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Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) interrogators have become commercially available, enabling long term measurements in diverse environments. Collection of permanent data is facilitating new applications such as earthquake detection. Pre-installed standard communication fibres can be used for the detection of seismic activities. However, the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is rather low at earthquake frequencies and therefore it is difficult to detect seismic waves at high ambient noise. Although standardized laboratory tests reveal a higher noise floor at low frequencies for DAS interrogators, the detection of earthquakes is still possible through filtering and signal enhancement methods. Furthermore, efficient real-time data evaluation is necessary for early-warning mechanisms. This article compares data of 3 different fibre lines with different characteristics and ambient noise for earthquake detection. Tests are performed with an inner-city line, which is exposed to high noise by day due to traffic loads and low noise at night. Additionally, a fibre line in a rural area with lower noise behaviour is investigated. Furthermore, DAS measurements at a fibre line at the national underground seismic observatory were performed and compared with the close by seismometers. In this paper we focus on methods for detection and evaluation of seismic waves and discuss the technical challenges of detecting small signals in big data. The paper also addresses matters of performance related to real-time data evaluation. &nbsp, The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Introduction:Understanding, which factors determine the immunogenicity and immune polarizing properties of proteins, is an important prerequisite for designing better vaccines and immunotherapeutics. While extrinsic immune modulatory factors such as pathogen associated molecular patterns are well-understood, far less is known about the contribution of protein inherent features. Protein fold-stability represents such an intrinsic feature contributing to immunogenicity and immune polarization by influencing the amount of peptide-MHC II complexes (pMHCII). Here, we investigated how modulation of the fold-stability of the grass pollen allergen Phl p 6 affects its ability to stimulate immune responses and T cell polarization. Methods:MAESTRO software was used forin silicoprediction of stabilizing or destabilizing point mutations. Mutated proteins were expressed inE. coli, and their thermal stability and resistance to endolysosomal proteases was determined. Resulting peptides were analyzed by mass spectrometry. The structure of the most stable mutant protein was assessed by X-ray crystallography. We evaluated the capacity of the mutants to stimulate T cell proliferationin vitro, as well as antibody responses and T cell polarizationin vivoin an adjuvant-free BALB/c mouse model. Results:In comparison to wild-type protein, stabilized or destabilized mutants displayed changes in thermal stability ranging from -5 to +14 degrees. While highly stabilized mutants were degraded very slowly, destabilization led to faster proteolytic processingin vitro. This was confirmed in BMDCs, which processed and presented the immunodominant epitope from a destabilized mutant more efficiently compared to a highly stable mutant.In vivo, stabilization resulted in a shift in immune polarization from TH2 to TH1/TH17 as indicated by higher levels of IgG2a and increased secretion of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-17, and IL-21. Conclusion:MAESTRO software was very efficient in detecting single point mutations that increase or reduce fold-stability. Thermal stability correlated well with the speed of proteolytic degradation and presentation of peptides on the surface of dendritic cellsin vitro. This change in processing kinetics significantly influenced the polarization of T cell responsesin vivo. Modulating the fold-stability of proteins thus has the potential to optimize and polarize immune responses, which opens the door to more efficient design of molecular vaccines.

Introduction: Understanding, which factors determine the immunogenicity and immune polarizing properties of proteins, is an important prerequisite for designing better vaccines and immunotherapeutics. While extrinsic immune modulatory factors such as pathogen associated molecular patterns are well-understood, far less is known about the contribution of protein inherent features. Protein fold-stability represents such an intrinsic feature contributing to immunogenicity and immune polarization by influencing the amount of peptide-MHC II complexes (pMHCII). Here, we investigated how modulation of the fold-stability of the grass pollen allergen Phl p 6 affects its ability to stimulate immune responses and T cell polarization. Methods: MAESTRO software was used for in silico prediction of stabilizing or destabilizing point mutations. Mutated proteins were expressed in E. coli, and their thermal stability and resistance to endolysosomal proteases was determined. Resulting peptides were analyzed by mass spectrometry. The structure of the most stable mutant protein was assessed by X-ray crystallography. We evaluated the capacity of the mutants to stimulate T cell proliferation in vitro, as well as antibody responses and T cell polarization in vivo in an adjuvant-free BALB/c mouse model. Results: In comparison to wild-type protein, stabilized or destabilized mutants displayed changes in thermal stability ranging from 5 to +14. While highly stabilized mutants were degraded very slowly, destabilization led to faster proteolytic processing in vitro. This was confirmed in BMDCs, which processed and presented the immunodominant epitope from a destabilized mutant more efficiently compared to a highly stable mutant. In vivo, stabilization resulted in a shift in immune polarization from TH2 to TH1/TH17 as indicated by higher levels of IgG2a and increased secretion of TNF-, IFN-, IL-17, and IL-21. Conclusion: MAESTRO software was very efficient in detecting single point mutations that increase or reduce fold-stability. Thermal stability correlated well with the speed of proteolytic degradation and presentation of peptides on the surface of dendritic cells in vitro. This change in processing kinetics significantly influenced the polarization of T cell responses in vivo. Modulating the fold-stability of proteins thus has the potential to optimize and polarize immune responses, which opens the door to more efficient design of molecular vaccines. (VLID)5400402

In der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit wird sich das Ziel gesetzt eine geeignete Sch��tzfunktion f��r die Anzahl der Versicherungssch��den eines Sturmereignisses zu bestimmen. Um ein besseres Verst��ndnis f��r die verwendeten Daten zu bekommen, werden kurze Einblicke in die Meteorologie und in die Geod��sie gegeben. Im Hauptteil der Diplomarbeit wird eine Regressionsanalyse mit linearen und generalisierten linearen Modellen durchgef��hrt. Es folgt die Interpretation und der Vergleich der verschiedenen Ergebnisse und ein kurzes Ausblickskapitel ��ber M��glichkeiten wie das Thema weitergef��hrt werden k��nnte. Zum Schluss werden einige im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit entstandene Programmierbeispiele zur Verf��gung gestellt., The aim of this master thesis is to define an analytical function which estimates the number of insurance claims coursed by a storm event. For a better understanding of the used datasets there are given short insights into meteorology and geodesy. The main part of the master thesis contains a regression analysis with linear and generalized linear models. The following part includes the interpretation and comparison of the different results and suggestions on ways to bring the topic further. To conclude the master thesis there are a few programming examples given.