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Introduction: Given the wide-ranging involvement of cerebellar activity in motor, cognitive, and affective functions, clinical outcomes resulting from cerebellar damage can be hard to predict. Cerebellar vascular accidents are rare, comprising less than 5% of strokes, yet this rare patient population could provide essential information to guide our understanding of cerebellar function. Methods: To gain insight into which domains are affected following cerebellar damage, we retrospectively examined neuropsychiatric performance following cerebellar vascular accidents in cases registered on a database of patients with focal brain injuries. Neuropsychiatric testing included assessment of cognitive (working memory, language processing, and perceptual reasoning), motor (eye movements and fine motor control), and affective (depression and anxiety) domains. Results: Results indicate that cerebellar vascular accidents are more common in men and starting in the 5th decade of life, in agreement with previous reports. Additionally, in our group of twenty-six patients, statistically significant performance alterations were not detected at the group level an average of 1.3 years following the vascular accident. Marginal decreases in performance were detected in the word and color sub-scales of the Stroop task, the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and the Lafayette Grooved Pegboard Test. Discussion: It is well established that the acute phase of cerebellar vascular accidents can be life-threatening, largely due to brainstem compression. In the chronic phase, our findings indicate that recovery of cognitive, emotional, and affective function is likely. However, a minority of individuals may suffer significant long-term performance impairments in motor coordination, verbal working memory, and/or linguistic processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postoperative delirium may be mediated by perioperative systemic- and neuro-inflammation. By inhibiting the pro-inflammatory actions of plasmin, tranexamic acid (TXA) may decrease postoperative delirium. To explore this hypothesis, we modified an ongoing randomised trial of TXA, adding measures of postoperative delirium, cognitive function, systemic cytokines, and astrocyte activation., Methods: Adults undergoing elective posterior lumbar fusion randomly received intraoperative intravenous TXA (n=43: 10 mg kg -1 loading dose, 2 mg kg -1 h -1 infusion) or Placebo (n=40). Blood was collected pre- and at 24 h post-operatively (n=32) for biomarkers of systemic inflammation (cytokines) and astrocyte activation (S100B). Participants had twice daily delirium assessments using the 3-minute diagnostic interview for Confusion Assessment Method (n=65). Participants underwent 4 measures of cognitive function preoperatively and during post-discharge follow-up., Results: Delirium incidence in the TXA group (7/32=22%) was not significantly less than in the Placebo group (11/33=33%); P =0.408, absolute difference=11%, relative difference=33%, effect size = -0.258 (95% CI -0.744 to 0.229). In the Placebo group (n=16), delirium severity was associated with the number of instrumented vertebral levels ( P =0.001) and with postoperative interleukin -8 and -10 concentrations ( P =0.00008 and P =0.005, respectively) and these associations were not significantly modified by TXA. In the Placebo group, delirium severity was associated with S100B concentration ( P =0.0009) and the strength of the association was decreased by TXA ( P =0.002)., Conclusions: A potential 33% relative decrease in postoperative delirium incidence justifies an adequately powered clinical trial to determine if intraoperative TXA decreases delirium in adults undergoing lumbar fusion., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.