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3. Canyoning- und Höhlenunfall

Author

Soteras, I., Strapazzon, G., Berghold, Franz, editor, Brugger, Hermann, editor, Burtscher, Martin, editor, Domej, Wolfgang, editor, Durrer, Bruno, editor, Fischer, Rainald, editor, Paal, Peter, editor, Schaffert, Wolfgang, editor, Schobersberger, Wolfgang, editor, and Sumann, Günther, editor

Published
2019
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4. On-site treatment of avalanche victims: Scoping review and 2023 recommendations of the international commission for mountain emergency medicine (ICAR MedCom)

Author

Pasquier, M, Strapazzon, G, Kottmann, A, Paal, P, Zafren, K, Oshiro, K, Artoni, C, Van Tilburg, C, Sheets, A, Ellerton, J, Mclaughlin, K, Gordon, L, Martin, R, Jacob, M, Musi, M, Blancher, M, Jaques, C, Brugger, H, Pasquier M., Strapazzon G., Kottmann A., Paal P., Zafren K., Oshiro K., Artoni C., Van Tilburg C., Sheets A., Ellerton J., McLaughlin K., Gordon L., Martin R. W., Jacob M., Musi M., Blancher M., Jaques C., Brugger H., Pasquier, M, Strapazzon, G, Kottmann, A, Paal, P, Zafren, K, Oshiro, K, Artoni, C, Van Tilburg, C, Sheets, A, Ellerton, J, Mclaughlin, K, Gordon, L, Martin, R, Jacob, M, Musi, M, Blancher, M, Jaques, C, Brugger, H, Pasquier M., Strapazzon G., Kottmann A., Paal P., Zafren K., Oshiro K., Artoni C., Van Tilburg C., Sheets A., Ellerton J., McLaughlin K., Gordon L., Martin R. W., Jacob M., Musi M., Blancher M., Jaques C., and Brugger H.

Abstract

Introduction: The International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (ICAR MedCom) developed updated recommendations for the management of avalanche victims. Methods: ICAR MedCom created Population Intervention Comparator Outcome (PICO) questions and conducted a scoping review of the literature. We evaluated and graded the evidence using the American College of Chest Physicians system. Results: We included 120 studies including original data in the qualitative synthesis. There were 45 retrospective studies (38%), 44 case reports or case series (37%), and 18 prospective studies on volunteers (15%). The main cause of death from avalanche burial was asphyxia (range of all studies 65–100%). Trauma was the second most common cause of death (5–29%). Hypothermia accounted for few deaths (0–4%). Conclusions and recommendations: For a victim with a burial time ≤ 60 minutes without signs of life, presume asphyxia and provide rescue breaths as soon as possible, regardless of airway patency. For a victim with a burial time > 60 minutes, no signs of life but a patent airway or airway with unknown patency, presume that a primary hypothermic CA has occurred and initiate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) unless temperature can be measured to rule out hypothermic cardiac arrest. For a victim buried > 60 minutes without signs of life and with an obstructed airway, if core temperature cannot be measured, rescuers can presume asphyxia-induced CA, and should not initiate CPR. If core temperature can be measured, for a victim without signs of life, with a patent airway, and with a core temperature < 30 °C attempt resuscitation, regardless of burial duration.

Published
2023

7. Sudden-Onset Disaster Mass-Casualty Incident Response: A Modified Delphi Study on Triage, Prehospital Life Support, and Processes

Author

Cuthbertson, J., Weinstein, E., Franc, J. M., Jones, P., Lamine, H., Magalini, Sabina, Gui, Daniele, Lennquist, K., Marzi, Federica, Borrello, Alessandro, Fransvea, Pietro, Fidanzio, Andrea, Benitez, C. Y., Achaz, G., Dobson, B., Malik, N., Neeki, M., Pirrallo, R., Castro Delgado, R., Strapazzon, G., Farah Dell'Aringa, M., Brugger, H., Rafalowsky, C., Marzoli, M., Fresu, G., Kolstadbraaten, K. M., Lennquist, S., Tilsed, J., Claudius, I., Cheeranont, P., Callcut, R., Bala, M., Kerbage, A., Vale, L., Hecker, N. P., Faccincani, Roberto, Ragazzoni, L., Caviglia, M., Magalini S. (ORCID:0000-0002-4056-1115), Gui D. (ORCID:0000-0002-4437-2573), Marzi F., Borrello A., Fransvea P. (ORCID:0000-0003-4969-3373), Fidanzio A. (ORCID:0000-0002-6356-6381), Faccincani R., Cuthbertson, J., Weinstein, E., Franc, J. M., Jones, P., Lamine, H., Magalini, Sabina, Gui, Daniele, Lennquist, K., Marzi, Federica, Borrello, Alessandro, Fransvea, Pietro, Fidanzio, Andrea, Benitez, C. Y., Achaz, G., Dobson, B., Malik, N., Neeki, M., Pirrallo, R., Castro Delgado, R., Strapazzon, G., Farah Dell'Aringa, M., Brugger, H., Rafalowsky, C., Marzoli, M., Fresu, G., Kolstadbraaten, K. M., Lennquist, S., Tilsed, J., Claudius, I., Cheeranont, P., Callcut, R., Bala, M., Kerbage, A., Vale, L., Hecker, N. P., Faccincani, Roberto, Ragazzoni, L., Caviglia, M., Magalini S. (ORCID:0000-0002-4056-1115), Gui D. (ORCID:0000-0002-4437-2573), Marzi F., Borrello A., Fransvea P. (ORCID:0000-0003-4969-3373), Fidanzio A. (ORCID:0000-0002-6356-6381), and Faccincani R.

Abstract

The application and provision of prehospital care in disasters and mass-casualty incident response in Europe is currently being explored for opportunities to improve practice. The objective of this translational science study was to align common principles of approach and action and to identify how technology can assist and enhance response. To achieve this objective, the application of a modified Delphi methodology study based on statements derived from key findings of a scoping review was undertaken. This resulted in 18 triage, eight life support and damage control interventions, and 23 process consensus statements. These findings will be utilized in the development of evidence-based prehospital mass-casualty incident response tools and guidelines.

Published
2023

8. A Prospective Evaluation of the Acute Effects of High Altitude on Cognitive and Physiological Functions in Lowlanders

Author

Falla, M, Papagno, C, Dal Cappello, T, Vogele, A, Hufner, K, Kim, J, Weiss, E, Weber, B, Palma, M, Mrakic-Sposta, S, Brugger, H, Strapazzon, G, Falla M., Papagno C., Dal Cappello T., Vogele A., Hufner K., Kim J., Weiss E. M., Weber B., Palma M., Mrakic-Sposta S., Brugger H., Strapazzon G., Falla, M, Papagno, C, Dal Cappello, T, Vogele, A, Hufner, K, Kim, J, Weiss, E, Weber, B, Palma, M, Mrakic-Sposta, S, Brugger, H, Strapazzon, G, Falla M., Papagno C., Dal Cappello T., Vogele A., Hufner K., Kim J., Weiss E. M., Weber B., Palma M., Mrakic-Sposta S., Brugger H., and Strapazzon G.

Abstract

Cognitive function impairment due to high altitude exposure has been reported with some contradictory results regarding the possible selective cognitive domain involvement. We prospectively evaluated in 36 lowlanders, exposed for 3 consecutive days to an altitude of 3,269 m, specific cognitive abilities (attention, processing speed, and decision-making) required to safely explore the mountains, as well as to work at altitude. We simultaneously monitored the physiological parameters. Our study provides evidence of a reduced processing speed in lowlanders when exposed to altitude in the first 24 h. There was a fairly quick recovery since this impairment was no more detectable after 36 h of exposure. There were no clinically relevant effects on decision-making, while psychomotor vigilance was unaffected at altitude except for individuals with poor sleep. Significant changes were seen in physiological parameters (increased heart rate and reduced peripheral oxygen saturation). Our results may have practical implications, suggesting that individuals should practice prudence with higher ascent when performing risky activities in the first 24–36 h, even at altitudes below 3,500 m, due to an impairment of the cognitive performance that could worsen and lead to accidents.

Published
2021

18. The 2018 Lake Louise Acute Mountain Sickness Score

Author

Roach, Rc1, Hackett, Ph1, Oelz, O2, Bärtsch, P3, Luks, Am4, Macinnis, Mj5, Baillie, Jk, Achatz, E, Albert, E, Andrews, Js, Anholm, Jd, Ashraf, Mz, Auerbach, P, Basnyat, B, Beidleman, Ba, Berendsen, Rr, Berger, Mm, Bloch, Ke, Brugger, H, Cogo, A, Costa, Rg, Cumpstey, A, Cymerman, A, Debevec, T, Duncan, C, Dubowitz, D, Fago, A, Furian, M, Gaidica, M, Ganguli, P, Grocott, Mpw, Hammer, D, Hall, D, Hillebrandt, D, Hilty, Mp, Himashree, G, Honigman, B, Gilbert-Kawai, N, Kayser, B, Keyes, L, Koehle, M, Kohli, S, Kuenzel, A, Levine, Bd, Lichtblau, M, Macdonald, J, Maeder, Mb, Maggiorini, M, MARTIN BOHADA, Juan Dario, Masuyama, S, Mccall, J, Mcintosh, S, Millet, G, Moraga, F, Mounsey, C, Muza, Sr, Oliver, S, Pasha, Q, Paterson, R, Phillips, L, Pichon, A, Pickerodt, Pa, Pun, M, Rain, M, Rennie, D, Ri-Li, G, Roy, S, Verges, S, Dos Santos TBC, Schoene, Rb, Schoch, Od, Singh, S, Sooronbaev, T, Steinback, Cd, Stembridge, M, Stewart, G, Stobdan, T, Strapazzon, G, Subudhi, Aw, Swenson, E, Roger Thompson AA, van Patot MT, Twomey, R, Ulrich, S, Voituron, N, Wagner, Dr, Wang, Sh, West, Jb, Wilkes, M, Willmann, G, Yaron, M, Zafren, K., and Basnyat, B

Subjects
Scoring system, Consensus, Physiology, Altitude Hypoxia, education, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Altitude Sickness, Severity of Illness Index, High-altitude research, NO, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Altitude, sympton scores, symptom scores, high altitude illness, Surveys and Questionnaires, medicine, Humans, AMS, Lake Louise, history, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, 030229 sport sciences, General Medicine, Hypoxia (medical), Special Reports, Instructions for use, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Demography
Abstract

Roach, Robert C., Peter H. Hackett, Oswald Oelz, Peter Bärtsch, Andrew M. Luks, Martin J. MacInnis, J. Kenneth Baillie, and The Lake Louise AMS Score Consensus Committee. The 2018 Lake Louise Acute Mountain Sickness Score. High Alt Med Biol 19:1–4, 2018.— The Lake Louise Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) scoring system has been a useful research tool since first published in 1991. Recent studies have shown that disturbed sleep at altitude, one of the five symptoms scored for AMS, is more likely due to altitude hypoxia per se, and is not closely related to AMS. To address this issue, and also to evaluate the Lake Louise AMS score in light of decades of experience, experts in high altitude research undertook to revise the score. We here present an international consensus statement resulting from online discussions and meetings at the International Society of Mountain Medicine World Congress in Bolzano, Italy, in May 2014 and at the International Hypoxia Symposium in Lake Louise, Canada, in February 2015. The consensus group has revised the score to eliminate disturbed sleep as a questionnaire item, and has updated instructions for use of the score.

Published
2018
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19. Contribution of GPR method in monitoring and evaluating the conservation state of Fortezza, Rethymno, Greece

Author

Manataki, M., Sarris, A., Oikonomou, D., Simirdanis, K., Strapazzon, G., Fernandez, P. Trapero, and Sarris, A. [0000-0001-6071-4767]

Subjects
Cultural heritage, Fortezza, Ground-penetrating radar, Noise (video), Antenna (radio), Wall thickness, Geology, Remote sensing
Abstract

Under the framework suggested by STORM project for the conservation and protection of Cultural Heritage monuments, a GPR system equipped with 250MHz and 500MHz antennas was used at the pilot site of Fortezza, in the old town of Rethymno, to examine the capability of the method to detect both cracks and changes in wall thickness. The data presented here were collected in four different phases. The results suggest that both frequencies are capable to monitor changes in wall thickness, with the 250MHz antenna performing better than the 500MHz antenna. For the case of cracks, the 500MHz antenna produced more detailed results but due to high noise levels further processing is required. Overall, GPR seems to be a promising method in monitoring the conservation state of the walls. 1 6

Published
2018

24. Androgens modulate osteocalcin release by human visceral adipose tissue

Author

Foresta, Carlo, Strapazzon, G, De Toni, L, Gianesello, Lisa, Bruttocao, A, Scarda, A, Plebani, Mario, and Garolla, A.

Subjects
Adult, Osteocalcin, Androgens, Humans, Androgen Antagonists, Dihydrotestosterone, Testosterone, Intra-Abdominal Fat, Middle Aged, Overweight, Flutamide
Abstract

Androgens inhibit adipogenic differentiation through an androgen receptor (AR)-mediated pathway, increase lipolysis and reduce lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOCN) regulates insulin and adiponectin secretion and is released by adipose tissue (AT). Our objective was to investigate, ex vivo and in vivo, the role of androgens on osteocalcin (OCN) modulation in human AT. DesiGN, PATIENTS, SETTING: Omental AT (OAT) for in vitro study and blood samples from 91 male patients of Padova University Hospital were used.Omental AT was treated with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in presence and in absence of flutamide. cOCN and ucOCN release by AT in a simple growth medium was evaluated by ELISA. OCN, both undercarboxylated (ucOCN) and carboxylated (cOCN) forms, was measured in serum by ELISA.After 24-h DHT stimulation, the release of both cOCN and ucOCN by OAT was statistically increased (P0·05). Co-incubation with flutamide blunted OCN production. Overweight and obese patients had lower total and free testosterone (T), associated with lower ucOCN and ucOCN/OCN ratio. Free T was negatively correlated to BMI (ρ = -0·706, P0·05) and positively correlated to ucOCN/OCN ratio (ρ = 0·223, P0·05).Our data suggest that androgens modulate OCN release by OAT in vitro. In addition to the anti-adipogenic role of androgens, they support a novel mechanism by which androgens could exert a protective effect in energy metabolism. This hypothesis appears even more significant considering that sexual hormones' levels are greatly altered in obesity and that AT is both highly involved in their clearance and able to produce OCN.

Published
2011

37. Psychological Factors in Resistant Hypertension

Author

Realdi, A, primary, Favaro, A, additional, Nuti, M, additional, Parotto, E, additional, Macchini, L, additional, Leoni, M, additional, Benetton, V, additional, Inverso, G, additional, Strapazzon, G, additional, Vettore, F, additional, Calò, L, additional, and Semplicini, A, additional

Published
2007
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38. Low RGS2 Expression in Resistant Hypertension: a Longitudinal Study

Author

Strapazzon, G, primary, Realdi, A, additional, Caielli, P, additional, Vettore, F, additional, Benetton, V, additional, Inverso, G, additional, Parotto, E, additional, Leoni, M, additional, Macchini, L, additional, Papparella, I, additional, Ceolotto, G, additional, Sartori, M, additional, Calò, L A, additional, and Semplicini, A, additional

Published
2007
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39. Respiratory failure and spontaneous hypoglycemia during noninvasive rewarming from 24.7°c (76.5°f) core body temperature after prolonged avalanche burial.

Author

Strapazzon G, Nardin M, Zanon P, Kaufmann M, Kritzinger M, and Brugger H

Abstract

Clinical reports on management and rewarming complications after prolonged avalanche burial are not common. We present a case of an unreported combination of respiratory failure and unexpected spontaneous hypoglycemia during noninvasive rewarming from severe hypothermia. We collected anecdotal observations in a 42-year-old, previously healthy, male backcountry skier admitted to the ICU at a tertiary care center after 2 hours 7 minutes of complete avalanche burial, who presented with a patent airway and a core body temperature of 25.0°C (77.0°F) on extrication. There was no decrease in core body temperature during transport (from 25.0°C [77.0°F] to 24.7°C [76.5°F]). Atrial fibrillation occurred during active noninvasive external rewarming (to 37.0°C [98.6°F] during 5 hours), followed by pulmonary edema and respiratory failure (SaO(2) 73% and PaO(2)/FIO(2) 161 mm Hg), which resolved with endotracheal intubation and continuous positive end-respiratory pressure. Moreover, a marked spontaneous glycemic imbalance (from 22.2 to 1.4 mmol/L) was observed. Despite a possible favorable outcome, clinicians should be prepared to identify and treat severe respiratory problems and spontaneous hypoglycemia during noninvasive rewarming of severely hypothermic avalanche victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012

42. Effects of type 5-phosphodiesterase inhibition on energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis in human adipose tissue ex vivo

Author

Toni, L., Strapazzon, G., Gianesello, L., Caretta, N., Pilon, C., Bruttocao, A., and Foresta, C.

Abstract

Objective:An excess of adipose tissue (AT) in obese individuals is linked to increased cardiovascular risk and mitochondria have been shown to be defective in the muscle and AT of patients with metabolic disorders such as obesity and Type 2 diabetes. Nitric oxide (NO) generated by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) plays a role in mitochondrial biogenesis through cyclic-GMP (cGMP). AT harbors the whole molecular signaling pathway of NO, together with type 5-phosphodiesterase (PDE-5), the main cGMP catabolising enzyme. Aim:Our aim was to evaluate the effect of the modulation of NO pathway, through PDE-5 inhibition, on energy metabolism and mitochondria biogenesis in human omental AT. Methods and measurements:Cultured human omental AT was stimulated with PDE-5 inhibitor, vardenafil, at different concentration for 24 and 72 h. Analysis of the expression of both key-regulator genes of adipocyte metabolism and mitochondria- biogenesis markers was performed. Results:We found an increased gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), adiponectin, and proliferator- activated receptor gamma coactivator- 1 α (PGC- 1α) after a 24- h stimulation with vardenafil at the lowest concentration employed compared to controls (p<0.05). After 72 h of stimulation, a significant increase of mitochondrial DNA was found compared to control samples (p<0.05). Conclusion:Our data suggest that PDE-5 inhibition could have an impact on mitochondrial content of human AT suggesting a positive effect on energy metabolism and adding new elements in the comprehension of AT pathophysiology.

Published
2011
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47. A Prospective Evaluation of the Acute Effects of High Altitude on Cognitive and Physiological Functions in Lowlanders

Author

Marika Falla, Costanza Papagno, Tomas Dal Cappello, Anna Vögele, Katharina Hüfner, Jenny Kim, Elisabeth M. Weiss, Bernhard Weber, Martin Palma, Simona Mrakic-Sposta, Hermann Brugger, Giacomo Strapazzon, Falla, M, Papagno, C, Dal Cappello, T, Vogele, A, Hufner, K, Kim, J, Weiss, E, Weber, B, Palma, M, Mrakic-Sposta, S, Brugger, H, and Strapazzon, G

Subjects
Acute effects, medicine.medical_specialty, cognitive functions, Physiology, media_common.quotation_subject, Audiology, M-PSI/02 - PSICOBIOLOGIA E PSICOLOGIA FISIOLOGICA, Prospective evaluation, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Altitude, Physiology (medical), Medicine, QP1-981, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, 050102 behavioral science & comparative psychology, Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance, cognitive function, Original Research, media_common, Psychomotor learning, business.industry, 05 social sciences, Cognition, decision-making, Effects of high altitude on humans, speed-processing, attention, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Vigilance (psychology), altitude
Abstract

Cognitive function impairment due to high altitude exposure has been reported with some contradictory results regarding the possible selective cognitive domain involvement. We prospectively evaluated in 36 lowlanders, exposed for 3 consecutive days to an altitude of 3,269 m, specific cognitive abilities (attention, processing speed, and decision-making) required to safely explore the mountains, as well as to work at altitude. We simultaneously monitored the physiological parameters. Our study provides evidence of a reduced processing speed in lowlanders when exposed to altitude in the first 24 h. There was a fairly quick recovery since this impairment was no more detectable after 36 h of exposure. There were no clinically relevant effects on decision-making, while psychomotor vigilance was unaffected at altitude except for individuals with poor sleep. Significant changes were seen in physiological parameters (increased heart rate and reduced peripheral oxygen saturation). Our results may have practical implications, suggesting that individuals should practice prudence with higher ascent when performing risky activities in the first 24–36 h, even at altitudes below 3,500 m, due to an impairment of the cognitive performance that could worsen and lead to accidents.

Published
2021
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48. Protective effects of different exercise modalities on oxidative stress in animal models of high intraocular pressure and diabetes.

Author

Piazza SNDS, Canteiro PB, Tramontin NDS, Strapazzon G, Andrade VM, and Muller AP

Abstract

High intraocular pressure (HIOP) and high glucose levels are associated with oxidative stress. Although physical exercise protects against oxidative damage, its specific impact on eye health remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to assess the impact of physical exercise on the oxidative status of whole eyes in male Swiss mice subjected to HIOP model and cafeteria diet (CD). In experiment one, mice were divided into sedentary, aerobic, and strength (four-week physical exercise) groups and subjected to an HIOP/ischemia model. In experiment two, mice were submitted to CD and voluntary physical exercise for 18 weeks, according to the following groups: sedentary control, sedentary CD, exercise control, and exercise CD. Experiment one revealed elevated 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) levels in aerobic group, which decreased in all groups after ischemia. Nitrite levels were decreased on strength than in sedentary group. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity did not change in all treatments. Although catalase (CAT) activity increased in aerobic and strength groups, and after ischemia in all groups. In experiment two, the sedentary CD group presented higher body weight than the other groups. DCFH levels were increased in the exercise control and reduced in the exercise CD compared with the other groups. CAT activity and sulfhydryl groups were decreased, while protein carbonylation was increased in the sedentary CD group compared with the other groups. Thus, these results suggested that physical exercise promoted antioxidant effects on eyes exposed to an HIOP model and CD., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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50. Drones reduce the time to defibrillation in a highly visited non-urban area: A randomized simulation-based trial.

Author

van Veelen MJ, Vinetti G, Cappello TD, Eisendle F, Mejia-Aguilar A, Parin R, Oberhammer R, Falla M, and Strapazzon G

Subjects
Humans, Male, Female, Adult, Time-to-Treatment, Emergency Medical Services methods, Manikins, Air Ambulances, Time Factors, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation methods, Simulation Training, Feasibility Studies, Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest therapy, Defibrillators, Cross-Over Studies, Electric Countershock methods
Abstract

Introduction: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has a high global incidence and mortality rate, with early defibrillation significantly improving survival. Our aim was to assess the feasibility of autonomous drone delivery of automated external defibrillators (AED) in a non-urban area with physical barriers and compare the time to defibrillate (TTD) with bystander retrieval from a public access defibrillator (PAD) point and helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) physician performed defibrillation., Methods: This randomized simulation-based trial with a cross-over design included bystanders performing AED retrievals either delivered by automated drone flight or on foot from a PAD point, and simulated HEMS interventions. The primary outcome was the time to defibrillation, with secondary outcomes comparing workload, perceived physical effort, and ease of use., Results: Thirty-six simulations were performed. Drone-delivered AED intervention had a significantly shorter TTD [2.2 (95 % CI 2.0-2.3) min] compared to PAD retrieval [12.4 (95 % CI 10.4-14.4) min] and HEMS [18.2 (95 % CI 17.1-19.2) min]. The self-reported physical effort on a visual analogue scale for drone-delivered AED was significantly lower versus PAD [2.5 (1 - 22) mm vs. 81 (65-99) mm, p = 0.02]. The overall mean workload measured by NASA-TLX was also significantly lower for drone delivery compared to PAD [4.3 (1.2-11.7) vs. 11.9 (5.5-14.5), p = 0.018]., Conclusion: The use of drones for automated AED delivery in a non-urban area with physical barriers is feasible and leads to a shorter time to defibrillation. Drone-delivered AEDs also involve a lower workload and perceived physical effort than AED retrieval on foot., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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