey that assessed depressive symptoms, weakest links, and stress. Over the subsequent 6 months, participants completed monthly assessments of depressive symptoms and stress. The results indicated that both depressive symptoms and weakest link approach predict the generation of stress. High scores of depressive symptoms were associated with high levels of both independent stress and dependent stress. High weakest link scores predicted an increase of dependent stress. For the follow-up interval, the interaction of weakest link × depressive symptoms was a significant predictor for dependent stress but not for independent stress. In addition, gender difference was identified as a predictor of the stress generation effect. Compared with adolescent boys, adolescent girls tended to experience higher levels of dependent stress. These results suggest that depressive symptoms and cognitive vulnerability are important for the prediction of stress generation in Chinese adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a clear bi-directional link between stressful events and depressive symptoms in adolescence, but the directionality of this link for anxiety symptoms remains underexamined. We critically evaluate the longitudinal relationship between stressors and anxiety among youth. Specifically, we examine whether stressors predict anxiety symptoms over a 1.5-year period (stress causation), and whether anxiety symptoms predict stressors over this period (stress generation). We examine potential influencing factors, including stressor type (independent vs. dependent) and emotion dysregulation (nonacceptance; goal-directed difficulty). Social, separation, and physical anxiety symptoms, and frequency and stressor type, were assessed every 3 months for 1.5 years among community youth (n = 528, ages 8–17). Baseline emotion dysregulation was assessed. Time-lagged analyses evaluated the bi-directional relationship of stress and anxiety over time, controlling for previous anxiety and depression. Interpersonal stressors predicted subsequent physical and social anxiety symptoms, but anxiety did not predict subsequent stressors. Both nonacceptance and goal-directed difficulties predicted subsequent anxiety symptoms and stressors, but did not moderate the relationship. The findings supported the stress causation model for youth anxiety, but not the stress generation model. Nonacceptance and goal-directed difficulty predicted greater subsequent anxiety symptoms and stressors. We discuss implications for prevention and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under labels like »AI« or »Machine Learning«, adaptive systems using methods of function approximation for adapting their performance to given sets of data from the environment are increasingly being deployed in the domain of knowledge work. Their design and effective use raise new questions with respect to their specific qualities. Summarizing relevant experiences from more than four decades of human-centered design of software artifacts and computer-assisted work processes, lessons learned are being reflected on with respect to what new challenges they bring about, and what new research questions they raise, respectively.

The stress generation model posits that not only stressful life‐events predict depressive symptoms, but also depressive‐prone individuals think and behave in ways that make them more vulnerable to experience life‐stress. Evidence has supported the bi‐directional relationship between stress and depressive symptoms, and there has been an attempt in identifying vulnerability factors for stress generation. Yet, there is a need for studies focusing on multiple risk factors and a replication of findings in non‐Western samples. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of rumination and excessive reassurance seeking (ERS) in stress generation in a sample of Turkish young adults. A sample of 318 Turkish college students reported on their rumination, ERS, intensity of stressful life‐events and depressive symptoms. A subsample of 162 participants also completed a measure of life‐events 5 months later. Cross‐sectional results showed that rumination and ERS contribute to life‐stress over and above depressive symptoms and gender. Mediational analyses indicated that ERS does not mediate the relationship between rumination and life‐stress at 5 months. Rather, rumination fully mediated the relationship between ERS and future life‐stress. Results provide evidence for stress generation, and highlight the interconnection between rumination and ERS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Classic conceptual frameworks explaining the relationship of personality traits to depression include the precursor and predisposition models. The former hypothesizes that depression is predicted by traits alone whereas the latter hypothesizes that stress, together with personality, predicts depression. Dynamic vulnerability models (DVM) expand on these perspectives by incorporating fluctuations in personality over time. The stress generation model provides an alternative view, positing that depression generates stress, creating a self-perpetuating cycle. However, these conceptual models are rarely directly compared. Method: We tested these models, focusing on neuroticism and stressful life events that the participant may have contributed to, using path analysis in a sample of 550 never-depressed, adolescent females assessed five times over 3 years. Results: A dynamic precursor model with stress generation was best supported. For the precursor component, neuroticism predicted subsequent depression across four assessment intervals. For the dynamic trait component, stressful life events predicted subsequent neuroticism at three of four intervals. Finally, in line with stress generation, depression consistently predicted subsequent stressful life events, and life events then predicted depression. Conclusions: Finding support for the DVM is noteworthy, as this is the first comprehensive test of this model. Moreover, results supported integrating stress generation with trait vulnerability. Continued use of integrated approaches and refining the statistical implementation of these theories is necessary to advance understanding of the development of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In real life, it is well understood how stress can be induced and how it is measured. While virtual reality (VR) applications can resemble such stress inducers, it is still an open question if and how stress can be measured in a non-intrusive way during VR exposure. Usually, the quality of VR applications is estimated by user acceptance in the form of presence. Presence itself describes the individual's acceptance of a virtual environment as real and is measured by specific questionnaires. Accordingly, it is expected that stress strongly affects this presence and thus also the quality assessment. Consequently, identifying the stress level of a VR user may enable content creators to engage users more immersively by adjusting the virtual environment to the measured stress. In this paper, we thus propose to use a commercially available eye tracking device to detect stress while users are exploring a virtual environment. We describe a user study in which a VR task was implemented to induce stress, while users' pupil diameter and pulse were measured and evaluated against a self-reported stress level. The results show a statistically significant correlation between self-reported stress and users' pupil dilation and pulse, indicating that stress measurements can indeed be conducted during the use of a head-mounted display. If this indication can be successfully proven in a larger scope, it will open up a new era of affective VR applications using individual and dynamic adjustments in the virtual environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the current study was to compare diathesis-stress and transactional models of cognitive vulnerability to depression in samples of Canadian (n = 118) and Chinese (n = 405) adolescents. We utilized a six-month multi-wave, longitudinal design in order to examine whether (a) perceived control moderated the association between the occurrence of dependent interpersonal stressors and subsequent increases in depressive symptoms (i.e., a diathesis-stress perspective) and (b) dependent interpersonal stressors mediated the association between perceived control and subsequent increases in depressive symptoms (i.e., a transactional perspective). Results from idiographic, time-lagged, hierarchical linear modeling analyses indicated that for Canadian adolescents both diathesis-stress and transactional models were significant predictors of depressive symptomology. When examining the diathesis-stress model, boys, but not girls, who reported lower perceived control, reported higher levels of depressive symptoms following the occurrence of dependent interpersonal stress. Gender differences, however, were not present in the transactional model. In contrast, transactional, but not diathesis-stress, models were significant in Chinese adolescents, and gender differences did not emerge. Overall, these results may reflect culturally-relevant differences in the etiology of depression in Canadian and Chinese adolescents.

A few studies have indicated that adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are more inclined to ruminate than adults in the general population. The present study examined whether subclinical ASD symptoms including difficulties in social interaction and attention to detail and ADHD symptoms that were composed of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity were related to depressive rumination in undergraduate students. This study also examined whether rumination is a mediating factor in the relationship of ASD and ADHD symptoms with depression. Non-clinical undergraduate students (N = 294) in Japan completed the Autism-Spectrum Quotient, Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, interpersonal conflict subscale of the Interpersonal Stress Event Scale, Ruminative Responses Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition. Structural equation modeling indicated that hyperactivity-impulsivity was positively associated with rumination both directly and indirectly via interpersonal conflict, and that attention to detail and inattention were directly and positively related to rumination. The significant relationship between difficulties in social interaction and rumination disappeared after controlling for the influence of depression. These findings indicated that one pathway through which hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms prolong rumination might be through the increase in interpersonal conflict. In addition, it is possible that cognitive inflexibility, academic difficulties, and adverse driving outcomes caused by attention to detail, inattention as well as hyperactivity-impulsivity may lead to rumination. Moreover, attention to detail, inattention, and hyperactivity-impulsivity indirectly increased depression via rumination, indicating that rumination is an important mediator in the relationship of subclinical ASD and ADHD symptoms with depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-critical perfectionism confers vulnerability for depressive symptoms, but research suggests vulnerability persists after treatment. Dysregulation of physiological stress systems is a potential mechanism for depression vulnerability, and yet it remains under-studied in research on perfectionism, stress, and depression. We aimed to address this gap by testing the influence of self-critical perfectionism, stress generation, and stress reactivity on depressive symptoms and on diurnal cortisol. A sample of undergraduates (N = 127) completed questionnaires and provided samples of salivary cortisol twice daily (morning and evening) over three days. Data were analyzed using path analysis with diurnal cortisol activity modeled using latent growth modeling. People high in self-critical perfectionism showed a greater propensity toward depressive symptoms through stress generation and stress reactivity processes. Although self-critical perfectionism did not directly predict diurnal cortisol, results supported physiological stress reactivity. Specifically, people high in self-critical perfectionism showed increased waking cortisol in high and low stress conditions, whereas people low in this trait showed higher cortisol only in the context of high daily hassles. Results suggest prolonged physiological activity may be an important factor to consider in future research and points toward the development of bio-psycho-social models when understanding how self-critical perfectionism confers vulnerability to depressive symptoms in the context of stress generation and reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research suggests that childhood adversity (CA) is associated with a wide range of repercussions, including an increased likelihood of interpersonal stress generation. This may be particularly true following interpersonal childhood adversity (ICA) and for youth with high hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-related genetic risk. In the current study, we applied a multilocus genetic profile score (MGPS) approach to measuring HPA axis-related genetic variation and examined its interaction with ICA to predict interpersonal stress generation in a sample of adolescents aged 14–17 (N = 241, Caucasian subsample n = 192). MGPSs were computed using 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms from HPA axis-related genes (CRHR1, NRC31, NRC32, and FKBP5). ICA significantly predicted greater adolescent interpersonal dependent stress. Additionally, MGPS predicted a stronger association between ICA and interpersonal dependent (but not independent or noninterpersonal dependent) stress. No gene–environment interaction (G×E) effects were found for noninterpersonal CA and MGPS in predicting adolescent interpersonal dependent stress. Effects remained after controlling for current depressive symptoms and following stratification by race. Findings extend existing G×E research on stress generation to HPA axis-related genetic variation and demonstrate effects specific to the interpersonal domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current article, we describe the development and validation of a self-report measure of self-generated stress and its associations with measures of perfectionism, self-criticism, and distress. The Self-Generated Stress Scale is a seven-item inventory that taps the tendency to see oneself as someone who generates and adds to existing personal stress (i.e., making a challenging situation worse or turning a life problem into a bigger problem). Psychometric analyses with data from three samples of university students showed that the Self-Generated Stress Scale has one factor and acceptable internal consistency. Analyses established that self-generated stress is associated with trait perfectionism, self-criticism, dependency, and self-silencing, as well as indices tapping cognitive perfectionism and perfectionistic self-presentation. Self-generated stress was also associated with distress and psychosomatic health symptoms. Regression analyses established that scores on the Self-Generated Stress Scale predict unique variance in distress and negative affect beyond the variance attributable to self-criticism and other measures of stress. Overall, our findings attest to the further use of the Self-Generated Stress Scale in various contexts and highlight that certain perfectionists suffer from a perceived tendency to make their lives more stressful. The implications of these findings are discussed along with directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Associations between stressful life events (SLEs) and internalizing psychopathology are complex and bidirectional, involving interactions among stressors across development to predict psychopathology (i.e., stress sensitization) and psychopathology predicting greater exposure to SLEs (i.e., stress generation). Although stress sensitization and generation theoretical models inherently focus on within-person effects, most previous research has compared average levels of stress and psychopathology across individuals in a sample (i.e., between-person effects). The present study addressed this gap by investigating stress sensitization and stress generation effects in a multiwave, prospective study of SLEs and adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms. Depression, anxiety, and SLE exposure were assessed every 3 months for 2 years (8 waves of data) in a sample of adolescents (n = 382, aged 11 to 15 at baseline). Multilevel modeling revealed within-person stress sensitization effects such that the association between within-person increases in SLEs and depression, but not anxiety, symptoms were stronger among adolescents who experienced higher average levels of SLEs across 2 years. We also observed within-person stress generation effects, such that adolescents reported a greater number of dependent-interpersonal SLEs during time periods after experiencing higher levels of depression at the previous wave than was typical for them. Although no within-person stress generation effects emerged for anxiety, higher overall levels of anxiety predicted greater exposure to dependent-interpersonal SLEs. Our findings extend prior work by demonstrating stress sensitization in predicting depression following normative forms of SLEs and stress generation effects for both depression and anxiety using a multilevel modeling approach. Clinical implications include an individualized approach to interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both reward sensitivity and impulsivity are related to the development and course of bipolar spectrum disorders (BSDs) and have been implicated in other disorders and negative functional outcomes such as substance abuse, obesity, suicidal behaviors, and risk-taking. Furthermore, according to the transactional component of the Behavioral Approach System (BAS)/reward hypersensitivity theory of BSDs, people with reward hypersensitivity should experience more BAS-relevant events, and thus, are more vulnerable to mood symptoms and episodes via stress generation. Impulsivity may exacerbate stress generation in individuals at risk for BSDs based on exhibiting reward hypersensitivity. The current study examined whether impulsivity explained the generation of stress and subsequent mood symptoms beyond what is explained by reward sensitivity alone. Participants were 131 Moderate BAS and 216 High BAS sensitivity adolescents (M = 18.43 years, SD = 1.40), who completed baseline measures of reward sensitivity and impulsivity, as well as follow-up measures of life events and mood symptoms. Results from linear regression analyses indicated that higher baseline impulsivity predicted behavior-dependent, but not behavior-independent, life events. Furthermore, path analyses suggested that the effect of BAS group on depression symptoms at next follow-up was partly explained via the indirect effect of impulsivity and negative behavior-dependent life events. We did not find these effects for behavior-independent or positive-dependent events or for prediction of hypomanic symptoms. The findings suggest that impulsivity may account for stress generation of negative events that precede depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide further insight into stress generation patterns in boys and girls around puberty, this study investigated longitudinal reciprocal relations between depressive symptoms, dysfunctional attitudes, and stress generation, the process by which individuals contribute to the occurrence of stress in interpersonal contexts (e.g., problematic social interactions) or in noninterpersonal contexts (e.g., achievement problems). A community sample of N = 924 German children and early adolescents (51.8% male) completed depressive symptoms and dysfunctional attitudes measures at T1 and again 20 months later (T2). Stressful life events were reported at T2. Dysfunctional attitudes were unrelated to stress generation. Interpersonal, but not noninterpersonal, dependent stress partially mediated the relationship between initial and later depressive symptoms, with girls being more likely to generate interpersonal stress in response to depressive symptoms. Findings underscore the role of interpersonal stress generation in the early development of depressive symptomatology, and in the gender difference in depression prevalence emerging around puberty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study of 145 community adults examined heightened interpersonal-sadness sensitivity as a mediator of the relationship between self-critical (SC) perfectionism and stress generation four years later. Participants completed questionnaires assessing perfectionism dimensions at Time 1, baseline depressive symptoms at Time 1 and Year 3, daily negative social interactions and affect for 14 consecutive days at Month 6 and Year 3, and a contextual-threat stress interview at Year 4. Path analyses indicated that SC perfectionism predicted daily interpersonal-sadness sensitivity (i.e., greater increases in sadness in response to increases in negative social interactions) between Month 6 and Year 3. This, in turn, explained why individuals with higher SC perfectionism had greater interpersonal stress generation four years later, controlling for the effects of depressive symptoms. Findings also demonstrated that responding to negative social interactions with broader negative affect or accumulated negative social interactions did not mediate the prospective relation between SC perfectionism and interpersonal stress generation. SC perfectionism was not related to Year 4 noninterpersonal stress generation or independent stress. Findings highlight the importance of targeting interpersonal-sadness sensitivity in order to reduce the propensity of SC perfectionistic individuals to generate negative interpersonal life events several years into the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Theoretical and empirical studies on stress generation suggest four event generation processes: (1) vulnerability factors predict more negative interpersonal events; (2) vulnerability factors predict fewer positive interpersonal events; (3) resiliency factors predict fewer negative interpersonal events; and (4) resiliency factors predict more positive interpersonal events. However, few studies have examined these four processes simultaneously within a single analytic model. Therefore, it is unclear whether vulnerability and resiliency factors make unique and differential contributions to the occurrences of negative and positive interpersonal events., General Objectives: This study aimed to fill this important gap by examining whether social withdrawal and excessive reassurance-seeking (vulnerable interpersonal behaviors) and prosocial behaviors (a resilient interpersonal behavior) uniquely and differentially predict the occurrences of negative and positive peer events among young adolescents. This study also examined the sex differences in these relationships., Methods: One hundred and ninety-eight students (109 girls) were recruited from a public middle school in Japan. A multiple-group path analysis was conducted to examine possible sex differences., Results: Social withdrawal uniquely predicted more negative peer events for boys and fewer positive peer events for boys and girls. Excessive reassurance-seeking uniquely predicted both more negative peer events and more positive peer events for boys and girls. Prosocial behavior uniquely predicted more positive peer events for boys and girls., Conclusion: This study underscores the unique and differential roles of vulnerable and resilient interpersonal behaviors in predicting negative and positive peer events among young adolescents. These findings not only advance our understanding of stress generation processes but also have broader implications for adolescent development and well-being., Competing Interests: The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Kuroda.)

Introduction: Previous research has linked negative cognitive styles with stress generation. However, measures of cognitive styles have replied on ratings for hypothetical events, not experienced events. We examined the relationship between stress generation and attributional style for experienced events (i.e., inferential style) at both macro and daily levels. Methods: We measured stress generation in college students using the traditional objective team ratings (i.e., observer) as well as via participants' own ratings (i.e., actor), which we argue captures more information and is consistent with calls for participant-centered research. Results: Cognitive style and inferential style positively correlated, indicating consistency between these two forms of assessment. Actor and observer identified events were significantly correlated for both dependent and independent events, suggesting that participants and teams are consistent in these categorizations. Results from both studies showed that inferential style was associated with actor but not observer identified dependent events. Discussion: Our findings provide some of the first evidence for the role of inferential style in actor identified stress generation and indicate that it is useful to examine both participant and observer ratings of stressful life events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Existing models of social anxiety scarcely account for interpersonal stress generation. These models also seldom include interpersonal factors that compound the effects of social anxiety. Given recent findings that two forms of interpersonal distress, perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness, intensify social anxiety and cause interpersonal stress generation, these two constructs may be especially relevant to examining social anxiety and interpersonal stress generation together.Design: The current study extended prior research by examining the role of social anxiety in the occurrence of negative and positive interpersonal events and evaluated whether interpersonal distress moderated these associations.Methods: Undergraduate students (N = 243; M = 20.46 years; 83% female) completed self-report measures of social anxiety, perceived burdensomeness, and thwarted belongingness, as well as a self-report measure and clinician-rated interview assessing negative and positive interpersonal events that occurred over the past six weeks.Results: Higher levels of social anxiety were associated only with a higher occurrence of negative interpersonal dependent events, after controlling for depressive symptoms. This relationship was stronger among individuals who also reported higher levels of perceived burdensomeness, but not thwarted belongingness.Conclusions: It may be important to more strongly consider interpersonal stress generation in models of social anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research and clinical focus on single traumas fails to assess numerous important trauma dynamics including trauma proliferation. In this study, 2 trauma proliferation pathways were identified that utilize a developmentally based trauma framework (DBTF). Data previously collected from 6 different cultural groups (N = 2279; 2 mental health clinics in Egypt and the United States, Native Americans, Palestinian adults in Gaza, and college students in Poland and Egypt) were reanalyzed. The 6 studies utilized DBTF-based measures of cumulative trauma and trauma types. Path analysis was used to test the trauma proliferation model and PROCESS software was used to identify mediators and their effect sizes. Results of the analyses indicated that attachment trauma and collective identity trauma independently predicted (directly and through mediators) personal identity trauma, role identity trauma, secondary trauma, and survival trauma. The pattern of proliferation was configurally invariant across the 6 groups and strictly invariant across genders. Implications for the consideration of trauma global dynamics, such as trauma proliferation, are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract With the research development of the magnesium alloys, the deformation or stress corrosion induced by residual stress (RS) attracted extensive interests in industry and research efforts extensive. However, there are relatively few studies on the RS of magnesium alloys in the world. The generation cause of RS in magnesium alloys was analyzed at first. Several methods of determinate the RS, including destructive methods (drilling hole, crack compliance, layer exfoliation etc.) and non-destructive methods (X-ray Diffraction, Neutron Diffraction, Short Wavelength X-ray Diffraction) were summarized. The factors that influence the measuring accuracy of XRD method were emphasized. The research trends of RS in magnesium alloys were put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hammen's (1991, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 555–561) seminal paper on stress generation highlighted the reciprocal relationship between stress and depression. Not only does stress predict depression, but women with a diagnosis of depression also experienced subsequent increased levels of stress. In the ensuing years, depression researchers have moved beyond clinical predictors and examined whether depression vulnerability factors also contribute to stress generation. This interest has led to a growing focus on interpersonal vulnerability factors that contribute to stress generation. To date, the research examining interpersonal predictors of stress generation has tended to examine vulnerability factors singly and thus potential overlap and unique predictions among vulnerability factors have not been determined. This study examines interpersonal vulnerability factors from various schools of thought (dependency, attachment, and unmitigated communion) as predictors of interpersonal stress generation. Three hundred and sixty‐four young adults completed baseline measures of interpersonal vulnerabilities and provided weekly reports of depressive symptoms and stressful life events. Multilevel models were estimated to examine their unique predictions of interpersonal stress generation. Despite converging theories, there does not appear to be a single super factor. Of the interpersonal vulnerability factors tested, anxious attachment emerged as a consistent predictor of interpersonal stress generation both when examined singly and when in combination with related variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present reactive force field simulations that provide an atomistic understanding of lithiation-induced stress generation in silicon nanopillars. We investigate two-phase lithiation by developing a new protocol for simulation of formation and movement of an atomically sharp phase boundary. This protocol involves the layer-by-layer insertion of lithium atoms in the silicon lattice. The simulation results show the development of compressive stresses at the phase boundary and hoop tension near the surface of a Si nanopillar, thereby highlighting the atomistic underpinning of lithiation-induced stress. The work enables a direct mapping between atomistic and continuum modeling of lithiation-induced stress in large-volume-change electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depressed individuals report higher rates of stressful daily interpersonal events. The stress generation hypothesis suggests that traits and behaviors associated with depression may actually cause these stressors to occur. The exact day-to-day emotional and behavioral processes that drive stress generation, however, are less well understood. The present study uses experience sampling methods in a sample of 110 female undergraduate students to examine hour-by-hour emotional and social reactivity and avoidance coping as possible contributors to stress generation. Participants reported on overall symptoms of depression and then completed four daily diaries per day over a five-day period on emotional state, stressful interpersonal experiences, and avoidance behaviors. Multilevel models revealed that emotional distress both generated and was generated by interpersonal stressors such as conflict, rejection, or criticism. Avoidant behavioral responses to stressors-such as social withdrawal, substance use, or ignoring a problem-also significantly contributed to negative mood: Emotional reactivity was thus amplified by problem avoidance. Individuals who reported more depressive symptoms were especially likely to respond to negative moods with avoidance behavior. Ramifications for clinical interventions that focus on reducing emotional reactivity and avoidance coping are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]