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Purpose: To profile the training characteristics of an elite team pursuit cycling squad and assess variations in training intensity and load accumulation across the 36-week period prior to a world-record performance at the 2018 Commonwealth Games. Methods: Training data of 5 male track endurance cyclists (mean [SD]; age 21.9 [3.52] y; 4.4 [0.16] W·kg−1 at anaerobic threshold; 6.2 [0.28] W·kg−1 maximal oxygen uptake 68.7 [2.99] mL kg·min−1) were analyzed with weekly total training volume and heart rate, power output, and torque intensity distributions calculated with reference to their 3:49.804 min:s.ms performance requirements for a 4-km team pursuit. Results: Athletes completed 543 (37) h−1 of training across 436 (16) sessions. On-bike activities accounted for 69.9% of all training sessions, with participants cycling 11,246 (1139) km−1 in the training period of interest, whereas 12.7% of sessions involved gym/strength training. A pyramidal intensity distribution was evident with over 65% and 70% of training, respectively, performed at low-intensity zone heart rate and power output, whereas 5.3% and 7.7% of training was performed above anaerobic threshold. The athletes accumulated 4.4% of total training volume at, or above, their world-record team pursuit lead position torque (55 N·m). Conclusions: These data provide updated and novel insight to the power and torque demands and load accumulation contributing to world-record team pursuit performance. Although the observed pyramidal intensity distribution is common in endurance sports, the lack of shift toward a polarized intensity distribution during taper and competition peaking differs from previous research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study explored the effects of 4 bench-press (BP) training programs with different velocity-loss (VL) thresholds (0%, 15%, 25%, and 50%) on strength gains and neuromuscular adaptations. Methods: Forty-six resistance-trained men (22.8 [4.4] y) were randomly assigned into 4 groups that differed in the VL allowed within the set: 0% (VL0), 15% (VL15), 25% (VL25), and 50% (VL50). Training loads (40%–55% 1-repetition maximum), frequency (2 sessions/wk), number of sets (3), and interset recovery (4 min) were identical for all groups. Participants completed the following tests before and after an 8-week (16-session) BP training program: (1) maximal isometric test, (2) progressive loading test, and (3) fatigue test in the BP exercise. During all tests, triceps brachii muscle electromyography was assessed. Results: After completing the resistance-training program, no significant group × time interactions were noticed for isometric and dynamic BP strength variables. The dose–response relationship exhibited an inverted U-shaped relationship pattern, with VL25 showing the greatest effect sizes for almost all strength variables analyzed. The total number of repetitions performed during the training program increased as the VL magnitude increased. Conclusions: The group that trained with high VL threshold (50%), which performed a total of 876 repetitions, did not experience additional strength gains compared with those experienced by the 0%, 15%, and 25% of VL groups, which performed significantly fewer repetitions (48, 357, and 547, respectively). These findings suggest that when light loads (40%–55% 1-repetition maximum) are used, low and moderate VL thresholds (0%–25%) provide a higher training efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Maximal speed is an important physical-fitness attribute for female Australian footballers. The effects of sprint training, maximal strength, and technical training have been reported in laboratory studies. However, no study has determined the combined effect and relative contribution of these training modalities on maximal speed adaptation in situ. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the training factors affecting maximal speed adaptation during a preseason in subelite female Australian Rules footballers. Methods: Maximal speed during field training, predicted 1-repetition maximum (1RM) for box squat and hip thrust, and sprint biomechanics were assessed during early and late preseason (∼9 wk apart) in 15 female subelite Australian Rules Football players (age 20 [3] y). On-field training volume and intensity (total distance, high-speed running, very-high-speed running, and maximal speed) were determined using a Global Positioning System. A multivariate regression model was used to determine the factors associated with changes in maximal speed across the preseason. Results: The preseason training program had a small effect on maximal speed and large to very large effects on strength and sprint biomechanics. The multivariate regression with the greatest fit (P <.001, R2 =.939) included change in estimated 1RM box squat (β = −0.63), total distance per week (β = −0.55), and change in hip projection (β = 0.16) as factors. Multivariate regression of biomechanical factors (P =.044, R2 =.717) and maximal strength factors (P =.003, R2 =.676) were also significant. Conclusion: The development of maximal speed across a preseason is dependent on (1) total distance per week, (2) maximal strength adaptation, and (3) sprint technique adaptation in female subelite Australian rules football players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8-week ballistic-strength-training program using a validated specific throwing device (ie, Arm/Shoulder Specific Strength Device), on isokinetic shoulders' rotation muscle-torques and ratios as well as range of motion in team handball players. Design: A repeated-measures experimental design with a randomized controlled trial was used. Methods: Twenty-six high-level competitive male U-19 team handball players were randomly assigned into training (TG, n = 15) and control (n = 11) groups. The TG undertook a twice a week for 8-week periodized throws program with an individually predetermined optimal load. The program incorporated shackled eccentric and concentric exercises using the Arm/Shoulder Specific Strength Device. Peak torques, functional, and conventional ratios for both arms at different angular velocities (60°·s−1, 180°·s−1, and 300°·s−1) were assessed over time and between groups, using an isokinetic dynamometer. Results: A significant improvement for TG (P <.01; d = 1.13 [moderate]; +20.2%) of the concentric peak torques for dominant arm in external rotation was observed at 300°·s−1. Significant (P <.05–.01) increases were also noted for nondominant arm at the 3 studied angular velocities. In addition, 300°·s−1 eccentric peak torques of the dominant arm and nondominant arm have significantly improved for both external and internal rotations (P <.05; d =.99 [moderate] and d = 1.21 [large]; +15.7% and + 17.9%, respectively) with small changes at the other angular assessed velocities. Posttraining, TG's dominant arm showed significant improvements (P <.05–.01) in functional and conventional ratios at all velocities. Notably, significant differences (P <.05–.01) were observed at 60°·s−1 and across all velocities when comparing the TG with the control group. TG showed significant increase for internal rotation and external rotation shoulder range of motions (P <.05; d = 1.22–1.27 [large]), +5.0% and +7.7%, respectively). Conclusions: The specific 8-week throwing training program on the Arm/Shoulder Specific Strength Device showed significant performance improvements in almost all assessed isokinetic concentric and eccentric peak torques as well as internal and external range of motion increase for both arms while ensuring rotator cuff torque ratios and shoulder mobility in team handball real sport-specific condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with intellectual disabilities often face unique challenges in physical capabilities, making traditional training methods less effective for their specific needs. This study aimed to investigate the effect of combining balance, plyometric, and strength (CBPS) training with sprint training on physical performance in male athletes with intellectual disabilities. Twenty-seven participants were randomly assigned to either a CBPS group or a control group that only maintained their regular sprint training. Participants underwent pre- and posttraining tests, including measures of balance, jumping, agility, and sprinting ability. The results showed that the CBPS group demonstrated significant improvements (p <.05) in one-leg stance, crossover-hop jump, squat jump, countermovement jump, and 10- and 30-m sprint at posttraining compared with pretraining. CBPS training combined with sprinting significantly improves physical performance in male athletes with intellectual disabilities, suggesting implications for tailored training programs to enhance their physical fitness and overall health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) is a condition that is associated with negative health and performance outcomes in athletes. Insufficient energy intake relative to exercise energy expenditure, resulting in low energy availability, is the underlying cause, which triggers numerous adverse physiological consequences including several associated with musculoskeletal (MSK) health and neuromuscular performance. Purpose: This commentary aims to (1) discuss the health and performance implications of REDs on the skeletal and neuromuscular systems and (2) examine the role that MSK training (ie, strength and plyometric training) during treatment and return to performance following REDs might have on health and performance in athletes, with practical guidelines provided. Conclusions: REDs is associated with decreases in markers of bone health, lean body mass, maximal and explosive strength, and muscle work capacity. Restoration of optimal energy availability, mainly through an increase in energy intake, is the primary goal during the initial treatment of REDs with a return to performance managed by a multidisciplinary team of specialists. MSK training is an effective nonpharmacological component of treatment for REDs, which offers multiple long-term health and performance benefits, assuming the energy needs of athletes are met as part of their recovery. Supervised, prescribed, and gradually progressive MSK training should include a combination of resistance training and high-impact plyometric-based exercise to promote MSK adaptations, with an initial focus on achieving movement competency. Progressing MSK training exercises to higher intensities will have the greatest effects on bone health and strength performance in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been an increase in the use of commercially available multi-ingredient preworkout supplements (MIPS); however, there are inconsistencies regarding the efficacy of MIPS in resistance-trained women. Purpose: To determine the effect of varying doses of MIPS compared with caffeine only (C) and a placebo (PL) on resistance-training performance in trained women. Methods: Ten women (21.5 [2.3] y) completed 1-repetition-maximum tests at baseline for leg press and bench press. A within-group, double-blind, and randomized design was used to assign supplement drinks (ie, PL, C, MIPS half scoop [MIPS-H], and MIPS full scoop [MIPS-F]). Repetitions to failure were assessed at 75% and 80% to 85% of 1-repetition maximum for bench and leg press, respectively. Total performance volume was calculated as load × sets × repetitions for each session. Data were analyzed using a 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and reported as means and SDs. Results: There were no differences in repetitions to failure for bench press (PL: 14.4 [3.2] repetitions, C: 14.4 [2.9] repetitions, MIPS-H: 14.2 [2.6] repetitions, MIPS-F: 15.1 [3.1] repetitions; P =.54) or leg press (PL: 13.9 [7.8] repetitions, C: 10.8 [5.9] repetitions, MIPS-H: 13.1 [7.1] repetitions, MIPS-F: 12.4 [10.7] repetitions; P =.44). Furthermore, there were no differences in total performance volume across supplements for bench press (PL: 911.2 [212.8] kg, C: 910.7 [205.5] kg, MIPS-H: 913.6 [249.3] kg, MIPS-F: 951.6 [289.6] kg; P =.39) or leg press (PL: 4318.4 [1633.6] kg, C: 3730.0 [1032.5] kg, MIPS-H: 4223.0 [1630.0] kg, MIPS-F: 4085.5 [2098.3] kg; P =.34). Conclusions: Overall, our findings suggest that caffeine and MIPS do not provide ergogenic benefits for resistance-trained women in delaying muscular failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare the preliminary effects of movement pattern training (MoveTrain) versus strengthening/flexibility (standard) treatment on hip and pelvic biomechanics in patients with chronic hip-related groin pain. This is a secondary analysis of data collected during a pilot randomized clinical trial. Thirty patients with hip pain, between the ages of 15 and 40 years, were randomized to MoveTrain or standard. Both groups completed 10 treatment sessions over 12 weeks along with a daily home exercise program. Three-dimensional motion analysis was used to collect kinematic and kinetic data of the pelvis and hip during a single-leg squat task at pretreatment and immediately posttreatment. Compared with the standard group, the MoveTrain group demonstrated smaller hip adduction angles (P =.006) and smaller hip external adduction moments (P =.008) at posttreatment. The desired changes to hip joint biomechanics, as found in this study, may require specificity in training that could allow health care professionals to better customize the rehabilitation of patients with hip pain. These findings can also be applied to the design and implementation of future clinical trials to strengthen our understanding of the long-term implications of different rehabilitation techniques for patients with hip pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few mobile health resistance-based physical activity interventions have targeted community-dwelling adults. "Ecofit" is a multicomponent intervention that promotes resistance and aerobic activities using smartphone technology, outdoor gyms, and social support. This study evaluated process evaluation outcomes of the ecofit randomized controlled trial: (1) the acceptability and usability of the ecofit smartphone app and app user workouts; (2) perceptions of factors influencing outdoor gym use; and (3) the fidelity, reach, recruitment, and dose received of the ecofit program. Methods: Process data were collected through program evaluation surveys at 3 months, and app usage data were collected via the intervention platform for up to 3 months. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: The survey was completed by 57% (n = 69) of eligible participants. The majority (93%) believed the app provided them with sufficient information to perform muscle-strengthening activities. Approximately half (51%) agreed that the goal-setting function encouraged them to complete their workouts, and 42% agreed that the self-assessment helped them monitor progress. "Proximity" to outdoor gyms emerged as the most important factor for choosing locations to workout (mean = 5.5, SD = 1.1). Participants logged a median of 5.5 (interquartile range = 19) workouts and 1 (interquartile range = 1) upper- and lower-body muscular fitness self-assessment. Conclusions: The ecofit app provided participants with sufficient skills to perform unsupervised resistance training exercises using mobile health. Only half of the participants regarded self-assessments and goal setting as useful, suggesting a need for modifications to how these are implemented. Mobile health remains a promising delivery platform to promote unsupervised resistance training, although more research is needed to improve uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) forms the cornerstone in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. However, by suppressing testosterone ADT results in a decrease of skeletal muscle mass. In this narrative review, we explore the magnitude and mechanisms of ADT-induced muscle mass loss and the consequences for muscle strength and physical performance. Subsequently, we elucidate the effectiveness of supervised resistance exercise training as a means to mitigate these adverse effects. Literature shows that resistance exercise training can effectively counteract ADT-induced loss of appendicular lean body mass and decline in muscle strength, while the effect on physical performances is inconclusive. As resistance exercise training is feasible and can be safely implemented during ADT (with special attention for patients with bone metastases), it should be incorporated in standard clinical care for prostate cancer patients (starting) with ADT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the effects of 4 programming models (linear [LP], undulating [UP], reverse [RP], and constant [CP]) on physical performance. Methods: Forty-eight moderately strength-trained men were randomly assigned to LP, UP, RP, and CP groups according to their 1-repetition maximum (1RM) in the full-squat exercise (SQ) and followed an 8-week training intervention using the SQ and monitoring movement velocity for every repetition. All groups trained with similar mean relative intensity (65% 1RM), number of repetitions (240), sets (3), and interset recovery (4 min) throughout the training program. Pretraining and posttraining measurements included, in the SQ, 1RM load, the average velocity attained for all absolute loads common to pretests and posttests (AV), and the average velocity for loads that were moved faster (AV > 1) and slower (AV < 1) than 1 m·s−1 at pretraining tests. Moreover, countermovement jump height and 20-m running sprint time were measured. Results: A significant time effect was found for all variables analyzed (P <.05), except for 20-m running sprint time. Significant group × time interactions were observed for 1RM, AV > 1, and AV (P <.05). After training, all groups attained significant strength gains on 1RM, AV, AV > 1, and AV < 1 (P <.001–.01). LP and RP groups improved their countermovement jump height (P <.01), but no significant changes were observed for UP and CP. No significant improvements were achieved in 20-m running sprint time for any groups. Conclusions: These different programming models are all suitable for improving physical performance. LP and RP induce similar or greater gains in physical performance than UP and CP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Plantar intrinsic foot muscle strength training is difficult to master to a degree sufficient to elicit muscle hypertrophy in most individuals. It is possible that combining neuromuscular electrostimulation (NMES) and blood flow restriction (BFR) can elicit plantar intrinsic foot muscle hypertrophy regardless of the individual's technique. This study aimed to determine the effects of NMES training with BFR on acute muscle swelling in the abductor hallucis. Design: Randomized, controlled, single-blind trial design. Methods: Forty-eight participants were randomly allocated to the NMES + BFR, NMES, or Sham NMES + BFR groups. All participants received abductor hallucis NMES for 15 minutes. Participants in the NMES + BFR and Sham NMES + BFR groups received NMES with BFR. The intensity of NMES was the sensory threshold in the Sham NMES + BFR group. The cross-sectional area of the abductor hallucis was measured pretraining and posttraining using ultrasonography by a single investigator blinded to the participants' allocations. Results: After 15 minutes of training, the cross-sectional area of the abductor hallucis was significantly increased in the NMES + BFR (P<.001) and the Sham NMES + BFR (P = .004) groups. Moreover, the rate of increase was significantly higher in the NMES + BFR group than in the NMES or the Sham NMES + BFR groups (P<.001 and P = . 001, respectively). Conclusions: Since it is possible that the amount of muscle swelling immediately after training correlates with muscle hypertrophy when training is continued, the results of this study suggest that NMES training with BFR is a training method that can be expected to produce plantar intrinsic foot muscle hypertrophy. Further studies are needed to confirm the long-term effects of NMES training with BFR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the global implementation of flywheel training (FT) by basketball strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches in various contexts, encompassing daily practice, games, and sessions. Methods: Survey data were collected from 117 basketball S&C coaches who participated in a 24-question online survey. The survey was structured into 6 key areas, including country and competition, S&C coach context, training methodology, flywheel and competition, postactivation performance enhancement, and recovery. Results: Notably, all respondents emphasized the necessity of a familiarization period with flywheel technology, with a substantial 96% indicating that FT yielded improved player performance on the court. The predominant mention was the conical pulley system. During the season, the prevalent approach involved integrating FT into training twice a week, allocating <15 minutes per session, often in conjunction with traditional strength training. A diverse array of lower-body closed kinetic chain exercises were reported, encompassing squats, decelerations, and backward lunges. Intriguingly, FT implementation on match days was unlikely (77%), with the primary aims cited as injury prevention (34%) and enhancing players' strength levels during various phases of the regular season (27%). Conclusions: Recognizing its inherent limitations, this descriptive study provides valuable contextual insights and practical applications for professional basketball practitioners grappling with the utilization of FT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical Scenario: Injuries that affect the groin region are among the most common in football players. To prevent this condition, studies have focused on strengthening the adductors, hip flexors, or abdominal muscles. Recent investigations have used an eccentric-biased exercise (Copenhagen Adduction Exercise [CAE]) that promotes functional and architectural adaptations in the muscle tissue, though its effect on injury risk reduction is unknown. Clinical Question: Can the Copenhagen Adduction Exercise prevent groin injuries in soccer players? Summary of Key Findings: The literature was searched for studies investigating the potential groin injury risk reduction effect of the CAE. (1) Three studies met the inclusion criteria and were used for this appraisal; (2) one study observed a significantly lower injury rate ratio favoring the group that used the CAE program; and (3) 2 studies found similar or higher injury rates in the intervention groups, not supporting the inclusion of the CAE as a preventative tool. Clinical Bottom Line: There is conflicting evidence that usage of the CAE is superior to not performing adductor strengthening exercises in mitigating the risk of sustaining groin injuries. Given the evidence supporting these findings, it is advisable to exercise caution when contemplating the incorporation of the CAE into training regimens aimed at preventing groin injuries. Strength of Recommendation: There is Grade B evidence to suggest that inclusion of the CAE may not be associated with reduced injury rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exercise is the single most effective strategy to reduce the risk of falls. Online classes have grown in popularity, but the benefits of online classes remain unknown. Zoomers on the Go is a peer-led 12-week exercise program offered twice weekly to adults 50+ years old. The main outcome was lower body strength measured by the 30-s chair stand test. Other outcomes included dropout, attendance, balance, cardiorespiratory fitness, and perceived health. A total of 74 participants (age 66.3 ± 7.1 years) in the online group and 84 participants in the in-person group (age 67.3 ± 7.2 years) completed the program, with attendance for the online group. Both groups significantly improved their 30-s chair stand, cardiorespiratory fitness, and balance (p <.001) with no difference in functional benefits between groups. The in-person group improved their perceived health and significantly reduced levels of stress and depression, while no such changes were observed in the online group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To verify whether training the iron cross (IC) with assistive devices (herdos; HIC) and added external load (LHIC) to equate the moments of force developed on the rings could be considered an intermediate step between the nonoverloaded herdos situation (HIC) and the IC performed on the rings. Methods: Relative levels of surface electromyography (sEMG) activity were normalized with respect to a standing IC before comparing gymnasts who can perform the IC on the rings (achievers) and gymnast who cannot (nonachievers) in the 2 herdos conditions (HIC and LHIC). Seven muscles were chosen for sEMG analysis, namely, pectoralis major (PM), latissimus dorsi, teres major, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, biceps brachii (BB), and triceps brachii. Additionally, 3 indices were calculated to measure levels of coactivation: Elbowidx, Scapulaidx, and Shoulderidx. Results: The bigger magnitude of differences in sEMG activity among situations was found for the PM and BB (F ≥ 30.7; P <.001). When comparing the global and the PM, teres major, BB, and triceps brachii activity across groups, nonachievers activated their musculature to a greater extent than the achievers independently of the herdos situation (P ≤.046). Achievers' Elbowidx was the only index that was significantly higher (P ≤.005) in the IC in comparison to LHIC and HIC. Conclusion: sEMG activity of PM and BB was particularly sensitive between situations, independently of the level of achievement. We recommend training the IC by adding external load in the herdos situation to increase muscle activity to levels closer to the rings situation but avoiding the potential factor of injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study examined the longitudinal interplay of anthropometric, metabolic, and neuromuscular development related to performance in adolescent national-level swimmers over 12 months. Methods: Seven male and 12 female swimmers (14.8 [1.3] y, FINA [International Swimming Federation] points 716 [51]) were tested before (T0) and after the preparation period (T1), at the season's peak (T2), and before the next season (T3). Anthropometric (eg, fat percentage) and neuromuscular parameters (squat and bench-press load-velocity profile) were assessed on dry land. Metabolic (cost of swimming [C], maximal oxygen uptake [ V ˙ O 2 peak ], and peak blood lactate [bLapeak]) and performance (sprinting speed [vsprint] and lactate thresholds [LT1 and 2]) factors were determined using a 500-m submaximal, 200-m all-out, 20-second sprint, and incremental test (+0.03 m·s−1, 3 min), respectively, in front-crawl swimming. Results: vsprint (+0.6%) and LT1 and 2 (+1.9–2.4%) increased trivially and slightly, respectively, from T0 to T2 following small to moderate strength increases (≥+10.2%) from T0 to T1 and V ˙ O 2 peak (+6.0%) from T1 to T2. Bench-press maximal strength and peak power correlated with vsprint from T0 to T2 (r ≥.54, P <.05) and LT2 at T1 (r ≥.47, P <.05). Changes in fat percentage and V ˙ O 2 peak (T2–T1 and T3–T2, r ≤ −.67, P <.01) and C and LT2 (T2–T0, r = −.52, P =.047) were also correlated. Conclusions: Increases in strength and V ˙ O 2 peak from preparation to the competition period resulted in improved sprint and endurance performance. Across the season, upper-body strength was associated with vsprint and LT2, although their changes were unrelated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine whether a 12-week, lower body-targeted aqua-plyometric (AquaPlyo) exercise program could improve muscle strength, bone mineral properties, and physical fitness in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was adopted and included 48 patients with polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (age: 12–18 y). Patients were assigned to undergo either AquaPlyo exercises (AquaPlyo group, n = 24) or standard exercises (control group, n = 24). The outcome measures were assessed pretreatment and posttreatment and included concentric quadriceps peak torque, bone mineral properties (areal bone mineral density [BMD], volumetric BMD, bone mineral content, and BMD Z score), and physical fitness. Results: A significant posttreatment increase in the concentric quadriceps peak torque was detected in the AquaPlyo group compared with the control group (either at an angular velocity of 90°/s [right side: P =.016, left side: P =.025] or 180°/s [right side: P =.007, left side: P =.029]). Besides, a considerably greater improvement in the areal BMD (P =.0006), volumetric BMD (P =.027), bone mineral content (P =.002), and BMD Z score (P =.0004) was observed in the AquaPlyo group. Moreover, a remarkably greater rise in the physical fitness (P <.001) was revealed in the AquaPlyo group. Conclusion: AquaPlyo training can efficiently enhance muscle strength, improve bone mineral properties, and boost physical fitness in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistance training alongside proper protein intake is an important tool to mitigate the deleterious effects of the aging process on skeletal muscle tissue. However, it is not completely elucidated whether adding protein supplementation provides further improvements on body composition outcomes of older adults during resistance training programs. The present narrative review aimed to describe the most recent evidence regarding the effects of protein supplementation on both lean body mass and fat mass of older adults and to provide insight into how health professionals may use this information to properly design nutritional programs for this population. While individuals with previous training experience, not meeting daily protein requirement, or displaying frailty symptoms may experience some benefits, protein supplementation does not seem to provide further improvements in untrained and healthy subjects. Aspects such as the age of the individuals and the different characteristics of the supplementation protocols must be considered when making evidence-based decisions regarding this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The osteoclastogenesis RANKL gene plays a key role in bone remodeling. The hypomethylation of its promoter region may cause osteoporosis. The present study aimed to elucidate the influence of physical activity on DNA methylation changes of RANKL promoter cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG)-rich region in active and sedentary adults and to assess the effect of aerobic and strength training on RANKL DNA methylation changes among Tunisian-North African adults. Methods: A total of 104 participants including 52 adults (58% males and 42% females) and 52 adults (31% males and 69% females) were recruited for the observational and interventional part of the study, respectively. The intervention consisted of 12 weeks of aerobic training (30 min/session) followed by 10 minutes of strengthening exercises. All participants completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and provided blood samples for quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Results: The study revealed a significant difference (P = 6 × 10−10) in the methylation level of the RANKL promoter region between active and sedentary adults, with a 6.68-fold increase observed in the active group. After the intervention, both the trained (P = 41 × 10−5) and untrained (P =.002) groups displayed high methylation levels in the RANKL promoter region. In addition, the trained group exhibited significant improvements in heart rate (P = 2.2 × 10−16), blood pressure (P = 39 × 10−3), maximal oxygen uptake (P = 1.5 × 10−7), and fat mass (P = 7 × 10−4). Conclusion: Exploring epigenetic modifications in the RANKL promoter region may contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the complexity of osteoporosis. This suggests that aerobic/strength training could potentially improve the bone system, reducing its vulnerability to osteoporosis by increasing RANKL DNA methylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Low-intensity resistance exercise therapy (LIRET) based on myofascial chains, applied to both affected and nonlocal joints, is an effective method for knee osteoarthritis (OA) rehabilitation. This study applied LIRET in a comparison of prevalues and postvalues of lower-limb tension in female patients with knee OA and asymptomatic participants. Methods: Twenty-four female participants with knee OA and 20 asymptomatic women took part in a 3-month long application of LIRET. Participants' ankle passive torque and ankle range of motion in the sagittal plane were assessed with an isokinetic dynamometer. The collected values were used to estimate the sagittal-plane lower-limb tension. Results: Compared with the asymptomatic group, participants with knee OA presented decreased maximum ankle dorsiflexion (P <.001), decreased ankle plantar flexion range (P =.023), ankle resting position more inclined to dorsiflexion (P =.017), increased ankle dorsiflexion stiffness (P =.005), and lower ankle plantar flexion stiffness (P =.034). After exercise intervention, the knee OA group self-reported less knee pain (P <.001), improved physical function (P <.001), increased maximum dorsiflexion (P =.021), and increased plantar flexion range (P <.001). While plantar flexion stiffness increased (P =.037), dorsiflexion stiffness decreased (P =.015) and ankle resting position moved toward dorsiflexion (P =.002). Results suggest possible decreased anterior leg tension and possible increased posterior leg tension in patients with knee OA. Conclusions: The results supported that knee OA patients present imbalanced myofascial tension of lower limbs. LIRET based on myofascial chains appears to decrease pain, and stiffness, and improve physical function of patients with knee OA and change their lower-limb tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Different resistance exercise determinants modulate the musculotendinous adaptations following eccentric hamstring training. The Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) can be performed 2-fold: the movement velocity irreversibly increases toward the end of the range of motion or it is kept constant. Design: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate if the downward acceleration angle (DWAangle) can be used as a classification parameter to distinguish between increasing and constant velocity NHE execution. Furthermore, the kinetic and kinematic differences of these 2 NHE execution conditions were examined by analyzing the DWAangle in relation to the angle of peak moment. Methods: A total of 613 unassisted NHE repetitions of 12 trained male sprinters (22 y, 181 cm, 76 kg) were analyzed. Results: The majority of analyzed parameters demonstrated large effects. NHEs with constant velocity (n = 285) revealed significantly higher impulses (P <.001; d = 2.34; + 61%) and fractional time under tension (P <.001; d = 1.29; +143%). Although the generated peak moments were significantly higher for constant velocity (P =.003; d = 0.29; +4%), they emerged at similar knee flexion angles (P =.167; d = 0.28) and revealed on average just low relationships to the DWAangle ( R mean 2 = 22.4 %). DWAangle highly correlated with the impulse ( R mean 2 = 60.8 %) and δ (DWAangle–angle of peak moment; R mean 2 = 83.6 %). Conclusions: Relating DWAangle to angle of peak moment assists to distinguish between significantly different NHE execution, which will potentially elicit different musculotendinous adaptations. These insights are essential for coaches and athletes to understand how to manipulate eccentric hamstring training to change its purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background In 2020, the American Society of Shoulder and Elbow Therapists (ASSET) published an evidence-based consensus statement outlining postoperative rehabilitation guidelines following anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). Purpose The purpose of this study was to (1) quantify the variability in online anatomic TSA rehabilitation protocols, and (2) assess their congruence with the ASSET consensus guidelines. Methods This study was a cross-sectional investigation of publicly available, online rehabilitation protocols for anatomic TSA. A web-based search was conducted in April 2022 of publicly available rehabilitation protocols for TSA. Each collected protocol was independently reviewed by two authors to identify recommendations regarding immobilization, initiation, and progression of passive (PROM) and active range of motion (AROM), as well as the initiation and progression of strengthening and post-operative exercises and activities. The time to initiation of various components of rehabilitation was recorded as the time at which the activity or motion threshold was permitted by the protocol. Comparisons between ASSET start dates and mean start dates from included protocols were performed. Results Of the 191 academic institutions included, 46 (24.08%) had publicly available protocols online, and a total of 91 unique protocols were included in the final analysis. There were large variations seen among included protocols for the duration and type of immobilization post-operatively, as well as for the initiation of early stretching, PROM, AROM, resistance exercises, and return to sport. Of the 37 recommendations reported by both the ASSET and included protocols, 31 (83.78%) were found to be significantly different between groups (p<0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Head and neck cancer (HNC) patients often have dysphagia following surgical and/or chemoradiation treatment, which can lead to reduced quality of life. Some patients suffer from decreased tongue strength and mobility that may cause discomfort and difficulty with swallowing. Our group has developed a patented genioglossus muscle strength trainer (GMST) to increase tongue protrusive force that has been used in patients with sleep apnea. We hypothesized that the GMST device would increase tongue strength in the HNC population. Methods: We conducted an IRB approved, non-randomized, interventional clinical trial of HNC patients with dysphagia to determine the effect of GMST on tongue strength. Our secondary objective was to assess dysphagia quality of life, as determined by questionnaires. Genioglossus muscle strength measurements (measured in Newtons, N) and dysphagia quality of life scores (SWAL-QoL questionnaire) were obtained from enrolled patients at baseline and following 4 weeks of intervention. Treatment was at-home GMST exercise regimen 3 times daily, 5 days per week. Compliance was assessed via review of training logs. Two-sided paired t -tests at significance level α =.05 were performed to assess difference in mean GG muscle strength pre- and post-treatment. Results: Out of 10 patients initially enrolled, 7 patients completed the trial. Eighty-six percent were male and the average age was 60. About 5 patients had surgery plus adjuvant radiation and 2 patients had primary radiation. All patients had baseline dysphagia as determined by patient complaint and/or objective measurement (prior modified barium swallow). No adverse events were reported. We observed a statistically significant increase in genioglossus muscle strength (mean change: 4.0 N, 95% CI 1.1-6.9, P =.015) after 4 weeks of treatment. Patients reported reduced swallowing burden and feeling of stigma around eating based on SWAL-QoL results. Conclusions: Our data suggest that protrusive tongue-training exercises utilizing a novel tongue trainer device is well-tolerated and increases genioglossus muscle strength in treated HNC patients complaining of dysphagia. Patient-reported outcomes based on the SWAL-QoL survey indicate improvements in quality-of-life post-treatment, although our results are limited by small sample size. Larger studies are needed to see if this device could have clinically meaningful results for this difficult-to-treat patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tongue‐strengthening exercises may be used at home to strengthen swallowing‐related oropharyngeal muscles in community‐dwelling older adults with sarcopenic dysphagia; however, evidence of their effectiveness remains unclear. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a home‐based tongue‐strengthening exercise (hTSE) using portable tool on swallowing‐related oropharyngeal muscles in community‐dwelling older adults with sarcopenic dysphagia. Methods: Forth community‐dwelling older adults with sarcopenic dysphagia were enrolled in the study. The participants were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. 1‐Repetition Maximum (1‐RM) of tongue muscle was measured in the experimental group using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument, and hTSE was performed using a portable tool with an intensity corresponding to approximately 70%–80% of the range based on the 1‐RM value (90 times/day, 5 days/week, for 8 weeks). The control group did not perform any tongue exercises. The primary outcome measures were tongue strength and thickness. The secondary outcome measure was suprahyoid muscle strength (digastric and mylohyoid muscles). Results: The experimental group showed significantly greater increases in suprahyoid muscle (mylohyoid and digastric) thickness (p =.01 and.011, d = 1.0 and.55), as well as tongue strength and thickness (p <.001 and.029, d = 2.2 and.6) than the control group. Conclusion: This study confirmed that hTSE using a portable tool is effective in increasing swallowing‐related oropharyngeal muscle activity in older adults with sarcopenic dysphagia. Therefore, hTSE is recommended as an inexpensive, safe, and easy‐to‐use therapy for sarcopenic dysphagia in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increased thermogenic activity has shown to be a promising target for treating and preventing obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Little is known about the muscular influence on nonshivering thermogenesis (NST), and it remains unclear whether physical training and potential metabolic improvements could be associated with changes in this type of thermogenic activity. Objective: The present study aimed to assess muscular NST activity in overweight and T2DM before and after a combined training period (strength training followed by aerobic exercise). Methods: Nonshivering cold‐induced 18‐fluoroxyglucose positron emission computed tomography (18F‐FDG PET/CT) was performed before and after 16 weeks of combined training in 12 individuals with overweight and T2DM. The standard uptake value (SUV) of 18F‐FDG was evaluated in skeletal muscles, the heart and the aorta. Results: Muscles in the neck region exhibit higher SUV pre‐ and posttraining. Furthermore, a decrease in glucose uptake by the muscles of the lower and upper extremities and in the aorta was observed after training when adjusted for brown adipose tissue (BAT). These pre–post effects are accompanied by increased cardiac SUV and occur concurrently with heightened energy expenditure and metabolic improvements. Conclusions: Muscles in the neck region have greater metabolic activity upon exposure to cold. In addition, combined training appears to induce greater NST, favoring the trunk and neck region compared to limbs based on joint work and adaptations between skeletal muscles and BAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a common musculoskeletal disorder. Therapeutic ultrasound (US) is a safe and effective treatment for KOA. It relieves knee pain and enhances function. Metformin (MF) regulates chondrocytes, hence providing chondroprotection. Furthermore, it efficiently reduces knee articular cartilage degeneration and retards the progression of osteoarthritis. However, the localized administration of MF by phonophoresis for KOA has yet to be studied. Purpose: To assess the possible effects of metformin phonophoresis (MFPH) plus exercise therapy (EX) compared to MFPH alone or the US on knee pain, function, and range of motion (ROM) in chronic KOA patients. Methods: Seventy-eight patients with unilateral mild to moderate chronic KOA were included. Patients were randomly assigned to three groups: group A (MFPH + EX), group B (MFPH alone), and group C (US). The US group used an acoustic-neutral gel, while the MFPH group used a gel containing 1.2% MF. The exercises included hamstring stretches, calf stretches, and knee strengthening exercises. Treatment in the three groups continued for four weeks (three sessions per week). The Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and the goniometer were used to assess knee pain, function disability, and ROM, respectively. All measures were recorded before, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after the intervention in all groups. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MNOVA) was performed to compare the effects within and between groups for knee ROM and function disability. The Kruskal-Wallis test and the Friedman test analyzed the pain intensity. Results: When the baseline patient characteristics were compared, there were no significant differences in means of age, gender, body mass index (BMI), or lower limb dominance across the three groups (p > 0.05). After 4 weeks of intervention, clinical outcomes significantly improved in all three groups (p < 0.05). However, patients in the MFPH + EX group improved significantly in all outcomes compared to the MFPH and US groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Post-treatment results showed a statistically and clinically significant improvement in pain intensity, knee ROM, and function in the MFPH group; however, combining MFPH with exercises is more beneficial in reducing KOA symptoms. Trial registration: Clinical Trial Registry at (pactr.samrc.ac.za) database. NO: PACTR202311507335269. Date: November 9, 2023 (retrospectively registered). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPurposeMaterial and methodsResultsConclusion\nIMPLICATION FOR REHABILITATIONThis overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis aimed to summarize the effects of resistance training (RT) on physical fitness of people with Down syndrom (DS).A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus, up until January 30th, 2024. The search included key terms like resistance training, strength training, weight training, intellectual disability, and Down syndrome. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration assessment tool. Eighteen articles were reviewed, with nine included in the meta-analysis.The results demonstrated that RT interventions positively impacted physical fitness in individuals with DS, with significant improvements in both upper and lower limb strength and cardiorespiratory endurance, as indicated by VO2peak (p = 0.000). Eleven studies were classified as high quality with low risk of bias, four had some methodological concerns, and three non-randomized studies exhibited a high risk of bias.RT interventions appear to significantly enhance physical fitness, including muscle strength, functional abilities, cardiorespiratory fitness, and balance, among individuals with DS, regardless of variations in training methods or program designs.People with Down syndrome display lower physical fitness levels and participate in fewer physical activities compared to their typically developing peers.This reduced participation and fitness level contribute to a pattern of heightened sedentary behavior, which is evident across all age groups.Resistance training interventions exhibit the potential to significantly enhance physical fitness, encompassing improvements in body composition, muscle strength, functional abilities, cardiorespiratory fitness, and balance among individuals with down syndrome.People with Down syndrome display lower physical fitness levels and participate in fewer physical activities compared to their typically developing peers.This reduced participation and fitness level contribute to a pattern of heightened sedentary behavior, which is evident across all age groups.Resistance training interventions exhibit the potential to significantly enhance physical fitness, encompassing improvements in body composition, muscle strength, functional abilities, cardiorespiratory fitness, and balance among individuals with down syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusion The worldwide prevalence of diabetes is increasing, particularly among older adults. Understanding the association between muscle strength and mortality in this population is crucial for developing targeted exercise recommendations.To assess the prospective association of muscle strength with mortality in older adults with diabetes.From the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) study, spanning 28 countries, we included 16 149 diabetic adults aged 50 years and older (mean age 68.2 [standard deviation, SD, 9.2] years). Participants fulfilled two criteria: (1) diabetes diagnosis (ever) and (2) current use of diabetes medication. Muscle strength was assessed using handgrip dynamometry (unit: kg). Using time‐varying Cox regression with restricted cubic splines, we determined the prospective association of muscle strength with all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality, controlling for various confounders.Over a mean follow‐up of 5.9 years (SD 3.8), 2754 participants died (17%). Using the median level of muscle strength as reference (30 kg), lower and higher levels were associated in a curvilinear fashion with higher and lower all‐cause mortality risk, respectively. The 10th percentile of muscle strength (17 kg) showed a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.65 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.53–1.79). The 90th percentile (47 kg) of muscle strength showed a HR of 0.55 (95% CI 0.49–0.63). A somewhat similar pattern, with varying strength of associations, was seen for mortality due to cardiovascular disease (CVD), respiratory disease, severe infectious disease, digestive system disease and cancer.Muscle strength is gradually and inversely associated with all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality risk in older adults with diabetes. As muscle strength is highly adaptable to resistance training at all ages, the present findings highlight the importance of improving muscle strength in older adults with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Older adults with lower socioeconomic status are less likely to be physically active than those with higher socioeconomic status. To inform future intervention development, this review explored: [i] how effective are physical activity interventions at increasing levels of physical activity amongst older adults with lower socioeconomic status?; [ii] what factors are associated with the acceptability of physical activity interventions amongst older adults with lower socioeconomic status?; [iii] what are the implications for developing physical activity interventions for older adults with lower socioeconomic status? Methods: This mixed methods systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ASSIA and Sports Medicine and Education Index were searched up to May 2023, to identify quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods primary research studies measuring the effectiveness of and/or experiences of physical activity interventions for older adults (aged ≥ 65 years) with lower socioeconomic status. No limits on country were applied. Included studies were assessed for methodological quality using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Results were synthesised using a results-based convergent synthesis approach with narrative synthesis of quantitative findings and thematic synthesis of qualitative findings. Results: Thirty studies were included. Mixed effects were found for the effectiveness of physical activity interventions, with positive effects for increases in utilitarian walking (i.e. for transport) but not for leisure, mixed effects for objectively measured physical activity and no effects for self-reported total physical activity or muscle strengthening and flexibility activities. Engaging in physical activity interventions was perceived as offering many benefits, social familiarity was important to intervention acceptability and interventions were seen as more acceptable when they were compatible with the lifestyles of older adults with lower socioeconomic status. Conclusions: Future development of physical activity interventions for older adults with lower socioeconomic status should foster social connections, emphasise health benefits of physical activity, hold interventions in locations that are accessible and familiar to older adults with lower socioeconomic status, minimise costs to participants, employ individuals who share participant characteristics to lead interventions, and combine physical activity with other activities older adults with lower socioeconomic status already do to make more efficient use of time. Trial registration: PROSPERO CRD42023417312; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=417312. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to examine the effects of a 5-week dynamic finger flexor strength training program on bouldering performance and climbing-specific strength tests. Advanced to elite level boulderers (n = 31) were randomized to a dynamic finger strength training group (DFS) or a control group (CON). The DFS training program consisted of 3 weekly sessions (3–5 sets, 4–10 repetitions per session). Both groups continued bouldering training as usual throughout the intervention period. Pre- and post-intervention measures included bouldering performance, maximal dynamic finger strength, isometric finger strength (peak and average force), and rate of force development (RFD). The DFS demonstrated greater improvement in dynamic finger strength (11.5%, 3.9 kg) than the CON (5.3%, 1.7 kg; p = 0.075, ES = 0.90), but there were no differences between the groups in 1RM (p = 0.075, ES = 0.67), bouldering performance (p = 0.39, ES = 0.35), isometric finger strength (p = 0.42–0.56, ES = 0.20–0.22) or RFD (p = 0.30, ES = 0.46). The DFS improved dynamic (p < 0.01, ES = 1.83) and isometric peak and average (p < 0.01, ES = 0.98, and p < 0.01, ES = 0.75, respectively) finger strength, while the CON only increased dynamic finger strength (p < 0.05, ES = 0.58). None of groups improved bouldering performance or RFD (p = 0.07–0.58). In conclusion, 5 weeks of DFS training improving dynamic strength to a greater extent than bouldering alone in addition to improving isometric finger strength among advanced boulderers. Isolated bouldering improved dynamic finger flexor strength, but importantly, increased finger strength (dynamic or isometric) did not improve bouldering performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adults with cerebral palsy (CP) have a high risk of cardiometabolic diseases. It is unknown whether this risk is elevated in young people with CP and whether exercise can reduce this risk. Therefore, we investigated the effects of the EXErcise for Cerebral Palsy (EXECP) intervention on cardiometabolic risk in children and young adults with CP and compared this risk to typically developing children and young adults (TDs). Methods: Ambulatory male and female participants with spastic CP, aged 9–24 years, and age- and sex-matched TDs without musculoskeletal disorders were recruited. Participants with CP were measured at baseline, after a three-month control period manifesting normal development, and after the three-month strength, gait, and flexibility training intervention. TDs were measured at baseline and after the control period. They did not attend the intervention. Cardiometabolic risk factors included body weight, body fat percentage, and skeletal muscle mass index assessed with bioimpedance; resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure and aortic pulse wave velocity assessed with a non-invasive oscillometric device; fasting plasma high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose levels. Data were analyzed with independent samples t-tests and linear mixed-effects models adjusted for sex and age. Results: The study involved 18 participants with CP (13 males, 9–22 year, mean 14.2 ± 4.4) and 17 TDs (12 males, 9–22 year, mean 14.6 ± 4.3). At baseline, participants with CP had a 1.0 (95% confidence interval (CI) [-2.0, -0.0]) kg/m2 lower skeletal muscle mass index than TDs. During the control period, no statistically significant between-group differences were observed in the change of any outcome. In the CP group, body weight (β = 1.87, 95% CI [1.04, 2.70]), fat percentage (β = 1.22 [0.07, 2.37], and blood glucose (β = 0.19, 95% CI [0.01, 0.37]) increased, while diastolic blood pressure (β=-2.31, 95% CI [-4.55, -0.06]) and pulse wave velocity (β=-0.44, 95% CI [-0.73, -0.16]) decreased. In the TD group, only body weight increased (β = 0.85, 95% CI [0.01, 1.68]) statistically significantly. In the CP group, no changes were observed during the intervention. Conclusions: Young people with and without CP do not exhibit significant differences in most cardiometabolic risk factors. EXECP intervention may attenuate some adverse development trajectories occurring without the intervention but greater volume and intensity of aerobic exercise may be needed to reduce cardiometabolic risk. Trial registration: ISRCTN69044459; Registration date 21/04/2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuralgic amyotrophy (NA) is an underrecognized peripheral nerve disorder distinguished by severe pain followed by weakness in the distribution of one or more nerves, most commonly in the upper extremity. While classically felt to carry a favorable prognosis, updates in research have demonstrated that patients frequently endure delay in diagnosis and continue to experience long term pain, paresis, and fatigue even years after the diagnosis is made. A transition in therapeutic approach is recommended and described by this review, which emphasizes the necessity to target compensatory abnormal motor control and fatigue by focusing on motor coordination, energy conservation strategies, and behavioral change, rather than strength training which may worsen the symptoms. The development of structural hourglass‐like constrictions (HGCs) on imaging can help confirm the suspected clinical diagnosis, and in association with persistent weakness and limited recovery on electrodiagnostic testing may be considered for surgical consultation. Given the complex nature of management, a multidisciplinary approach is described, which can provide an optimal level of care and support for patients with persistent symptoms from NA and allow more unified guidance of rehabilitation and surgical referrals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared the effects of varied and constant resistance exercises on muscular adaptations in young women. Seventy young women (21.8 ± 3.4 yrs, 62.0 ± 12.3 kg, 162.3 ± 5.7 cm) were randomly divided into two groups: constant resistance exercises (CON-RE, n = 38) or varied resistance exercises (VAR-RE, n = 32). The resistance training (RT) was performed thrice a week over 10 weeks. CON-RE performed a 45º leg press and stiff-leg deadlift in every training session, while VAR-RE performed 45º leg press and stiff-leg deadlift in the first training session of the week, hack squat and prone leg curl in the second, and Smith machine squat and seated-leg curl in the third. Both groups performed two sets of 10–15 repetitions maximum per resistance exercise. We measured the muscle thickness of the thigh’s anterior, lateral, and posterior aspects by ultrasonography at different muscle sites (proximo-distal). Muscular strength was analyzed from the one-repetition maximum (1RM) tests in the 45° leg press and leg extension (non-trained exercise). The muscle thickness increased similarly in both groups for all muscles and sites (CON-RE: +7.8–17.7% vs. VAR-RE: +7.5–19.3%, p > .05). The 1RM increased similarly in both groups (CON-RE: +24.4–32.1% vs. VAR-RE: +29.0–30.1%, p > .05). Both RT routines resulted in virtually similar muscular strength gains and hypertrophy. Therefore, both strategies should be considered for the improvement of strength and muscle growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of two in-season velocity loss training methods (VBT) on performance outcomes and to evaluate the effects of velocity-based training compared to traditional resistance training (TRT) on performance outcomes in young elite soccer players. VBT utilized the same relative load but varied in the extent of velocity loss during the set: 15% (VL15%) and 30% (VL30%). Thirty-four players were recruited and randomly distributed into three groups: the VL15% group (n = 12; age = 18.50 ± 0.67 years; stature = 183.41 ± 4.25 cm; body mass = 75.08 ± 5.57 kg), the VL30% group (n = 11; age = 17.91 ± 0.60 years; stature = 181.21 ± 6.56 cm, body mass = 73.58 ± 6.22 kg), and the traditional strength training group TRT (n = 11; age = 18.14 ± 0.74 years; stature = 182.17 ± 5.52 cm; body mass = 74.86 ± 6.68 kg). Alongside regular soccer sessions and matches, the groups underwent a four-week (2 sesions per week) resistance training intervention with back squats involved. Changes in leg strength (SQ1RM), 20 m sprint time (SPR 20 m), countermovement jump height (CMJ), reactive strength index (RSI), and change of direction (COD) from before and after were evaluated using a 3 × 2 ANOVA. While no significant interaction was found for SQ1RM and SPR20, all of the groups showed significant pre to post improvements. Significant interactions were observed for CMJ (F = 38.24, p = 0.000), RSI (F = 8.33; p = 0.001), and change of direction agility test (COD) (F = 3.64; p = 0.038), with a post hoc analysis showing differences between the VL15 (6.0%) and TRT (1.7%) groups (p = 0.034); VL15 (12.2%) and VL30 (3.2%) groups (p = 0.004); VL15 and TRT (0.4%) (p = 0.018); VL15 (2.4%) and VL30 (1.5%) (p = 0.049); and between the VL15 and TRT (0.4%) groups (p = 0.015). Four weeks of VL15% training during the season induced similar strength increases to VL30% and TRT, superior improvements in RSI and COD compared to VL30%, and superior improvements in CMJ, RSI, and COD tests compared to TRT. Thus, incorporating the VL15% training method may be recommended to improve power-related performance metrics in elite young soccer players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by widespread chronic pain. Although pain is the main symptom, approximately 90% of patients have depression. This study aimed to analyze the effects of Resistance Training (RT) with low and high intensity on depression in patients with FM. Methods: Thirty-eight women with FM and 31 healthy women were allocated to the low-intensity, high-intensity, preferred-intensity, and control groups. The patients underwent 8 weeks of supervised RT, with two sessions per week of approximately 1 h. The low-intensity resistance training group (LIRT) performed two sets of 12 maximum repetitions. The high-intensity resistance training group (HIRT) performed four sets with six maximum repetitions, and the preferred intensity group (PI) performed three sets, with eight to 12 repetitions, according to the patient's tolerance. The healthy control group did not perform any type of exercise. Depression was assessed using the Beck depression inventory before the start of the intervention, after 4 and 8 weeks. Results: FM patients have higher levels of depression than women without the disease. After 4 weeks, there was a difference in depressive symptoms between the HIRT and LIRT (p = 0.048), and the PI and LIRT (p = 0.048). Conclusion: Prescribing RT with low or high intensity did not significantly reduce depression in patients with FM after 8 weeks, however, analyses between groups after 4 weeks indicated that low-intensity training is more effective than high-intensity training. The prescription of RT exercise to FM could vary among low, high, and preferred intensity, following the patient's tolerance for pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background/Objectives Methods Results Conclusions Based on the premise that tongue and lip force is affected in individuals with orofacial myofunctional disorders (OMDs), orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT) programs typically include the strengthening of orofacial muscles through isometric and isotonic exercises. The purpose of this study is to examine whether there is indeed a measurable difference in maximum tongue and lip strength and endurance between subjects with and without OMDs, as well as to explore Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) in this population.Sixty healthy young adults (mean age 18.9 years, SD 0.69 years, range 18.0–21.4 years) participated in this study. Perceptual evaluation of orofacial functions was conducted using the Orofacial Myofunctional Evaluation with Scores (OMES) protocol. Participants were divided into three groups, namely those with physiological orofacial functions (POF; n = 20), those with inconsistent orofacial functions (IOF; n = 11), and those with consistent OMDs (OMD; n = 29). Maximum isometric pressure and endurance of tongue and lips were measured using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI). OHRQoL was assessed using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14).The OMES total scores did not differ significantly between the three groups, though the subscale ‘function’ showed significant differences (13.637; p = 0.001). No statistically significant differences in maximum isometric pressure or endurance for tongue and lips, nor for OHIP scores, were measured between the three groups.Although orofacial muscle strengthening is commonly part of OMT, current findings suggest the superfluity of these types of exercises in the treatment of OMDs in healthy young adults and may indicate the need to focus on awareness and rehabilitation of pathological functions in these individuals. Re‐evaluation of the efficacy of OMT programs in different populations may be an important strategy going forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterized by widespread chronic pain. Although pain is the main symptom, approximately 90% of patients have depression. This study aimed to analyze the effects of Resistance Training (RT) with low and high intensity on depression in patients with FM. Methods: Thirty-eight women with FM and 31 healthy women were allocated to the low-intensity, high-intensity, preferred-intensity, and control groups. The patients underwent 8 weeks of supervised RT, with two sessions per week of approximately 1 h. The low-intensity resistance training group (LIRT) performed two sets of 12 maximum repetitions. The high-intensity resistance training group (HIRT) performed four sets with six maximum repetitions, and the preferred intensity group (PI) performed three sets, with eight to 12 repetitions, according to the patient's tolerance. The healthy control group did not perform any type of exercise. Depression was assessed using the Beck depression inventory before the start of the intervention, after 4 and 8 weeks. Results: FM patients have higher levels of depression than women without the disease. After 4 weeks, there was a difference in depressive symptoms between the HIRT and LIRT (p = 0.048), and the PI and LIRT (p = 0.048). Conclusion: Prescribing RT with low or high intensity did not significantly reduce depression in patients with FM after 8 weeks, however, analyses between groups after 4 weeks indicated that low-intensity training is more effective than high-intensity training. The prescription of RT exercise to FM could vary among low, high, and preferred intensity, following the patient's tolerance for pain. Clinical trial registration: https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-74pcmw, RBR-74pcmw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Materials and Methods Results Conclusions To investigate the independent and combined effects of muscle strength and visceral adiposity on prediabetes and type 2 diabetes incidence among midlife women.In this prospective study of midlife women (mean age 56.4 years), visceral adiposity, defined as visceral adipose tissue (VAT) >131 cm2 measured by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry, and poor combined muscle strength, defined as handgrip strength <18 kg and/or five‐time repeated chair stand test performance ≥12 s, were determined at baseline between 2014 and 2016. After 6.6 years, the effects of VAT and muscle strength on risk of incident prediabetes (fasting blood glucose 5.6–6.9 mmol/L) and type 2 diabetes (fasting blood glucose levels ≥7 mmol/L, medication use, or physician diagnosis) were examined using modified Poisson regression analysis.Among the 733 initially normoglycaemic participants, 150 (20.5%) developed prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. Women with both poor combined muscle strength and high VAT had the highest risk for both prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 2.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.81–3.82). In comparison, high VAT alone increased risk by 1.78‐fold (95% CI 1.12–2.84). Stratification analyses showed that among women with low muscle strength, high VAT demonstrated increased risks of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (aRR 2.84, 95% CI 1.95–4.14) compared to those with normal strength (aRR 1.66, 95% CI 1.04–2.65).Low combined muscle strength with high VAT poses a greater risk for the development of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes than high VAT alone. Muscle strengthening should be promoted alongside weight loss in diabetes prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigates whether transcranial direct current stimulation applied during physical training increases muscle strength in comparison with sham tDCS combined with physical training. Methods: Randomized controlled trials of the effects of tDCS combined physical training intervention on muscle strength and cortical excitability were collected by searching Web of Science, Pubmed, EBSCO, CNKI. The retrieval date ends in April 2024. 11 randomized controlled trials are finally included. The total sample size of the study is 338. The experimental group was subjected to tDCS combined with physical training intervention, and the control group was physical training combined with sham tDCS intervention. Results: There is a significant increase inmaximal strength (SMD= 0.38; 95%CI: 0.09, 0.67; p = 0.01) and lower limb explosive strength (MD= 2.90; 95% CI: 1.06, 4.74; p = 0.002) when physical training was performed with tDCS, but not following physical training combined with sham tDCS. Subgroup analysis of the subject population showed an increase in muscle strength in those with training experience following tDCS combined with physical training (SMD= 0.39; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.70; p = 0.01), but not for those without training experience (SMD = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.63; p = 0.10). Motor evoked potential (MEP) wave amplitude increased significantly following physical training with tDCS (SMD = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.18, 1.24; p = 0.008), but was not different between groups (SMD= 0.16; 95% CI: 0.33, 0.65; p=0.52). Conclusions: tDCS combined with physical training intervention can improve muscle strength, lower limb explosive strength and cerebral cortex excitability. Compared to tDCS combined with training of small muscle groups, tDCS combined with training of large muscle groups was more effective in improving muscle strength. Muscle strength was more likely to improve after tDCS combined with physical training in people with physical training experience compared with people without physical training experience. The combination of tDCS with physical training intervention and the sham-tDCS with physical training intervention both increased cortical excitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to describe the gender roles of people interested in an exercise program done on outdoor exercise structures and test if gender roles were associated with studied outcomes. Older adults aged 65+ who were not currently performing resistance training were invited to participate. Gender roles were quantified using the Bem Sex Role Inventory 30-item questionnaire (−60 [feminine] to +60 [masculine]). Outcomes included completing the 6-week intervention (Y/N) and changes in physical function (one leg stance, 30-s chair stand), strength (predicted maximal chest press and leg press, grip strength), power (knee extensor power), and overall health via the SF-36 questionnaire. Twenty-nine adults (65.5% female; median 72 years old) participated in the study, and 17 completed the intervention (58.6%). The median (interquartile) gender role score was −13.0 (−19.5 to −8.5), with no gender role difference (p =.62) between completers and non-completers. These results suggest that older adults interested in such a program portray themselves as more feminine. No association was found between gender role scores and changes in any study outcomes. In this setting, gender roles did not seem to impact the study outcomes and therefore may not need to be considered when designing an outdoor exercise structure program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issue Addressed: Women are 'at‐risk' population for failing to meet muscle strengthening guidelines. Health benefits specific to this exercise mode include maintenance of muscle mass, which is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease and falls. Of significance is the progressive decline in muscle strength exercise participation in women aged 35–54 in Australia. This period is critical for maintaining muscle strength as it establishes foundations for older women's engagement. This integrative review examined available evidence regarding factors influencing muscle strength exercise participation, specifically in women aged 35–54. Methods: Seven databases were searched. Study inclusion criteria were: (1) peer reviewed, (2) English language, (3) sample populations of healthy female adults or general adult sample population differentiating females from males, (4) mean age between 35 and 54 years, (5) focused on muscle strength exercise and measured as the primary outcome factors of participation in muscle strength exercise. Findings: Five of 1895 studies met inclusion criteria. Five key factors were associated with participation in muscle strength exercise of women aged 35–54 years: perceived time constraints; knowledge and education; modality and intensity; social support and behavioural strategies. Conclusions: Focused education on strength exercise and guidelines, plus initiatives and strategies that suit the needs of this cohort, are necessary to achieve health and wellbeing benefits. Responsive approaches by health professionals to these women's circumstances can potentially address current low participation levels. So What?: Creating conditions where health professionals respect a woman's exercise preferences can positively impact these women's musculoskeletal health into older age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the necessity of transdisciplinary collaboration and data sharing to enhance athlete health and human performance in elite sports. Topics include the importance of integrating diverse expertise, the role of data analytics in performance improvement, and strategies for fostering effective teamwork across disciplines.

Skeletal muscle mass plays a pivotal role in metabolic function, but conditions such as bed rest or injury often render resistance training impractical. The beta2‐adrenergic receptor has been highlighted as a potential target to promote muscle hypertrophy and treat atrophic conditions. Here, we investigate the proteomic changes associated with beta2‐adrenergic‐mediated muscle hypertrophy, using resistance training as a hypertrophic comparator. We utilize MS‐based proteomics to map skeletal muscle proteome remodeling in response to beta2‐adrenergic stimulation or resistance training as well as cell model validation. We report that beta2‐adrenergic stimulation mimics multiple features of resistance training in proteome‐wide remodeling, comprising systematic upregulation of ribosomal subunits and concomitant downregulation of mitochondrial proteins. Approximately 20% of proteins were regulated in both conditions, comprising proteins involved in steroid metabolism (AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKRC1C3), protein‐folding (SERPINB1), and extracellular matrix organization (COL1A1, COL1A2). Among overall most significantly upregulated proteins were kelch‐like family members (KLHL) 40 and 41. In follow‐up experiments, we identify KLHL41 as having novel implications for beta2‐adrenergic‐mediated muscle hypertrophy. Treating C2C12 cells with beta2‐agonist for 96 h increased myotube diameter by 48% (p < 0.001). This anabolic effect was abolished by prior knockdown of KLHL41. Using siRNA, KLHL41 abundance was decreased by 60%, and the anabolic response to beta2‐agonist was diminished (+ 15%, i.e., greater in the presence of KLHL41, knock‐down × treatment: p = 0.004). In conclusion, protein‐wide remodeling induced by beta2‐adrenergic stimulation mimics multiple features of resistance training, and thus the beta2‐adrenergic receptor may be a target with therapeutic potential in the treatment of muscle wasting conditions without imposing mechanical load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: This study aims to compare the effects of AI-based exercise feedback and standard training on the physical and mental health outcomes of older adults participating in a 4-week tai chi training program. (2) Methods: Participants were divided into three groups: an AI feedback group received real-time movement accuracy feedback based on AI and inertial measurement units (IMUs), a conventional feedback group received verbal feedback from supervisors, and a control group received no feedback. All groups trained three times per week for 8 weeks. Outcome measures, including movement accuracy, balance, grip strength, quality of life, and depression, were assessed before and after the training period. (3) Results: Compared to pre-training, all three groups showed significant improvements in movement accuracy, grip strength, quality of life, and depression. Only the AI feedback group showed significant improvements in balance. In terms of movement accuracy and balance, the AI feedback group showed significantly greater improvement compared to the conventional feedback group and the control group. (4) Conclusions: Providing real-time AI-based movement feedback during tai chi training offers greater health benefits for older adults compared to standard training without feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze the intra-device agreement of a new linear position transducer (Vitruve, VT) and the inter-device agreement with a previously validated linear velocity transducer (T-Force System, TF) in different range of velocities. A group of 50 healthy, physically active men performed a progressive loading test during a bench press (BP) and full-squat (SQ) exercise with a simultaneous recording of two VT and one TF devices. The mean propulsive velocity (MPV) and peak of velocity (PV) were recorded for subsequent analysis. A set of statistics was used to determine the degree of agreement (Intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC], Lin's concordance correlation coefficient [CCC], mean square deviation [MSD], and variance of the difference between measurements [VMD]) and the error magnitude (standard error of measurement [SEM], smallest detectable change [SDC], and maximum errors [ME]) between devices. The established velocity ranges were as follows: >1.20 m·s−1; 1.20–0.95 m·s−1; 0.95–0.70 m·s−1; 0.70–0.45 m·s−1; ≤0.45 m·s−1 for BP; and >1.50 m·s−1; 1.50–1.25 m·s−1; 1.25–1.00 m·s−1; 1.00–0.75 m·s−1; and ≤0.75 m·s−1 for SQ. For the MPV, the VT system showed high intra- and inter-device agreement and moderate error magnitude with pooled data in both exercises. However, the level of agreement decreased (ICC: 0.790–0.996; CCC: 0.663–0.992) and the error increased (ME: 2.8–13.4% 1RM; SEM: 0.035–0.01 m·s−1) as the velocity range increased. For the PV, the magnitude of error was very high in both exercises. In conclusion, our results suggest that the VT system should only be used at MPVs below 0.45 m·s−1 for BP and 0.75 m·s−1 for SQ in order to obtain an accurate and reliable measurement, preferably using the MPV variable instead of the PV. Therefore, it appears that the VT system may not be appropriate for objectively monitoring resistance training and assessing strength performance along the entire spectrum of load-velocity curve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]