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Multiresolution strategies are commonly used in the nonrigid registration to avoid local minima in the optimization space. Generally, a step-by-step hierarchical approach is adopted, in which the registration starts on a level with reduced complexity (downsampled images, global transformations), then continuing to levels with increased complexity, until the finest level is reached. In this paper, we propose two alternative multiresolution strategies for both the data and transformation models, in which different resolution levels are considered simultaneously instead of subsequently. Through combining the different strategies for data and transformation, we systematically define 3×3 multiresolution schemes, including both existing and novel methods. Experiments on 10 pairs of computed tomography lung data sets showed that the best performing strategy resulted in a reduction of the upper quartile of the mean target registration error from 2 to 1.5 mm, compared with the conventionally hierarchical multiresolution method, while achieving smoother deformations. Experiments with intersubject registration of 18 3D T1-weighted MRI brain scans confirmed that simultaneous multiresolution strategies produce more accurate registration results (median of mean overlap increased from 0.55 to 0.57) and smoother deformation fields than the traditionally hierarchical method. Evaluation of robustness indicated that the largest differences in accuracy between methods are observed for structures with a relatively large initial misalignment.

Real-time three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging has been proposed as an alternative for two-dimensional stress echocardiography for assessing myocardial dysfunction and underlying coronary artery disease. Analysis of 3D stress echocardiography is no simple task and requires considerable expertise. In this paper, we propose methods for automated analysis, which may provide a more objective and accurate diagnosis. Expert knowledge is incorporated via statistical modelling of patient data. Methods for identifying anatomical views, detecting endocardial borders, and classification of wall motion are described and shown to provide favourable results. We also present software developed especially for analysis of 3D stress echocardiography in clinical practice. Interobserver agreement in wall motion scoring is better using the dedicated software (96%) than commercially available software not dedicated for this purpose (79%). The developed tools may provide useful quantitative and objective parameters to assist the clinical expert in the diagnosis of left ventricular function.