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Volem comprendre la forma en què dones joves, amb diferents perfils socioeconòmics que participen en grups culturals, incorporen el discurs feminista en diverses accions i com l’adapten tant a la quotidianitat com a les seves expressions culturals. A partir de l’anàlisi d’autonarracions audiovisuals i de les autorepresentacions a Instagram vam conèixer aspectes relacionats amb el procés de construcció de la identitat de gènere de les participants. També l’impacte del discurs feminista en les seves vides personals i en les seves relacions interpersonals, sobretot els que tenen a veure amb els grups culturals als quals participen. De l’anàlisi de les autonarracions audiovisuals es desprèn que l’activisme feminista dels últims anys i la influència de persones referents per a les joves participants les ha ajudat a tenir consciència crítica i a sentir la necessitat de contribuir al canvi. A les autorepresentacions a les xarxes socials, en canvi, es mostren menys crìtiques i reflexives. Fins i tot, en algunes ocasions, amb representacions que s'allunyen dels valors feministes, sobretot en relació als seus cossos. Nuestro objetivo es comprender la forma en la que mujeres jóvenes que participan en grupos culturales integran el discurso feminista a través de diferentes acciones, y lo apropian en su cotidianidad y en sus expresiones culturales. Para esto, se diseñó un proyecto de investigación cualitativa que combinó diferentes métodos, como la observación, un cuestionario socioeconómico, entrevistas semiestructuradas, historias de vida, la creación de cápsulas autobiográficas y, finalmente, el análisis de la actividad en las redes sociales de las chicas. La investigación realizada ha permitido llegar a conclusiones en relación con la identidad de género y los discursos y vivencias feministas de las chicas entrevistadas, vinculadas básicamente a la importancia de su situación personal, sus relaciones interpersonales, el grupo cultural en el que participan y la forma en la que lo expresan a través de las autonarraciones audiovisuales y las autorrepresentaciones en Instagram. El activismo feminista de los últimos años y la influencia de personas de referencia para ellas les ha ayudado a tener conciencia crítica y sentir la necesidad de contribuir al cambio, aunque sea desde lo cotidiano. Las autorrepresentaciones en las redes sociales, en cambio, son contradictorias a esta crítica y ubican a la mayoría de las chicas en una posición posfeminista. Our main objective is to understand the way young women who participate in cultural groups and come from different social economic profiles integrate the feminist discourse in different actions, and how they appropriate this discourse in their daily lives and their cultural context. This qualitative research project combines different methods, such as observation, a socioeconomic questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, life stories, autobiographical capsules and the analysis of their activity in social networks. The research has made it possible to reach conclusions in relation to gender identity and the feminist discourses and experiences of the interviewees, basically linked to the importance of their personal situation, their interpersonal relationships, the cultural group in which they participate and the way in which they express it through audiovisual self-narratives and self-representations on Instagram. Feminist activism in recent years and the influence of others, in many cases members of the cultural group in which they participate, have helped the interviewees get a critical awareness and the need to contribute to change, even in their day-to-day lives. Self-portrayals on social media, on the other hand, are contradictory to this critique and place most girls in a post-feminist position.

Although nitrogen (N) deposition is increasing globally, N availability still limits many organisms, such as microorganisms and mesofauna. However, little is known to which extent soil organisms rely on mineral‐derived N and whether plant community composition modifies its incorporation into soil food webs. More diverse plant communities more effectively compete with microorganisms for mineral N likely reducing the incorporation of mineral‐derived N into soil food webs. We set up a field experiment in experimental grasslands with different levels of plant species and functional group richness. We labeled soil with 15NH4 15NO3 and analyzed the incorporation of mineral‐derived 15N into soil microorganisms and mesofauna over 3 months. Mineral‐derived N incorporation decreased over time in all investigated organisms. Plant species richness and presence of legumes reduced the uptake of mineral‐derived N into microorganisms. In parallel, the incorporation of mineral‐derived 15N into mesofauna species declined with time and decreased with increasing plant species richness in the secondary decomposer springtail Ceratophysella sp. Effects of both plant species richness and functional group richness on other mesofauna species varied with time. The presence of grasses increased the 15N incorporation into Ceratophysella sp., but decreased it in the primary decomposer oribatid mite Tectocepheus velatus sarekensis. The results highlight that mineral N is quickly channeled into soil animal food webs via microorganisms irrespective of plant diversity. The amount of mineral‐derived N incorporated into soil animals, and the plant community properties affecting this incorporation, differed markedly between soil animal taxa, reflecting species‐specific use of food resources. Our results highlight that plant diversity and community composition alter the competition for N in soil and change the transfer of N across trophic levels in soil food webs, potentially leading to changes in soil animal population dynamics and community composition. Sustaining high plant diversity may buffer detrimental effects of elevated N deposition on soil biota., Soil mineral nitrogen is incorporated quickly into microorganisms and higher trophic levels of the soil food web. Incorporation is not affected by plant species richness, but by plant community composition with legumes diluting the incorporation of soil mineral nitrogen. This highlights that plant community composition alters the competition for nitrogen in soil and changes nitrogen transfer across trophic levels in soil food webs, potentially leading to changes in soil animal population dynamics and community composition.

El presente artículo aborda las diversidades y cambios del sentido del trabajo entre las personas jóvenes. Se centra en el período posterior a la crisis financiera de 2008, que vio crecer hasta límites alarmantes el desempleo juvenil y la precarización laboral de este grupo de edad (paro, temporalidad, minijobs, aumento de la brecha salarial con los adultos, etc.). Tras una introducción teórica confrontando las ideas de Gramsci y Bourdieu en torno a la juventud, se abordan las transformaciones del trabajo en la era digital. En la parte central del texto se analiza el impacto de la exclusión social programada de la juventud, a partir del concepto de juvenicidio moral (que incluye el juvenicidio económico y el juvenicidio simbólico). En la conclusión se ofrece una mirada al futuro, reflexionando sobre las posibles consecuencias de la crisis del coronavirus en el sentido del trabajo de las personas jóvenes.

La desigualtat social és des de fa temps un tema de la recerca social, però, tot i que la seva persistència està ben documentada, se sap poc sobre els processos i mecanismes que permeten la seva reproducció tot i les polítiques per a l'ampliació de la participació. Com que a les societats meritocràtiques actuals de l'occident, els títols universitaris segueixen sent un requisit per a obtindre - i justificar - certes posicions socials en els estrats superiors, l'educació superior és un camp expressament prometedor per a l'estudi de desigualtats socials i la seva reproducció. Aquesta tesi estudia la desigualtat social en l'educació superior, combinant un enfocament Bourdieusià amb anàlisis interseccionals, evitant l'imposició de divisions socials i permetent els anàlisis sistemàtics de diferents divisions socials i de les seves interseccions en nivells diferents, en concret considerant estructures socials, representacions socials i construccions d'identitat. L'objectiu és il•luminar mecanismes de reproducció en la transició universitària de Catalunya (Espanya). La transició universitària, entesa com la transició de l'escola a la universitat, el temps passat a la universitat i la transició al mercat laboral, és estudiada a partir d'un projecte longitudinal, seguint a persones joves durant 5 anys amb entrevistes anuals (2011-2016), després d'una primera tanda de construcció de dades amb grups de discussió en instituts (2011). En total, es van considerar 17 participants en els anàlisis longitudinals de la tesi. Tot i que la recerca longitudinal d'una extensió semblant és poc comuna, sobre tot en contextos no-anglosaxóns, el conjunt de dades obtingudes és únic i permet accedir a nous coneixements sobre processos que cap recerca basada en un únic moment de construcció de dades pot aconseguir. Els resultats principals són 1) la imposició de l'elecció d'estudis informada com l'única acceptable i correcta, tot i la impossibilitat d'informar l'elecció d'estudis considerant el nombre elevat de variables desconeguts en l'equació; 2) la importància d'un sentit de titularitat relatiu a la classe social que permet expressament a persones joves de milieus mitjans-alts i alts viure la transició universitària d'una forma positiva, fins i tot quan es troben amb dificultats; 3) tendències descoratjadores en escoles, universitats i el discurs públic que afecten de forma negativa sobre tot a persones joves les quals manquen d'un sentiment de titularitat, reduint el seu benestar i incrementant el seu risc d'abandonar els estudis; 4) inseguretats i nivells d'esgotament elevats expressament entre estudiants no-tradicionals i en particular en la intersecció de classe social i gènere, que redueixen el seu benestar, aspiracions per al futur, l'habilitat de 'vendre' els seus itineraris i avantatges i les activitats rellevants per al CV, deixant-los menys atractius en el mercat laboral; 5) la individualització i la invisibilització de desigualtats socials; 6) la tendència dels mateixos estudiants de contribuir a la reproducció del sistema, fins i tot si els va desafavorint i especialment cap a la graduació. A més a més, es discuteixen possibles peculiaritats del cas català, en particular matricules pro forma, un significat especial del capital social i una elecció d'estudis segregada per gènere en el sentit que els homes estan sotarepresentats en gairebé tots els camps d'estudis i només mantenen un predomini clar en enginyeries i arquitectura. S'atorga visibilitat a les idees dels propis participants per millorar els seus graus i la universitat i s’ha elaborat una llista de recomanacions extensa , amb l'objectiu de millorar l'experiència universitària per a tot l'estudiantat i per a assolir igualtat social. La desigualdad social es, desde hace muchos años, un tema de interés en investigación social, pero aunque su persistencia está bien documentada, poco se sabe sobre los procesos y mecanismos que permiten su reproducción, a pesar de políticas para ampliar la participación. Ya que en las sociedades meritocráticas actuales del occidente los títulos universitarios siguen siendo un requisito para obtener - y justificar - cierta posición social en los estratos superiores, la educación superior es un campo expresamente prometedor para el estudio de las desigualdades sociales y su reproducción. Esta tesis doctoral analiza la desigualdad social en la educación superior combinando un enfoque Bourdieusiano con un análisis interseccional, evitando la imposición de divisiones sociales y permitiendo análisis sistemáticos de diferentes divisiones sociales y de sus intersecciones en varios niveles, en concreto considerando estructuras sociales, representaciones sociales y construcciones de identidad. La meta es alumbrar los mecanismos de reproducción en la transición universitaria en Cataluña (España). La transición universitaria, entendida como la transición desde la escuela hasta la universidad, el tiempo transcurrido en la universidad y la transición al mercado laboral, está estudiada mediante un proyecto longitudinal, siguiendo a personas jóvenes durante 5 años mediante entrevistas anuales (2011-2016), después de una primera ronda de construcción de datos empleando grupos de discusión en institutos (2011). En total, 17 participantes fueron considerados en los análisis longitudinales de la tesis. Aunque la investigación longitudinal de semejante extensión es escasa, especialmente en contextos no-anglosajones, el conjunto de datos obtenido es único y permite adquirir nuevos conocimientos sobre procesos que ninguna investigación basada en un único momento de construcción de datos puede obtener. Los resultados principales son 1) la imposición de la elección de estudios informada como la única aceptable y correcta, a pesar de la imposibilidad de informar la elección de estudios, considerando el número elevado de variables desconocidas en la ecuación; 2) la importancia de un sentido de titularidad relativo a la clase social, que permite, expresamente a personas jóvenes de milieus medias-altas y altas, experimentar su transición universitaria de una manera positiva, incluso si se enfrontan con dificultades; 3) tendencias desalentadoras en escuelas, universidades y el discurso público que afectan de forma negativa expresamente a personas jóvenes que carecen de un sentimiento de titularidad, reduciendo su bienestar e incrementando su riesgo de abandonar los estudios; 4) inseguridades y niveles de agotamiento más elevados expresamente entre estudiantes no-tradicionales y, en particular, en la intersección de clase social y género, que disminuyen su bienestar, sus aspiraciones futuras, su capacidad de 'vender' sus itinerarios y ventajas y sus actividades con relevancia para su CV, haciéndolos menos atractivos en el mercado laboral; 5) la individualización e invisibilización de desigualdades sociales; 6) la tendencia de los estudiantes de contribuir a la reproducción del sistema, incluso cuando hayan estado entre sus perjudicados y expresamente hacia la graduación. Además, se discuten peculiaridades del caso catalán, en concreto matriculas pro forma, un significado especial del capital social y una elección de estudios segregada por género en el sentido que hombres están subrepresentados en casi todos los campos de estudios y sólo mantienen un predominio claro en ingenierías y arquitectura. Se otorga visibilidad a las ideas propias de los y las participantes de cómo mejorar sus grados y universidad y una lista extensa de recomendaciones es elaborada, con el objetivo de mejorar la experiencia universitaria para todo el estudiantado y conseguir igualdad social. Social inequality is a longstanding topic in social research, but though its persistence is well-documented, little is known about the processes and mechanisms that enable its reproduction despite 'widening participation' policies. As in current Western meritocratic societies University credentials continue to be a requirement to achieve - and justify - certain social positions in the upper strata, Higher Education (HE) is an especially promising field for the study of social inequalities and their reproduction. This thesis studies social inequality in HE combining a Bourdieusian approach with intersectional analyses, avoiding the imposition of social divisions and allowing the systematic analyses of different social divisions and their intersections on different levels, namely considering social structures, social representations and identity constructions. The aim is to shed light on reproduction mechanisms in the University transition in Catalonia (Spain). The University transition, understood as the transition from school to university, the time spent in university and the transition to the labour market, is studied through a longitudinal project, following young people over 5 years through annual interviews (2011-2016), after a first data construction round through focus groups in High Schools (2011). In total, 17 participants were considered in the longitudinal analyses of the thesis. Though such extensive longitudinal research is rare especially in non-Anglo-Saxon contexts, the unique data set allows for insights into processes no research based on a single data-construction moment can achieve. Main findings are 1) the imposition of the informed study choice as the only acceptable and correct way to choose, in spite of the impossibility to inform the study choice considering the high number of unknown variables in the equation; 2) the importance of a class-specific sense of entitlement that allows especially young people from upper-middle and upper-class milieus to experience their University transition in a positive way, even when faced with difficulties; 3) discouraging tendencies in schools, Universities and the public discourse that affect especially young people who lack a feeling of entitlement negatively, reducing their well-being and increasing their risk to dropout; 4) higher insecurities and levels of exhaustion especially among non-traditional students, and in particular in the intersection of social class and gender, that decrease their well-being, their future aspirations, their ability to 'sell' their itineraries and advantages and their CV-relevant activities, making them less attractive on the labour market; 5) the individualisation and invisibilisation of social inequalities; 6) the students' tendency to contribute to the reproduction of the system, even if they had been disadvantaged by it, especially towards graduation. Moreover, possible peculiarities of the Catalan case, in particular pro-forma enrolments, a special significance of social capital and gender-segregated study choices in the sense that men are underrepresented in almost all study fields and only maintain a clear dominance in Engineering and Architecture are discussed. Visibility is granted to the participants' own ideas how to improve their degrees and University and an extensive list of recommendations is elaborated, with the aim to improve the university experience for all students and to achieve social equality.

Human-caused declines in biodiversity have stimulated intensive research on the consequences of biodiversity loss for ecosystem services and policy initiatives to preserve the functioning of ecosystems. Short-term biodiversity experiments have documented positive effects of plant species richness on many ecosystem functions, and longer-term studies indicate, for some ecosystem functions, that biodiversity effects can become stronger over time. Theoretically, a biodiversity effect can strengthen over time by an increasing performance of high-diversity communities, by a decreasing performance of low-diversity communities, or a combination of both processes. Which of these two mechanisms prevail, and whether the increase in the biodiversity effect over time is a general property of many functions remains currently unclear. These questions are an important knowledge gap as a continuing decline in the performance of low-diversity communities would indicate an ecosystem-service debt resulting from delayed effects of species loss on ecosystem functioning. Conversely, an increased performance of high-diversity communities over time would indicate that the benefits of biodiversity are generally underestimated in short-term studies.Analyzing 50 ecosystem variables over 11 years in the world’s largest grassland biodiversity experiment, we show that overall plant diversity effects strengthened over time. Strengthening biodiversity effects were independent of the considered compartment (above- or belowground), organizational level (ecosystem variables associated with the abiotic habitat, primary producers, or higher trophic levels such as herbivores and pollinators), and variable type (measurements of pools or rates). We found evidence that biodiversity effects strengthened because of both a progressive decrease in functioning in species-poor and a progressive increase in functioning in species-rich communities. Our findings provide evidence that negative feedback effects at low biodiversity are as important for biodiversity effects as complementarityamong species at high biodiversity. Finally, our results indicate that a current loss of species will result in a future impairment of ecosystem functioning, potentially decades beyond the moment of species extinction. Human-caused declines in biodiversity have stimulated intensive research on the consequences of biodiversity loss for ecosystem services and policy initiatives to preserve the functioning of ecosystems. Short-term biodiversity experiments have documented positive effects of plant species richness on many ecosystem functions, and longer-term studies indicate, for some ecosystem functions, that biodiversity effects can become stronger over time. Theoretically, a biodiversity effect can strengthen over time by an increasing performance of high-diversity communities, by a decreasing performance of low-diversity communities, or a combination of both processes. Which of these two mechanisms prevail, and whether the increase in the biodiversity effect over time is a general property of many functions remains currently unclear. These questions are an important knowledge gap as a continuing decline in the performance of low-diversity communities would indicate an ecosystem-service debt resulting from delayed effects of species loss on ecosystem functioning. Conversely, an increased performance of high-diversity communities over time would indicate that the benefits of biodiversity are generally underestimated in short-term studies. Analyzing 50 ecosystem variables over 11 years in the world's largest grassland biodiversity experiment, we show that overall plant diversity effects strengthened over time. Strengthening biodiversity effects were independent of the considered compartment (above- or belowground), organizational level (ecosystem variables associated with the abiotic habitat, primary producers, or higher trophic levels such as herbivores and pollinators), and variable type (measurements of pools or rates). We found evidence that biodiversity effects strengthened because of both a progressive decrease in functioning in species-poor and a progressive increase in functioning in species-rich communities. Our findings provide evidence that negative feedback effects at low biodiversity are as important for biodiversity effects as complementarity among species at high biodiversity. Finally, our results indicate that a current loss of species will result in a future impairment of ecosystem functioning, potentially decades beyond the moment of species extinction.

Additional file 3: Figure S2. Plant colonization effects on soil microbial properties. Mean values with confidence intervals of basal respiration [µg O2 g−1 soil dry mass h−1] (a) two and (c) five years, and soil microbial biomass [µg C g−1 soil dry mass] (b) two and (d) five years after colonization by plant species. Circles display basal respiration and soil microbial biomass with resident plant species of weeded subplots, respectively, and open circles display basal respiration and soil microbial biomass with resident plant species plus colonizing plant species of non-weeded subplots, respectively.

BACKGROUND: Loss of biodiversity and increased nutrient inputs are two of the most crucial anthropogenic factors driving ecosystem change. Although both received considerable attention in previous studies, information on their interactive effects on ecosystem functioning is scarce. In particular, little is known on how soil biota and their functions are affected by combined changes in plant diversity and fertilization. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We investigated the effects of plant diversity, functional community composition, and fertilization on the biomass and respiration of soil microbial communities in a long-term biodiversity experiment in semi-natural grassland (Jena Experiment). Plant species richness enhanced microbial basal respiration and microbial biomass, but did not significantly affect microbial specific respiration. In contrast, the presence of legumes and fertilization significantly decreased microbial specific respiration, without altering microbial biomass. The effect of legumes was superimposed by fertilization as indicated by a significant interaction between the presence of legumes and fertilization. Further, changes in microbial stoichiometry (C-to-N ratio) and specific respiration suggest the presence of legumes to reduce N limitation of soil microorganisms and to modify microbial C use efficiency. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our study highlights the role of plant species and functional group diversity as well as interactions between plant community composition and fertilizer application for soil microbial functions. Our results suggest soil microbial stoichiometry to be a powerful indicator of microbial functioning under N limited conditions. Although our results support the notion that plant diversity and fertilizer application independently affect microbial functioning, legume effects on microbial N limitation were superimposed by fertilization, indicating significant interactions between the functional composition of plant communities and nutrient inputs for soil processes. Open-Access Publikationsfonds 2015 peerReviewed

Interessant article plantejat a partir de la dicotomia existent entre la biologia i la cultura com a eines fonamentals per al nostre desenvolupament.