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This study has investigated the conceptual feasibility of a rocket propelled kinetic energy penetrator (KEP), designed for the handheld recoilless rifle Carl-Gustaf® 84 mm calibre system, from an exterior ballistics perspective. The methodology is based upon evaluating the aerodynamic properties of different conceptual design proposals through CFD-simulations and then performing trajectory analysis to assess their exterior ballistic performance. In particular, the main focus has been to optimize the stability, velocity and spin rate of the KEP. The results of the study indicates that the final chosen KEP design retains, from an aerodynamic perspective, longitudinal stability for Mach numbers up to 4.5, regardless if the rocket motor is ignited or not. Furthermore, if using NK1384 propellant, the final chosen design in the study is, according to the calculations, able to achieve a maximum velocity of 0.7⋅v_ref and retain a minimum velocity of 0.628⋅v_ref in the horizontal range of [0.318⋅x_ref,0.648⋅x_ref] measured from the shooter. In addition, the angular spin velocity achieves a maximum value of 15.5 Hz, satisfying the performance limitation of the rocket motor which only functions properly for frequencies up to 30 Hz, while simultaneously providing a sufficiently considered spin rate in order to average possible thrust and mass deviations of the KEP. The results also show that if using ammonium dinitramide (ADN) propellant, the KEP is able to achieve a maximum velocity of 0.786⋅v_ref, retain a minimum velocity of 0.628⋅v_ref in the horizontal range of [0.28⋅x_ref,0.98⋅x_ref] and achieve a maximum spin rate of 17.5 Hz. Den här studien har på ett konceptuellt plan undersökt om det är möjligt att konstruera en raketdriven kinetisk energi-pil (KE-pil), designad för det rekylfria Carl-Gustaf® 84 mm granatgeväret. Studiens metod grundade sig i att undersöka olika konceptuella designförslag och utvärdera deras aerodynamiska egenskaper genom CFD-simulationer för att sedan genomföra bansimuleringar och bedöma deras ytterballistiska prestanda. Framför allt fokuserades det på att optimera KE-pilens stabilitet, hastighet och rollvinkelfrekvens. Resultaten från studien indikerar att det ur ett aerodynamiskt perspektiv är möjligt att statiskt stabilisera KE-pilen för Machtal upp till 4.5, oavsett om raketmotorn är antänd eller ej. Vidare, vid implementering av NK1384-krut lyder prestandaspecifikationerna enligt följande för studiens slutgiltiga designförslag enligt genomförda beräkningar. Den maximalt uppnådda hastigheten är 0.7⋅v_ref och en minimumhastighet om 0.628⋅v_ref kan upprätthållas inom det horisontella intervallet [0.318⋅x_ref,0.648⋅x_ref ] räknat ifrån skytten. Vidare uppnås en maximal rollvinkelfrekvens på 15.5 Hz, vilket tillfredsställer raketmotorns prestandabegränsning om en maximal rollvinkelfrekvens på 30 Hz, samtidigt som detta är en god frekvens för att utjämna eventuella avvikelser från raketmotors avsedda massflödesriktning tillika avsedd massdistribution hos KE-pilen. Om krutet i stället byts ut till ammoniumdinitramid (ADN) kan en maximal hastighet om 0.786⋅v_ref uppnås, en minimumhastighet om 0.628⋅v_ref kan upprätthållas inom intervallet [0.28⋅x_ref,0.98⋅x_ref ] och den maximala rollfrekvensen är 17.5 Hz.

Around the world the implementation of the 5G mobile network is under way. With this latest generation of mobile data transfer comes many advantages compared to the previous generations. One tradeoff however is the reduced range of the transmitting radios due to the higher frequencies of the signal. One way to solve this is to place smaller radios closer to where the user is. This work studies one such radio and since it is cooled by fans and meant to be placed close to where people live and reside it is favorable to be able to reduce the noise transmitted to its surrounding. This work has therefor developed a proof of concept for a noise suppressing casing that accommodates three radios in order to reduce the total A-weighted sound power level that reaches its surrounding. This was done by using ducts with micro-perforated plates (MPPs) as a sound dampening element. To assist in the design process as well as to verify that placing the radios inside the casing did not raise the temperature of the radio’s component beyond acceptable levels a CFD-simulation was performed. The results of the CFD-simulations were also verified using an experiment where the radio’s temperature was recorded during different fan speeds. When measured, the casing lowered the total A-weighted sound power level of three radios by between 11.6 dB(A) and 14.2 dB(A) depending on the fan speed. The result of the thermal experiment show that the temperature was raised by between 2.8 °C and 5.9 °C depending on the fan speed, with higher fan speeds showing less difference when compared to the radio’s standalone performance. The results are deemed to show promise for the future use of casings fitted with Micro-perforated plates being used to reduce the noise transmitted by telecom radios. Runt om i världen pågår implementeringen av 5G-mobilnätet. Med den senaste generationens mobila dataöverföring kommer många nya fördelar jämfört med tidigare generationer. En nackdel är däremot den kortare räckvidden hos signalen på grund av den högre frekvens som sänds ut av radion. Ett sätt att kringgå detta är att placera mindre radior närmare där användaren befinner sig. Detta examensarbete utgår från en sådan radio och eftersom den kyls med fläktar och ska placeras nära där människor bor och vistas är det fördelaktigt att kunna sänka ljudet som når omgivningen. Därför har ett ljudisolerande hölje utvecklats med plats för tre telekomradior med syfte att sänka den totala A-vägda ljudeffektnivån som når dess omgivning. För att åstadkomma detta användes kanaler i kombination med mikroperforerade plåtar (MPPs) tillsammans som ett ljuddämpande element. Som ett verktyg i designprocessen och för att säkerställa att radions komponenter inte blev för varma gjordes en CFD-simulering. Resultatet av simuleringen verifierades även med ett experiment där temperaturen hos radions kylflänsar mättes under olika fläktvarvtal. När den totala A-vägda ljudeffektnivån mättes för höljet tillsammans med tre radior uppstod en sänkning med mellan 11,6 dB(A) och 14,2 dB(A) beroende på aktuellt fläktvarvtal. Resultatet från experimentet visade även att temperaturen på radions kylfläns höjdes med mellan 2,8 och 5,9 °C beroende på fläktvarvtal, med mindre skillnad för högre fläktvarvtal vid jämförelse med radions temperatur vid drift utan hölje. Resultaten anses visa på den goda potentialen av att använda höljen utrustade med mikroperforerade plåtar för att minska överfört ljud från telekomradior.

This thesis evaluates two variants of Volumeof fluid method, namely Piecewise Linear Interface Construction (PLIC) and Multidimensional Tangent of Hyperbola for Interface Capturing (MTHINC) used in two-fluid simulations for interface tracking.Simulations of a single rising bubble in different conditions are performed aimed to assess the accuracy of the methods, and to check their convergence with grid size. The results show that both methods demonstrate convergence with mesh refinement, while PLIC captures the transient part of rising process of bubble more accurately than MTHINC in 2D case. Denna avhandling utvärderar två varianter av metoden Volume of fluid för flerfas strömningar, nämligen Piecewise Linear Interface Construction (PLIC) och Multidimensional Tangent of Hyperbola for Interface Capturing (MTHINC) som används i tvåvätskesimuleringar för gränssnittsspårning.Simuleringar av en enda stigande bubbla under olika förhållanden utförs för att bedöma metodernas noggrannhet och för att kontrollera deras konvergens med gridsstorlek. Resultaten visar att båda metoderna visar konvergens med grid förfining, medan PLIC fångar den övergående delen av stigande bubbelprocess mer exakt än MTHINC i 2D-fall.

Background Nuclear reactors utilizing molten fuels rather than solid fuels show a massive advantage in energy yield, waste handling and safety features. The only successful reactor utilizing a molten fuel was called the ‘Molten Salt Reactor Experiment’ (MSRE), built and operated in the Oak Ridge national laboratory (ORNL) in Tennessee, U.S.A. during the 1960s. The molten salts in question are fluoride compounds under the name of “FLiBe”. In this thesis, the heat exchangers of the MSRE are modelled and simulated, with the aim to test whether current computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software and mathematical models can accurately predict molten salt heat transfer behaviour. Methods All programs used are open-source and/or free-access to facilitate open collaboration between researchers in this growing field. All models and findings produced in this thesis are free to use for future research. The program Onshape was used to draw CAD-models based on hand-drawn technical documents released by ORNL. Several programs, e.g., Simscale and Salome, were used to create high detailed meshes of the heat exchangers. The CFD software Simscale and OpenFOAM have been used to simulate the heat exchangers, using the 𝑘 − 𝜔 𝑆𝑆𝑇 Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence model to perform a multiregion conjugate heat transfer (CHT) analysis. The program Paraview has been used for all post-processing on the large datasets. Results A working toolchain with open-source programs for CFD has been identified. Highly detailed, full-scale and accurate CAD-drawings of the two heat exchangers have been produced. Models have been finely meshed, containing tens of millions of cells, with good quality measures. The simulations produced physically sound and valuable data: Great heat transfer predictive capability with high accuracy to the data presented by ORNL. Pressure data showed a consistent over-prediction with a factor of ~2. Possibility of error within the MSRE measurement. Conclusions CHT using modern turbulence methods work well for the intended purpose and can be used by industry to simulate molten salt heat transfer. Open-source programs perform well and can be used by researchers to share ideas and progress. Doubts around certain measurements from the MSRE, showing large uncertainties. Future projects have been outlined to continue the work performed in this thesis. Molten salt reactors show fantastic promise as an energy generation method and should be seriously considered for the future of clean, reliable energy.

I detta arbete har ett koncept utvecklats för en flödesmätningsmetod med en intern sensorkropp samt bibehållen flödeshastighet. Denna mätmetod består av en sensorkropp i ett flödeshus där mätningen av flödet utförs med hjälp av pitotrörsberäkningar. Två olika lösningar presenteras i detta arbete, där skillnaderna grundar sig i utformningen av sensorkroppen. Sensorkroppens tvärsnitt är liknande för båda lösningarna. Den ena lösningen är rotationssymmetrisk i centrum av röret medan den andra går från vägg till vägg centrerat i röret. För att åstadkomma bibehållen flödeshastighet så utfördes beräkningar för att modellera flödeshuset, så att flödets tvärsnittsarea motsvarade arean i röret utan sensorkropp. I dessa beräkningar ingick även att kompensera för ökade solida ytor, då dessa ytor skapar gränsskikt där flödets hastighet sänks. Jämförelser mellan arbetets genererade koncept och uppdragsgivarens nuvarande produkter utfördes. Jämförelsen resulterade i flera områden där arbetets koncept skulle kunna komplettera redan befintliga produkter. In this project a concept for flow measurement has been developed, where there is an internal sensor body as well as a constant flow speed. This measurement method consists of a sensor body in a flow housing where the flow measurement is done using conventional pitot tube calculations. Two different solutions are presented in this work, the differences between the two solutions are based on the design of the sensor body. The cross-section of the sensor body is similar for both solutions, but one solution is rotationally symmetrical while the other goes from wall to wall. Both sensor bodies are centered in the tube. To accomplish continuous flow speed, calculations were made to model the flow housing, so the cross-sectional area of the flow corresponded to the area of the tube without the sensor body. In these calculations a compensation factor for increased solid surface area were included, as this area creates a boundary layer that lowers the flow speed and changes based on the design of the sensor body. Comparisons between the concept in this project and the commissioner's current products were made. This comparison resulted in several areas where this projects concept could complement existing products.

Ett avloppssystems syfte är att avleda spillvatten med säkerhet för användaren, det är därför viktigt att den hydrauliska prestandan i systemet är garanterad för den avsedda tillämpningen. Spillvatteninstallationer i Sverige ska därför utföras korrekt enligt lagkraven i Plan- och bygglagen samt funktionskraven i Boverkets byggregler. Idag används riktlinjerna i svensk byggnorm SBN 80 och den svenska standarden SS-EN 12056-2 för dimensionering, dock har det observerats fekalier i duschens golvbrunn även fast att dessa riktlinjer har följts. Projektets frågeställning är därför: Varför hamnar fekalier i duschens golvbrunn? Projektet inleds med en litteraturstudie om den teoretiska bakgrunden av strömningsmekanik i cirkulära halvfyllda rör och befintliga studier på den hydrauliska prestandan i avloppssystem. För att besvara frågeställningen används en experimentell metod. Experimenten behandlar en undersökning av strömningsbild och bakspolning på två olika installationer som är dimensionerade enligt SBN 80. Det empiriska resultatet visade tydligt att positionen av förminskningen till anslutningsledning från duschbrunn har en stor betydelse för risken av bakspolning. Slutsatsen blev att en position i överkant på den liggande stamledningen ger en definitiv lösning för att stoppa bakspolningen helt. The purpose of a sewer system is to divert wastewater with safety for the user, therefore it is important that the hydraulic capacity of the system is guaranteed for the intended application. Wastewater installations in Sweden must therefore be installed correctly in accordance with the statutory requirements of the Planning and Building Act and the functional requirements of Boverket's building rules. Today, the guidelines in Swedish building standard SBN 80 and the Swedish standard SS-EN 12056-2 are used for constructing the installations, however, fecal have been observed in the shower well even though the guidelines have been followed. The project's question is therefore: Why does fecal appear in the shower well? The project begins with a literature study on the theoretical background of flow mechanics in circular semi-filled pipes and existing studies on the hydraulic capacity of the drainage system. An experimental method is used to answer the issue of the study. The experiments deal with a study of the flow pattern and the backflow on two different installations that are dimensioned according to SBN 80. The empirical result clearly showed that the position of the reduction to the shower well connection pipe is of great importance for the risk of backflow. The conclusion was that a position at the top of the horizontal pipe provides a definitive solution to stop the backflow completely.

The aim of this licentiate thesis is to investigate wind-turbines placed in a complex-terrain environment. This is done by studying the flow around small-scale wind-turbine models placed over a landscape model with hills, and by comparing the results with corresponding data obtained over a flat terrain model. The studied flow features include the wind-turbine wake development and the turbine performance under different conditions, the effects from wake interactions, the influence of the ambient turbulence levels and the influence from a complex topography. Wind-tunnel measurements have been performed using particle image velocimetry and hot-wire anemometry to measure the velocity field. Additionally, numerical simulations, based on RANS modelling and actuator-disc techniques, have been made to support the experimental data and to gain further knowledge about the investigated flow cases. The results reveal that the hills promote a downward wake deflection behind the turbines and enhance the wind-turbine wake diffusion. As a consequence of this, and with the flow acceleration introduced by the hills, an improved power performance is seen for turbines exposed to wake-interference effects. A correlation is observed between the turbulence levels present in the flow, and the magnitude to which the hill-induced flow gradients influence the wake: Stronger wake deflections due to the hills are seen when the wind-turbine wake is more diffused. This is for instance the case when the wake of two tandem turbines is studied, or when higher ambient turbulence levels are present in the wind tunnel. A good qualitative agreement is seen when comparing the experimental and numerical results. The simulation results further indicate that the hills give rise to modulations of the wind-turbine wake. It is shown that these modulations can be reasonably captured by means of wake-superposition techniques, given that a wake model with sufficient accuracy is chosen. Syftet med denna licentiatavhandling är att öka förståelsen om hur vindturbiner påverkas av en omgivande komplex terräng. Huvudsakligen betraktas luftströmningen kring småskaliga vindturbinsmodeller som placerats över en landskapsmodell med kullar. I tillägg görs jämförelser med resultat som erhållits då vindtubinerna placerats över en platt landskapsmodell. De studerade strömningsaspekterna inkluderar vindturbinernas vakutveckling och prestanda under olika förhållanden, inverkan från vakinteraktioner, inflytande från omgivande turbulensnivåer och inverkan från en komplex topografi. Vindtunnelmätningar har utf ̈orts där PIV och varmtrådsanemometri användes för att uppmäta hastighetsfält. I tillägg har numeriska simuleringar utförts baserade på RANS-modellering, där turbinens rotor beskrevs av en porös skiva. Simuleringarna gjordes som komplement till de experimentella mätresultaten för att få en ökad förståelse om de undersökta strömningsfallen. Resultaten från mätningarna och simuleringarna med kullar visar att terrängvariationerna främjar en nedåtgående vakförskjutning bakom turbinerna och ökar vindturbinernas vakdiffusion. Detta, i kombination med luftens acceleration över kullarna, resulterar i att en högre effektprestanda utvinns från en vindturbin vars inströmmande luftflöde störs av vaken från en framförliggande turbin. Vidare observeras kraftigare nedågående vakförskjutningar på grund av det kullriga landskapet då vindturbinsvakarna är mer diffunderade. Detta är exempelvis fallet då vaken bakom två turbiner placerade i en tandemkonfiguration studeras, eller när höga omgivande turbulensnivåer uppmäts i vindtunneln. En bra kvalitativ överensstämmelse kan ses mellan de experimentella och numeriska resultat som uppnås. Resultaten från simuleringarna indikerar dessutom att landskapet med kullar ger upphov till moduleringar av vindturbinens vak. Det visas att dessa moduleringar kan beskrivas någorlunda väl med hjälp av vaksuperpositionsmetoder, givet att en vakmodell med tillräckligt hög noggrannhet väljs. QC 20180122

Particle suspensions occur in many situations in nature and industry. In this master’s thesis, the motion of a single rigid spheroidal particle immersed in Stokes flow is studied numerically using a boundary integral method and a new specialized quadrature method known as quadrature by expansion (QBX). This method allows the spheroid to be massless or inertial, and placed in any kind of underlying Stokesian flow. A parameter study of the QBX method is presented, together with validation cases for spheroids in linear shear flow and quadratic flow. The QBX method is able to compute the force and torque on the spheroid as well as the resulting rigid body motion with small errors in a short time, typically less than one second per time step on a regular desktop computer. Novel results are presented for the motion of an inertial spheroid in quadratic flow, where in contrast to linear shear flow the shear rate is not constant. It is found that particle inertia induces a translational drift towards regions in the fluid with higher shear rate. Partikelsuspensioner förekommer i många sammanhang i naturen och industrin. I denna masteruppsats studeras rörelsen hos en enstaka stel sfäroidisk partikel i Stokesflöde numeriskt med hjälp av en randintegralmetod och en ny specialiserad kvadraturmetod som kallas quadrature by expansion (QBX). Metoden fungerar för masslösa eller tröga sfäroider, som kan placeras i ett godtyckligt underliggande Stokesflöde. En parameterstudie av QBX-metoden presenteras, tillsammans med valideringsfall för sfäroider i linjärt skjuvflöde och kvadratiskt flöde. QBX-metoden kan beräkna kraften och momentet på sfäroiden samt den resulterande stelkroppsrörelsen med små fel på kort tid, typiskt mindre än en sekund per tidssteg på en vanlig persondator. Nya resultat presenteras för rörelsen hos en trög sfäroid i kvadratiskt flöde, där skjuvningen till skillnad från linjärt skjuvflöde inte är konstant. Det visar sig att partikeltröghet medför en drift i sidled mot områden i fluiden med högre skjuvning.

Particle suspensions occur in many situations in nature and industry. In this master’s thesis, the motion of a single rigid spheroidal particle immersed in Stokes flow is studied numerically using a boundary integral method and a new specialized quadrature method known as quadrature by expansion (QBX). This method allows the spheroid to be massless or inertial, and placed in any kind of underlying Stokesian flow. A parameter study of the QBX method is presented, together with validation cases for spheroids in linear shear flow and quadratic flow. The QBX method is able to compute the force and torque on the spheroid as well as the resulting rigid body motion with small errors in a short time, typically less than one second per time step on a regular desktop computer. Novel results are presented for the motion of an inertial spheroid in quadratic flow, where in contrast to linear shear flow the shear rate is not constant. It is found that particle inertia induces a translational drift towards regions in the fluid with higher shear rate. Partikelsuspensioner förekommer i många sammanhang i naturen och industrin. I denna masteruppsats studeras rörelsen hos en enstaka stel sfäroidisk partikel i Stokesflöde numeriskt med hjälp av en randintegralmetod och en ny specialiserad kvadraturmetod som kallas quadrature by expansion (QBX). Metoden fungerar för masslösa eller tröga sfäroider, som kan placeras i ett godtyckligt underliggande Stokesflöde. En parameterstudie av QBX-metoden presenteras, tillsammans med valideringsfall för sfäroider i linjärt skjuvflöde och kvadratiskt flöde. QBX-metoden kan beräkna kraften och momentet på sfäroiden samt den resulterande stelkroppsrörelsen med små fel på kort tid, typiskt mindre än en sekund per tidssteg på en vanlig persondator. Nya resultat presenteras för rörelsen hos en trög sfäroid i kvadratiskt flöde, där skjuvningen till skillnad från linjärt skjuvflöde inte är konstant. Det visar sig att partikeltröghet medför en drift i sidled mot områden i fluiden med högre skjuvning.

I detta examensarbete studeras en ny konstruktion av en reversibel axialfläkt. Genom experimentella tester utvärderas olika utföranden av fläkthjul. De faktorer som varierar är utformning på nav och skovelbas samt skovelvinkel. Alla tester genomförs i AB Akron-maskiners testrigg som är upprättad efter ISO 5801. Navets utformning visar sig inte ha märkbar påverkan på prestandan. Förändringar i prestandan upptäcks när olika kombinationer av nav och skovelbas testas. Största skillnaden i verkningsgrad mellan bästa och sämsta nav/skovelbas kombination är ca 20 %. Det är av stort intresse att få tillgång till denna information eftersom en enklare utformning av nav möjliggör en större flexibilitet vid tillverkning. En övre gräns för största skovelvinkel beror delvis på uppkomsten av stallning men framför allt på begränsningar hos fläktens motor. Den minsta skovelvinkeln beror även den på motorstorlek. Prestandan förbättras om den radiella luftströmmen genom skovlarnas ihålighet blockeras. En blockering ger en ökning av verkningsgraden med 5–12 % och en minskning av ljudeffektnivån med 2-3 dB. För bästa prestanda ska utformningen på navet vara sfäriskt och skovelbasen krökt och formad efter navet. Detta är samma typ av nav som tillverkas idag. Största och minsta användbara skovelvinkel är 50° respektive 25° mot rotationsriktningen. In this thesis a new construction of a reversible axial flow fan is being studied. By performing experiments on different variants of a fan wheel an evaluation is done. Factors to be varied are the design of the hub and the blade base as well as blade angle. All tests is performed in a test rig established by AB Akron-maskiner. The test rig is constructed according to ISO 5801. Experiments show that the hub design itself does not have a significant impact on the performance. Changes in performance are detected when various combinations of hubs and blade base are tested. The greatest difference in efficiency between the best and worst hub/blade base combination is about 20%. It is of great interest to have access to this information because a simpler design of the hub allows greater flexibility in the manufacturing. An upper limit for the maximum blade angle is partly due to the appearance of stall but mainly the limitations of the fan motor. The minimum blade angle has also the result founding in engine size. The performance is improved if the radial airflow through the blades cavity is blocked. A blockage causes an increase in efficiency by 5-12% and a reduction in sound power level of 2-3 dB. For optimal performance, the design of the hub should be spherical and the blade base curved and shaped to the hub. This is the same type of hub that is produced today. Maximum and minimum useful blade angle is 50° and 25° to the rotation direction.

Load sensing pumps in hydraulic system of wheel loaders helps in increasing the energy efficiency of wheel loaders. Present day machines have hydro mechanical load sensing system. After the advent of hydro mechanical load sensing concept, over the years, lots of research has been carried out relevant to electro hydraulic load sensing, trying to control the pump electronically. Currently, Volvo Construction Equipments (VCE) is interested in investigating the possibility of implementing electro hydraulic load sensing system in the wheel loaders. Research works has shown existence of several configurations of electro hydraulic load sensing pumps. Successful simulation results of an electro hydraulic load sensing pump configuration would provide a backing for the proposal of building and testing that configuration of electro hydraulic load sensing pump prototype. Also, the thesis work aims in benchmarking hydraulic system simulation capabilities of AMESim and GT- Suite by simulating the existing hydro mechanical load sensing system in both in both the simulation packages. The thesis work has been carried out at Virtual Product Development (VPD) division of Volvo Construction Equipments (VCE), Eskilstuna, Sweden.

Non-conformances are effects related to the difference between the nominal design of an aircraft engine component and the finished manufactured product. At the aerothermodynamics department at Volvo Aero, a number of definitions are used to classify the non-conformances and their impact on the engine performance.The main objective of this thesis has been to validate the defined definitions limits for local non-conformances (bumps) positioned on the outlet guide vanes of a turbine rear frame, using CFD, and derive a correlation for calculation the drag coefficient of the bumps. The project was divided into two parts; a flat plate analysis and a real geometry analysis. The definition of a local non-conformance is based on the height of the bumps in relation to the boundary layer thickness at that location. The flow over a flat plate has been studied with and without bumps at a wide range of Reynolds numbers to see how different bump sizes affects the shape and size of the boundary layer. The added drag to the plate due to the presence of the bumps has been calculated and compared to the bump-free cases to see if a correlation was possible to derive. From the flat plate simulations it was found that the lower limit of 10 % and the upper limit of 99 % of the defined borders are valid. The lower limit can however be rectified due to an increase of just 11 % of the boundary layer thickness for bumps with a height of 40 %. A correlation was derived that calculates the drag coefficient of the bumps with an error of ± 5 % between the correlation calculation and the CFD results.The real geometries that were analyzed were representative of the regular vanes and mount vanes of a turbine rear frame. The boundary layer thickness has been calculated for both nominal vanes and for vanes with non-conformances (bumps) to determine the effect of the bumps on the boundary layer and if it’s possible to compare the results with the flat plate. The boundary layer thickness on the suction peak was found to be 3.1 mm on the regular vane and 3.3 mm on the mount vane. However, the method used for calculating the boundary layer thickness was found to be unstable when the flow over the vane separates. The only cases that are separation free are the 1 mm bumps, which are located at a height of 32 % of the nominal boundary layer thickness on the regular vane and 30 % on the mount vane. The increase in boundary layer thickness differs from the flat plate results and a detailed analysis on how the thickness is calculated needs to be performed. The correlation was tested on the 1 mm bumps and the drag coefficient calculated to be 0.285 on the regular vane and 0.275 on the mount vane. This can be compared to a drag coefficient of 0.25 calculated at the department using a similar geometry and another method. However, the correlation needs to be compared with other real geometry bump sizes to be considered fully validated. Validerat; 20110913 (anonymous)

Throughout recent years, computer based programs has been applied to solve and analyze industrial problems. One of these developed programs is the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program. The purpose of implementing CFD analysis is to solve complex flow behavior which is not possible with ordinary calculus. The extensive application of CFD in the industry is a result of improved commercial CFD codes in terms of more advance partial differential equations (PDE) describing various physical phenomena, CAD and mesh-grid generating tools and improved graphical user interfaces (GUI). Today, CFD usage has extended to fields such as aerodynamic, chemical process engineering, biomedical engineering and drying technology. As there is an on-going expansion of CFD usages in the industry, certain issues need to be addressed as they are frequently encountered. The general demand for simulation of larger control volumes and more advanced flow processes result in extensive requirement of computer resources. Numerous complex flow topics today require computer cluster networks which are not accessible for every company. The second issue is the implementation of commercial CFD codes in minor industrial companies is utilized as a black box based on the knowledge on fluid mechanic theory. A vital part of the simulation process is the evaluation of data through visual analysis of flow patterns, analysis on the sensitivity of the mesh grid, investigation of quantitative parameters such as pressure loss, velocity, turbulence intensity etc. Moreover, increased partnerships between industry and the academic world involving various CFD based design processes generally yields to a verbal communication interface which is a crucial step in the process given the fact of the level of dependency between both sides. The aim of this thesis is to present methods of CFD analysis based on these issues. In paper I, a heuristically determined design process of the geometry near the front trap door of an internal duct system was achieved by implementing the CFD code COMSOL MultiPhysics as a communication tool. The design process was established by two counterparts in the project in which CFD calculations and geometry modifications were conducted separately. Two design criteria presenting the pressure drop in duct and the outflow uniformity was used to assess geometry modifications conducted by a CAD-engineer. The geometry modifications were based on visual results of the flow patterns. The geometry modifications confirmed an improvement in the geometry as the pressure drop was reduced with 23% and the uniformity was increased with 3%. In paper II, volume-averaged equations were implemented in a tube-fin heat exchanger in order to simulate airflow. Focus was on achieving a correct volume flow rate and pressure drop (V-p) correlation. The volume averaged model (VAM) is regarded as a porous medium in which the arrangement of fins and tube bundles are replaced with volume-averaged equations. Hence, the computational time was reduced significantly for the VAM model. Moreover, experimental results of the (V-p) correlation showed good agreement with the VAM model.

Loads determination for external stores on fighter aircraft is an important task for manufacturers in ensuring the safe operation of their aircraft. Due to the large number of possible store combinations, wind tunnel tests – the primary approach to obtaining loads data – cannot be performed for all configurations. Instead, supplementary techniques to estimating loads are necessary. One approach is to use information from another store and adapt it, using so-called scaling methods, to the non-tested store. In this thesis, a scaling method combining the results of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, for both a non-tested and a reference store, with existing wind tunnel data for the reference store, is thoroughly examined for a number of different stores, angles of attack, sideslip angles and Mach numbers. The performance of the proposed scaling method is assessed in relation to currently used scaling methods, using non-parametric and multivariate statistics. The results show no definitive improvement in performance for the proposed scaling method over the current methods. Although the proposed method is slightly more conservative, considerable variability in the estimates and an increased time consumption for scaling leads the author to advise against using the proposed method for scaling aerodynamic loads on external stores. Lastbestämning för yttre utrustning på stridsflygplan är en viktig uppgift för att tillverkarna ska kunna garantera säkerheten för sina flygplan. Då antalet möjliga utrustningskombinationer är mycket stort, kan inte vindtunneltester – normalt den främsta metoden för att erhålla lastdata – utföras för alla konfigurationer. Således behövs kompletterande metoder för att skatta laster. Ett alternativ är att använda data från en annan utrustning och anpassa den, med hjälp av så kallade skalningsmetoder, till den icke-testade utrustningen. I detta examensarbete behandlas en skalningsmetod som kombinerar resultaten från numeriska strömningsberäkningar – så kallade CFD-simuleringar – för både en testad och en icke-testad utrustning med befintliga vindtunneldata för den testade utrustningen. Metoden undersöks grundligt för ett antal olika utrustningar, anfallsvinklar, sidanblåsningsvinklar och Machtal. Prestandan hos den föreslagna skalningsmetoden utvärderas i relation till nu använda skalningsmetoder, baserat på icke-parametrisk och multivariat statistik. Resultaten visar inga definitiva förbättringar av prestanda för den föreslagna skalningsmetoden jämfört med de nuvarande metoderna. Även om den föreslagna metoden är något mer konservativ, så föranleder betydande variationer i skattningar och en ökad tidsåtgång för skalning författaren att avråda från att använda den föreslagna metoden för skalning av luftlaster på yttre utrustning.

In the development of turbo machinery components it's desirable to not spend more time than necessary when setting up aero-thermal calculations to investigate uncertainties in the design. This report aims to describe general thoughts used in the development of an ICEM-mesh script and the possible configurations in the script file which enables the user to build mesh-grids with/without clearance gap at the hub and/or shroud for different blade geometries. It also aims to illustrate the performance analysis made on the Vinci LH2 turbine, a next generation upper stage engine to the Ariane 5 rocket, in which the effect of the tip gap size on the efficiency has been studied. The calculations made have shown good agreement with experimental data. The efficiency loss due to the mixing of fluid where leakage flow passes the tip gap, which results in growth of a strong vortex, and the fluid passing the blade tip, with almost no work extracted from it, has shown a quite linear efficiency dependence depending on the tip gap size.

The purpose of this thesis for Sapa Heat Transfer is to examine a furnace in which aluminium is pre-heated before hot rolling. The project is modeled in a computer environment in which the air flow in the furnace and the heat transfer to the aluminium solids are included. The computer environment and its governing equations, as well as boundary conditions and generalizations, are presented and explained. The simulations are based on two models. The first model has an asymmetric solid placement, which is how it looks in today's ovens. It is validated against collected data. The second model has a symmetric solid placement, in which improvements are introduced and evaluated. The results indicate that a symmetric positioning of metal solids in the oven is preferable in order to achieve a good airflow distribution. The use of plates has been proven useful for steering the air to critial areas and to get an even distribution of the airflow. Lastly the simulations indicate that an increased airflow can compensate the less optimal flow distribution that arises with asymmetric solid placements.

Wind power is a renewable energy source that is today the fastest growing solution to reduce CO2 emissions in the electric energy mix. Upwind horizontal axis wind turbine with three blades has been the preferred technical choice for more than two decades. This horizontal axis concept is today widely leading the market. The current PhD thesis will cover an alternative type of wind turbine with straight blades and rotating along the vertical axis. A brief overview of the main differences between the horizontal and vertical axis concept has been made. However the main focus of this thesis is the aerodynamics of the wind turbine blades. Making aerodynamically efficient turbines starts with efficient blades. Making efficient blades requires a good understanding of the physical phenomena and effective simulations tools to model them. The specific aerodynamics for straight bladed vertical axis turbine flow are reviewed together with the standard aerodynamic simulations tools that have been used in the past by blade and rotor designer. A reasonably fast (regarding computer power) and accurate (regarding comparison with experimental results) simulation method was still lacking in the field prior to the current work. This thesis aims at designing such a method. Analytical methods can be used to model complex flow if the geometry is simple. Therefore, a conformal mapping method is derived to transform any set of section into a set of standard circles. Then analytical procedures are generalized to simulate moving multibody sections in the complex vertical flows and forces experienced by the blades. Finally the fast semi analytical aerodynamic algorithm boosted by fast multipole methods to handle high number of vortices is coupled with a simple structural model of the rotor to investigate potential aeroelastic instabilities. Together with these advanced simulation tools, a standard double multiple streamtube model has been developed and used to design several straight bladed rotor ranging from 2 kW to 20 kW. Felaktigt tryckt som Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 704

Med stigande elpriser har det blivit allt viktigare att effektivisera processer som använder sig av elektricitet. Ett område inom pappers- och massaindustrin med stora möjligheter till besparing av elenergi är pumpning. I ett tidigare projekt genomfört av värmeforsk har ett Excelbaserat program för att analysera hela system av pumpar och förbrukare tagits fram. Programmet heter PumpAnalys och med hjälp av detta skall onödigt höga tryck och onödiga strypningar i system gå att visualisera på ett enkelt sätt. Systemet som analyserat är det såkallade sekundärvärmesystemet vid Iggesunds Bruk, vilket har till uppgift att tillvarata värme från terpentin- och tunnlutsflöden. Den största besparingspotentialen har inte bestått i resultat från PumpAnalys utan i de låga verkningsgraderna (28-65%) hos de pumpar som ingår i systemet. Diagrammet i figur 1 visar energiåtgången i systemet i nuläget samt efter de tre olika effektiviseringsförslagen som tagits fram. Mellan nuläget och förslag 1 har enbart nya pumpar med bättre verkningsgrader föreslagits medan det i förslag 2 och 3 finns med trycksänkning hos startpumpen samt montering av fler pumpar. Skillnaden i besparing mellan förslag 1 och 2 är marginell trots att en extra tryckförstärkarpump monterats. I förslag 3 ger två extra tryckförstärkarpumpar upphov till ytterligare besparing. Om Effektiviseringsförslag 3 genomförs blir besparingen 612 MWh/år, vilket motsvarar ca 50 % av nuvarande energianvändning i systemet. Denna besparing motsvarar ca 305 000 kr/år. Dock står tryckförändringen endast för ca 131 MWh/år (ca 20 %) av besparingen medan förbättrade verkningsgrader hos pumparna står för resterande besparing. På grund av den extra kostnad som inköp av ytterligare två tryckförstärkarpumpar i förslag 3 åstadkommer är det främst på förslag 1 som fokus för genomförande bör vara. With rising electricity prices, it has become more important to increase efficiency of processes that use electricity. A place in the pulp and paper industry with high potential for saving of electric energy is pumping. In a previous project conducted by värmeforsk has an excel-based program to analyze systems of pumps and consumers been developed. The program is called PumpAnalys and by using this program it’s possible to visualize excessive and unnecessary pressure throttling in the system in a simple manner. The analyzed system is the so-called secondary heat system at Iggesunds bruk, which is used for recycling heat from turpentine and black liquor flows. The biggest savings have not been a result from PumpAnalys but from the low efficiency (28-65%) of the pumps included in the system. The diagram in Figure 1 shows the energy consumed in the system at present and after the three different efficiency increasing recommendations. The only difference between the present situation and suggestion 1 is that new pumps with better efficiencies have been installed instead of the old ones. In suggestion 2 and 3 the pressure differences over the pumps has been altered and more pumps have been installed. The difference between suggestions 1 and 2 is marginal, despite the extra booster pump. Two additional booster pumps in suggestion 3 cause additional savings. If efficiency suggestion 3 will be implemented it will save 612 MWh / year, representing about 50% of current energy use in the system. This saving is equivalent to approximately 305 000 SEK / year. However, pressure alteration only stands for about 131 MWh / year (about 20%) of savings while the improved efficiencies of pumps account for the rest. As a result of the additional cost of purchasing two additional booster pumps in suggestion three, the focus should be mainly on suggestion one.

The purpose of this thesis for Sapa Heat Transfer is to examine a furnace in which aluminium is pre-heated before hot rolling. The project is modeled in a computer environment in which the air flow in the furnace and the heat transfer to the aluminium solids are included. The computer environment and its governing equations, as well as boundary conditions and generalizations, are presented and explained. The simulations are based on two models. The first model has an asymmetric solid placement, which is how it looks in today's ovens. It is validated against collected data. The second model has a symmetric solid placement, in which improvements are introduced and evaluated. The results indicate that a symmetric positioning of metal solids in the oven is preferable in order to achieve a good airflow distribution. The use of plates has been proven useful for steering the air to critial areas and to get an even distribution of the airflow. Lastly the simulations indicate that an increased airflow can compensate the less optimal flow distribution that arises with asymmetric solid placements.

In modern gas turbines parts of combustion chamber and turbine section are under heavy heat load, for example, the rotor inlet temperature is far higher than the melting point of the rotor blade material. These high temperatures causes thermal stresses in the material, therefore it is very important to cool the components for safe operation and to achieve desired component life. But on the other hand the cooling reduces the turbine efficiency, for that reason it is vital to understand and optimize the cooling technique. In this project Thermochromic Liquid Crystals (TLCs) are used to measure distribution of heat transfer coefficient over a scaled up combustor liner section. TLCs change their color with the variation of temperature in a particular temperature range. The color-temperature change relation of a TLC is sharp and precise; therefore TLCs are used to measure surface temperature by painting the TLC over a test surface. This method is called Liquid Crystal Thermography (LCT). LCT is getting popular in industry due to its high-resolution results, repeatability and ease of use. Test model in present study consists of two plates, target plate and impingement plate. Cooling of the target plate is achieved by impingement of air coming through holes in the impingement plate. The downstream surface of the impingement plate is then cooled by cross flow and re-impingement of the coolant air. Heat transfer on the target plate is not uniform; areas under the jet which are called stagnation points have high heat transfer as compare to the areas away from the center of jet. It is almost the same situation for the impingement plate but the location of stagnation point is different. A transient technique is used to measure this non-uniform heat transfer distribution. It is assumed that the plates are semi-infinitely thick and there is no lateral heat transfer in the plates. To fulfill the assumptions a calculated time limit is followed and the test plates are made of Plexiglas which has very low thermal conductivity. The transient technique requires a step-change in the mainstream temperature of the test section. However, in practical a delayed increase in mainstream temperature is attained. This issue is dealt by applying Duhamel’s theorem on the step-change heat transfer equation. MATLAB is used to get the Hue data of the recorded video frames and calculate the time taken for each pixel to reach a predefined surface temperature. Having all temperatures and time values the heat transfer equation is iteratively solved to get the value of heat transfer coefficient of each and every pixel of the test surface. In total fifteen tests are conducted with different Reynolds number and different jet-to-target plate distances. It is concluded that for both the target and impingement plates, a high Reynolds number provides better overall heat transfer and increase in jet-to-target distance decreases the overall heat transfer.

The MUSCL-Hancock finite volume method with different slope limiters has been analyzed in the context of a fast transient flow problem. A derivation and analysis of the axial forces inside a pipe system due to a flow transient is also performed. The following slope limiters were implemented and compared: MC, van Leer, van Albada, Minmod and Superbee. The comparison was based on the method's ability to calculate the forces due to a flow transient inside a pipe system. The tests and comparisons in this thesis show that the MC, van Leer, van Albada and Minmod limiters behave very much the same for the flow transient problem. If one would rank these four limiters with respect to the numerical error, the order would be the one presented above, the MC limiter being the most accurate. The error the four limiters produce is mainly of diffusive nature and it is just the magnitude of the diffusion that seems to differ between the methods. One should also note that the workload rank of the four limiters is the same as the order presented above. The MC limiter being the least efficient of the four and the Minmod limiter the most efficient. In most of the tests performed the Superbee limiter display a rather negative unpredictable behavior. For some relatively simple cases this particular approach shows big difficulties maintaining the dynamical properties of the force. However, the upside of the Superbee limiter is its remarkable ability to maintain the maximum value of the forces present in the pipe system, preventing underestimation of the maximum magnitude of the force.

Volvo Construction Equipment is a world leading company in construction machinery. Tomaintain the best products, development is prioritized. The master thesis regards sound reductionof the hydraulic system on a wheel loader. The background to the master thesis is asimulation made on the hydraulic system, performed autumn 2005. The result of the simulationshows that the energy of the pressure ripple is reduced when the paralleled hydraulicpumps are phase shifted and reduces each others pump pulsations. The aim of the masterthesis is to investigate if the reduction in pulsations also reduces the hydraulic sound.The test has been made on a wheel loader, model L180F, by measuring the pressure pulsationsin the hydraulic system and sound in the drivers cabin. The machine is equipped withtwo nine pistons hydraulic pumps in parallel to the main hydraulic actuators. The measurementshas been made when the sound is highest from the hydraulic system, which is whenthe lifting cylinders has maximum speed. The measurements has been made for differentangels in a range from 0 to 16 degrees phase shift.The result of the master thesis shows that the pulsations in the hydraulic system is reducedbut the sound does not improve with reduced pulsations. The cause to the resultshould be that the pulsations can not be reduced in the entire hydraulic system. The partof the hydraulic system that can not be affected is close to the drivers cabin floor and hastherefor a big contribution to the sound level in the cabin.Volvo is not recommended to introduce the concept because the lack of result in the soundreduction. The result are very dependent of the engine speed, the temperature and the systempressure which make the concept inappropriate for sound and pressure reduction in a wheelloader application. A recommendation is to investigate the possibility of a pulsation attenuatorafter each of the paralleled hydraulic pumps to reduce the pressure ripple in the wholehydraulic system and the hydraulic sound. Another suggestion for investigation is the possibilityto introduce damped attachment points for the hydraulic components to minimizetransmission of vibration to the main structure.

The objective of this thesis work was to construct and implement an algorithm into the programADAPDT to calculate the zero-lift drag profile for defined aircraft geometries. ADAPDT, shortfor AeroDynamic Analysis and Preliminary Design Tool, is a program that calculates forces andmoments about a flat plate geometry based on potential flow theory. Zero-lift drag will becalculated by means of different hand-book methods found suitable for the objective andapplicable to the geometry definition that ADAPDT utilizes. Drag has two main sources of origin: friction and pressure distribution, all drag acting on theaircraft can be traced back to one of these two physical phenomena. In aviation drag is dividedinto induced drag that depends on the lift produced and zero-lift drag that depends on the geometry of the aircraft. How reliable and accurate the zero-lift drag computations are depends on the geometry data thatcan be extracted and used. ADAPDT‟s geometry definition is limited to flat plate geometrieshowever although simple it has the potential to provide a huge amount of data and also delivergood results for the intended use. The flat plate representation of the geometry proved to beleast sufficient for the body while wing elements could be described with much more accuracy. Different empirical hand-book methods were used to create the zero-lift drag algorithm. Whenchoosing equations and formulas, great care had to be taken as to what input was required sothat ADAPDT could provide the corresponding output. At the same time the equations shouldnot be so basic that level of accuracy would be compromised beyond what should be expectedfrom the intended use. Finally, four well known aircraft configurations, with available zero-lift drag data, weremodeled with ADAPDT‟s flat plate geometry in order to validate, verify and evaluate the zeroliftdrag algorithm‟s magnitude of reliability. The results for conventional aircraft geometriesprovided a relative error within 0-15 % of the reference data given in the speed range of zero toMach 1.2. While for an aircraft with more complicated body geometry the error could go up to40 % in the same speed regime. But even though the limited geometry is grounds foruncertainties the final product provides ADAPDT with very good zero-lift drag estimationcapability earlier not available. A capability that overtime as ADAPDT continues to evolve hasthe potential to further develop in terms of improved accuracy. Målet med detta examensarbete var att skapa och implementera en algoritm som införmöjligheten att beräkna nollmotstånd för givna flygplansgeometrier i programmet ADAPDT.ADAPDT, kort för AeroDynamic Analysis and Preliminary Design Tool, är ett program som,baserat på potential strömnings teori, beräknar krafter och moment på en geometri uppbyggd avplana plattor. Nollmotståndet kommer att baseras en kombination av handboksmetoder somfunnits lämpliga och applicerbara på geometridefinitionen given i ADAPDT. Motstånd har sitt ursprung i två fysikaliska fenomen: friktion och tryckfördelning, ur vilka alltmotstånd som agerar på ett flygplan härrör. Inom flyget delar man in motståndet ilyftkraftsberoende inducerat motstånd samt geometriberoende nollmotstånd. Hur pålitliga och noggranna motståndsberäkningarna kan förväntas vara beror på mängdengeometriska data som finns att tillgå. ADAPDT:s geometridefinition är begränsad till planaplattor men trots detta finns potential att leverera stora mängder data och resultat med rimlignoggrannhet. Plan plattgeometrin visade sig, för kroppsgeometrin, väldigt begränsad ochotillräcklig medan ving element kunde beskrivas med större noggrannhet. En rad olika empiriska handboksmetoder användes för att skapa nollmotståndsalgoritmen. Vidvalet av formler och ekvationer var det viktigt att välja sådana som ADAPDT kunde försetillräckligt med data till. Samtidigt fick formlerna inte vara alltför simpla så att måttet avnoggrannhet i resultaten vart alltför låg mot för vad som, för ändamålet, är förväntat. Slutligen valdes fyra kända flygplan, med nollmotståndsdata tillgängligt, att modeleras medADAPDT:s plan plattgeometri för att validera, verifiera och utvärdera algoritmens mått avtillförlitlighet. Resultaten för mer konventionella flygplanskonfigurationer visade på ett relativtfel mellan 0-15 % mot de givna referensflygplanens nollmotståndsdata inom hastigheterna 0 tillMach 1,2. För mer komplicerade konfigurationer steg det relativa felet omedelbart upp mot 40% inom samma hastighetsregim. Men även om den begränsade geometridefinitionen iADAPDT är grunden för mycket osäkerheter förser den slutliga produkten ändå programmetmed en väldigt god möjlighet till skattning av nollmotståndet som inte tidigare fanns. Enmöjlighet som över tid, allteftersom ADAPDT forstätter att utvecklas, har all potential till attförbättras med avseende på noggrannhet och tillförlitlighet.

För ett genomsnittligt småhus i Sverige idag går ca 5000 kWh till hushållsel. Av dessa 5000 kWh går 7% till att driva diskmaskiner. Effektiviseringen av diskmaskiner har framförallt strävat efter en låg vatten- och energianvändning, en kort processtid samt en effektiv rening av disken. Det finns dock gränser för hur effektiva diskmaskinerna kan göras med traditionell teknik. Därför har producenter under de senaste åren börjat se sig om efter mindre traditionella metoder som till exempel bruket av en värmepump för att få ned energiförbrukningen. Syftet med det här examensarbetet har varit att ta fram systemlösningar för värmepump i diskmaskin samt att utvärdera energibesparingspotentialen i denna tillämpning. Målet har varit att ta fram och beskriva de möjliga systemlösningar som uppstår vid en idégenerering. Att välja ut två lösningar för närmare undersökning, att bestämma en lämplig kompressoreffekt samt att beräkna energibesparingen dessa lösningar ger. En litteraturstudie har gjorts av teknik och tillämpningar inom området, som till exempel värmeväxlaranvändning i diskmaskiner samt användandet av värmepumpar i andra vitvaror. Denna litteraturstudie följdes upp av en idégenerering, som tar hänsyn till möjliga värmekällor och –sänkor. Idégenereringen gav upphov till två systemlösningar som modellerades i MATLABs Simulink för att en lämplig kompressoreffekt och storleken på energibesparingen skulle bestämmas. De två utvalda lösningarna ifrån idégenereringen var utomhusluftlösningen, där värme hämtas från uteluften och energilagerlösningen, där värme hämtas ur ett energilager. I båda lösningarna överförs värmen till det kalla ingående vattnet. Energiåtgången för utomhusluftlösningen var beroende av köldmediets förångningstemperatur och modellering av lösningen visade att energiåtgången var 0,25 kWh vid en förångningstemperatur på -10°C, och 0,18 kWh vid 5°C. Vid modellering av energilagerlösningen påvisades en energiåtgång på 0,23 kWh. Slutsatsen som drogs var att kompressorn vid energilagerlösningen skall leverera en effekt på 240 W till köldmediet. For an average detached house in Sweden today about 5000 kWh are used for household electricity. Of these 5000 kWh 7% are used to run dishwashers. The streamlining of dishwashers has above all strived for a lower water and energy use, a short process time along with a more efficient cleaning of the dishes. There are however limits for how efficient the dishwashers can be made with traditional technology and acceptable costs. Therefore producers have, during recent years, started looking for less traditional methods, for example the use of a heat pump to reduce the energy use. The purpose of this examination work has been to find system solutions for an application of a heat pump in a dishwasher and to evaluate the possible energy saving for each solution. The goal has been to find and describe possible system solutions, which came up during the idea generation. To choose some of these for a closer investigation, to decide a fitting mechanical power for the compressor and to calculate the energy saving these solutions give rise to. The method has consisted of a literature study, an idea generation, which takes the heat sources and sinks in consideration and a modelling in MATLAB’s Simulink of the selected solutions from the idea generation, which has been used to fit a mechanical power for the compressor. The result of the idea generation was two solutions, an outdoor air solution, which collects heat from the outdoor air and gives it to the cold water which enters the machine and a energy storage solution, which collect heat from a heat stock to give to the cold entering water. A modelling of these show an energy usage of 0,24 respectively 0,17 kWh for the outdoor air solution, with a heat source temperature at 10 °C respectively 5°C and a energy usage of 0,22 kWh for the energy storage solution for one round. The conclusion that was drawn was that the compressor of the energy storage solution should deliver a mechanical power of 240 W to the refrigerant.

För ett genomsnittligt småhus i Sverige idag går ca 5000 kWh till hushållsel. Av dessa 5000 kWh går 7% till att driva diskmaskiner. Effektiviseringen av diskmaskiner har framförallt strävat efter en låg vatten- och energianvändning, en kort processtid samt en effektiv rening av disken. Det finns dock gränser för hur effektiva diskmaskinerna kan göras med traditionell teknik. Därför har producenter under de senaste åren börjat se sig om efter mindre traditionella metoder som till exempel bruket av en värmepump för att få ned energiförbrukningen. Syftet med det här examensarbetet har varit att ta fram systemlösningar för värmepump i diskmaskin samt att utvärdera energibesparingspotentialen i denna tillämpning. Målet har varit att ta fram och beskriva de möjliga systemlösningar som uppstår vid en idégenerering. Att välja ut två lösningar för närmare undersökning, att bestämma en lämplig kompressoreffekt samt att beräkna energibesparingen dessa lösningar ger. En litteraturstudie har gjorts av teknik och tillämpningar inom området, som till exempel värmeväxlaranvändning i diskmaskiner samt användandet av värmepumpar i andra vitvaror. Denna litteraturstudie följdes upp av en idégenerering, som tar hänsyn till möjliga värmekällor och –sänkor. Idégenereringen gav upphov till två systemlösningar som modellerades i MATLABs Simulink för att en lämplig kompressoreffekt och storleken på energibesparingen skulle bestämmas. De två utvalda lösningarna ifrån idégenereringen var utomhusluftlösningen, där värme hämtas från uteluften och energilagerlösningen, där värme hämtas ur ett energilager. I båda lösningarna överförs värmen till det kalla ingående vattnet. Energiåtgången för utomhusluftlösningen var beroende av köldmediets förångningstemperatur och modellering av lösningen visade att energiåtgången var 0,25 kWh vid en förångningstemperatur på -10°C, och 0,18 kWh vid 5°C. Vid modellering av energilagerlösningen påvisades en energiåtgång på 0,23 kWh. Slutsatsen som drogs var att kompressorn vid energilagerlösningen skall leverera en effekt på 240 W till köldmediet. For an average detached house in Sweden today about 5000 kWh are used for household electricity. Of these 5000 kWh 7% are used to run dishwashers. The streamlining of dishwashers has above all strived for a lower water and energy use, a short process time along with a more efficient cleaning of the dishes. There are however limits for how efficient the dishwashers can be made with traditional technology and acceptable costs. Therefore producers have, during recent years, started looking for less traditional methods, for example the use of a heat pump to reduce the energy use. The purpose of this examination work has been to find system solutions for an application of a heat pump in a dishwasher and to evaluate the possible energy saving for each solution. The goal has been to find and describe possible system solutions, which came up during the idea generation. To choose some of these for a closer investigation, to decide a fitting mechanical power for the compressor and to calculate the energy saving these solutions give rise to. The method has consisted of a literature study, an idea generation, which takes the heat sources and sinks in consideration and a modelling in MATLAB’s Simulink of the selected solutions from the idea generation, which has been used to fit a mechanical power for the compressor. The result of the idea generation was two solutions, an outdoor air solution, which collects heat from the outdoor air and gives it to the cold water which enters the machine and a energy storage solution, which collect heat from a heat stock to give to the cold entering water. A modelling of these show an energy usage of 0,24 respectively 0,17 kWh for the outdoor air solution, with a heat source temperature at 10 °C respectively 5°C and a energy usage of 0,22 kWh for the energy storage solution for one round. The conclusion that was drawn was that the compressor of the energy storage solution should deliver a mechanical power of 240 W to the refrigerant.

The thesis is based in a constructed light vehicle that must be improved by adding a hydraulic energy recovery system. This vehicle named as TrecoLiTH, participated in the Formula Electric and Hybrid competition (Formula EHI) 2009 in Italy -Rome- and won several awards. This system consists in two hydraulic motors hub mounted which are used to store fluid at high pressure in an accumulator when braking. Through a valve the pressure will flow from the high pressure accumulator to the low pressure one, and consequently the vehicle will get extra acceleration. This thesis consists in finishing the assembly and testing it, as the main idea was already thought and some of the necessary parts were acquired before. Firstly, a quick overview of the bike is done and the current state of it at the end of the thesis is discussed. After that, the mechanism used to actuate the system is developed and explained, with which some CAD software was used to design and make some FEA. Straight afterwards the work focused on the tests and its development. A quick discussion about what tests should be done, the preparations and also the way that some measurements were done is commented. In order to do these measurements a data acquisition device and some software to deal with it was used. Thereupon, calculations to know if the system auto-compensates the weight added, causing more rolling resistance, and the oil frictions are done. In this part the performance and reliability of the system is discussed, as well as the feelings of the driver. Finally, improvements and possible modifications are listed with the aim of upgrade the vehicle, the system and the way of work Outgoing

Compressed air is a low efficiency media, and is thus very expensive to produce. This thesis work began by mind mapping how to create savings on the compressed air system at Billerud Skärblacka AB. Certain issues have been chosen for further studies. In order to identify the consumption of compressed air at PM 8 and 9, several measurements were made. At PM 8 there were not found any pressure drop, only large pressure variations for short periods of time. The causes of these pressure variations were not established. At PM 9 a registered pressure drop of around 1 bar was found. The cause of the pressure drop at PM9 was not found. A solution for the pressure drop was presented, which also could give an opportunity to reduce the nominal pressure in the compressed air system. An idea for improvement of the compressed air system structure has also been presented. A search for leakages on the compressed air system was carried out both at PM 8 and PM 9. Leakages at PM8 seem to be lower than at PM9. The search for leakages pointed out that those leakages on the compressed air system reduces the efficiency of the compressed air system. There are some large scale consumers of compressed air at Billerud, for example one function at PM8 and the cleaning function of timber trucks. One idea for reducing electrical consumption is to replace compressed air with a high pressure fan at PM8. In the report more suggestions for saving electrical energy regarding the other large scale consumers are presented.

I detta arbete har vi med en litteraturstudie försökt påvisa vad en inblandad gas i oljan i ett hydrauliksystem har för betydelse för funktionen. Vi har använt information i traditionell facklitteratur samt i tidskrifter och vetenskapliga rapporter och upptäckt att problemen som uppkommer av inblandade gaser inte är väl kända. Dagens lösningar på problemen är nästan alltid kostsamma och handlar om att behandla symptomen. Vi har tittat på de olika fysikaliska data som gasen inverkar på i oljan, utifrån detta har vi analyserat vilka effekter detta har för ett hydrauliksystems funktion. Vi kommer att diskutera grundproblemet till kavitation och vanliga problem som ett hydrauliksystem ofta har. Vi har lyckats presentera resultat på att inblandad gas i oljan har en mycket stor inverkan på ett hydrauliksystem. Vi har kommit fram till att mycket av dagens problem med hydrauliksystem helt skulle kunna byggas bort om man tog större hänsyn till oljans förmåga att lösa in luft.

Volvo Construction Equipment is a world leading company in construction machinery. Tomaintain the best products, development is prioritized. The master thesis regards sound reductionof the hydraulic system on a wheel loader. The background to the master thesis is asimulation made on the hydraulic system, performed autumn 2005. The result of the simulationshows that the energy of the pressure ripple is reduced when the paralleled hydraulicpumps are phase shifted and reduces each others pump pulsations. The aim of the masterthesis is to investigate if the reduction in pulsations also reduces the hydraulic sound.The test has been made on a wheel loader, model L180F, by measuring the pressure pulsationsin the hydraulic system and sound in the drivers cabin. The machine is equipped withtwo nine pistons hydraulic pumps in parallel to the main hydraulic actuators. The measurementshas been made when the sound is highest from the hydraulic system, which is whenthe lifting cylinders has maximum speed. The measurements has been made for differentangels in a range from 0 to 16 degrees phase shift.The result of the master thesis shows that the pulsations in the hydraulic system is reducedbut the sound does not improve with reduced pulsations. The cause to the resultshould be that the pulsations can not be reduced in the entire hydraulic system. The partof the hydraulic system that can not be affected is close to the drivers cabin floor and hastherefor a big contribution to the sound level in the cabin.Volvo is not recommended to introduce the concept because the lack of result in the soundreduction. The result are very dependent of the engine speed, the temperature and the systempressure which make the concept inappropriate for sound and pressure reduction in a wheelloader application. A recommendation is to investigate the possibility of a pulsation attenuatorafter each of the paralleled hydraulic pumps to reduce the pressure ripple in the wholehydraulic system and the hydraulic sound. Another suggestion for investigation is the possibilityto introduce damped attachment points for the hydraulic components to minimizetransmission of vibration to the main structure.

The cooling system of a DC-motor is examined in this thesis. A change of direction of the cooling air is desired to prevent the generated coal dust from entering into the windings of the machine. Ultimately this will have a negative effect on the cooling in the machine and the loss of cooling needs to be compensated through other ways. The purpose of this thesis is to work for an improved operational safety and performance of the DC-motor and to make it more competitive in the market. By modelling the interior geometry of the machine and defining the boundaries in the software programs Gambit and FLUENT respectively, the motion and the heat transfer of the airflow could be simulated. The simulation results would give us an understanding of the flow pattern which later could be used to develop design modifications on the cooling system of a DC-motor. In this thesis the main focus lies on creating a simulation model with a sufficiently fine mesh size.

Today’s mobile machines most often contain hydraulic valve controlled drives in an open loop-circuit. For the purpose of saving energy the constant pressure pumps have, in the past, often been replaced by load-sensing pumps and load-sensing valves. In mobile applications these load-sensing solutions have significantly reduced the energy consumption. However, in applications with unequal drive pressure levels the load sensing systems still result in energy losses, referred to as metering losses. Throttling losses associated to load lowering have also been paid more attention to in the energy debates. By instead adopting direct pump displacement control, with the capability of energy recuperation in lowering motions, many of these losses can be avoided. In this article the author has studied a hydraulic system configuration where each actuator/supply system comprises an electrically controlled variable displacement pump/motor working in an open-circuit together with four separate electrically controlled valves. The four valves render a solution versatile in control, as the cylinder chambers can be connected to pump and/or tank as well as be closed at any time. Depending on how the valves are controlled different modes of operation are achieved, which in turn yields different total energy efficiency depending on the present working point. In this study the performance, operability and energy consumption is evaluated in a wheel loader that is first looked upon with its original load sensing hydraulic system and then modified with a completely new pump controlled hydraulic system. Measurements published in this article demonstrate the advantages and drawbacks of pump control in an open circuit compared to a load sensing system. Performance is evaluated by looking at productivity, loading capacity and duty cycle time of a typical loading cycle. Operability is evaluated by looking at response times, load oscillations and driver comfort. Theoretical calculations of energy efficiency including metering and throttling losses over the valves as well as pump efficiency, line losses and losses in the recuperation phase are evaluated and validated. The fuel consumption of the pump-controlled wheel loader is measured and put side by side to measurements of the same machine equipped with a load-sensing hydraulic system.

This is a Master Thesis done at the Swedish Defence Research Agency with the purpose to design and investigate how different geometries of a compression surface integrated with an intake affects the performance such as distortion, boundary layer diversion, pressure recovery and deceleration of speed. The work was divided in two parts. In the first part, CFD calculations using the FOI developed Edge 4.1 code were made for the compression surfaces alone. In the second part the most promising design was integrated with an intake. Two more bumps with the intake were modelled and the three geometries were compared to the intake without bump. Surface flow, deceleration of Mach number, pressure recovery, mass flow, boundary layer diversion, lift and drag were the factors chosen to be examined, boundary layer diversion and pressure recovery being the two most vital.

The drag approximations done in the initial design phase needed to be verified. A model of the aircraft has been analyzed with CFD and results examined to see how accurate the estimations were. A step by step analysis was made and then a simulation was run. The drag results of the CFD analysis did not meet the goal of the initial design study. Several reasons for this are discussed. The analysis shows that the aircraft design works well aerodynamically but also shows a few areas where the design can be improved. Det approximerade värdet på luftmotståndet som gjordes I den preliminära designfasen behövde verifieras. En flygplansmodell har analyserats med CFD och resultaten har undersökts för att se hur exakta antagandena var. En analys gjordes steg för steg och slutligen har en simulering utförts. Det uppmätta luftmotståndet motsvarade inte målet i den preliminära designfasen. Flera olika anledningar till detta diskuteras. Analysen visar att denna flygplansdesign fungerar bra aerodynamiskt men identifierar också en del punkter på vilken den kan förbättras.

When designing a new fuel management system for a spark ignition engine the amount of air that is fed to the cylinders is highly important. A tool that is being used to improve the performance and reduce emission levels is engine modeling were a fuel management system can be tested and designed in a computer environment thus saving valuable setup time in an engine test cell. One important part of the modeling is the throttle which regulates the air. The current isentropic model has been investigated in this report. A throttle body and intake manifold has been simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and the influence of surface heating and surface wall roughness has been calculated. A method to calculate the effective flow area has been constructed and tested by simulating at two different throttle plate angles and several pressure ratios across the throttle plate. The results show that both surface wall roughness and wall heating will reduce the mass flow rate compared to a smooth and adiabatic wall respectively. The reduction is both dependent on pressure ratio and throttle plate angle. The effective area has showed to follow the same behaviour as the mass flow rate for the larger simulated throttle plate angle 31 degrees, i.e. an increase as the pressure drop over the throttle plate becomes larger. At the smaller throttle plate angle 21 degrees, the behaviour is completely different and a reduction of the effective area can be seen for the highest pressure drop where a increase is expected. När ett nytt bränslesystem ska designas till en bensinmotor är det viktigt att veta hur stor mängd luft som hamnar i cylindrarna. Ett verktyg som är på frammarsch för att förbättra prestanda och minska emissioner är modellbaserad simulering. Med hjälp av detta kan ett bränslesystem designas och testas i datormiljö och därigenom spara dyrbar tid som annars måste tillbringas i en motortestcell. En viktig del av denna modellering är spjället eller trotteln vilken reglerar luften. I denna rapport har studier gjort på den nuvarande isentropiska modellen. Ett spjällhus och insugsgrenrör har simulerats med hjälp av Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) och påverkan av värme samt ytjämnhet på väggen har beräknats. En metod att beräkna den effektiva genomströmmade arean har konstruerats och testats vid två olika spjällvinklar samt flertalet tryckkvoter över spjället. Resultaten visar att både en uppvärmd vägg och en vägg med skrovlighet kommer att minska massflödet jämfört med en adiabatisk respektive en slät vägg. Minskningen har både spjällvinkel samt tryckkvots beroende. Den effektiva genomströmmade arean har visats sig följa samma beteende som massflödet vid den större simulerade spjällvinkeln 31 grader, det vill säga öka med ökat tryckfall över spjället. Vid den mindre vinkeln 21 grader, är beteendet helt annorlunda jämfört med massflödet och en minskning av den effektiva arean kan ses vid det största tryckfallet där en ökning förväntades.

Fluid dynamics considers the physics of liquids and gases. This is a branch of classical physics and is totally based on Newton's laws of motion. Nevertheless, the equation of fluid motion, Navier-Stokes equation, becomes very complicated to solve even for very simple configurations. This thesis treats mainly analytical vortex solutions to Navier-Stokes equations. Vorticity is usually concentrated to smaller regions of the flow, sometimes isolated objects, called vortices. If one are able to describe vortex structures exactly, important information about the flow properties are obtained. Initially, the modeling of a conical vortex geometry is considered. The results are compared with wind-tunnel measurements, which have been analyzed in detail. The conical vortex is a very interesting phenomenaon for building engineers because it is responsible for very low pressures on buildings with flat roofs. Secondly, a suggested analytical solution to Navier-Stokes equation for internal flows is presented. This is based on physical argumentation concerning the vorticity production at solid boundaries. Also, to obtain the desired result, Navier-Stokes equation is reformulated and integrated. In addition, a model for required information of vorticity production at boundaries is proposed. The last part of the thesis concerns the examples of vortex models in 2-D and 3-D. In both cases, analysis of the Navier-Stokes equation, leads to the opportunity to construct linear solutions. The 2-D studies are, by the use of diffusive elementary vortices, describing experimentally observed vortex statistics and turbulent energy spectrums in stratified systems and in soapfilms. Finally, in the 3-D analysis, three examples of recent experimentally observed vortex objects are reproduced theoretically. First, coherent structures in a pipe flow is modeled. These vortex structures in the pipe are of interest since they appear for Re in the range where transition to turbulence is expected. The second example considers the motion in a viscous vortex ring. The model, with diffusive properties, describes the experimentally measured velocity field as well as the turbulent energy spectrum. Finally, a streched spiral vortex is analysed. A rather general vortex model that has many degrees of freedom is proposed, which also may be applied in other configurations.

Validerat; 20101217 (root)

Today´s mobile machines most often contain hydraulic valve controlled drives in an open loop circuit. For the purpose of saving energy, the constant pressure pumps have in the past frequently been replaced by load-sensing pumps and load-sensing valves. However, considering applications where the load is helped by the gravitational force, even these hydraulic systems often suffer from poor efficiency. In this article, a novel pump-controlled hydraulic system is studied where energy recuperation from lowering motions is posssible. The pumps are fully displaceable in both directions, working as motors when lowering loads. The amount of recuperated energy is highly dependent of the chosen control strategy, the hydromechanical properties as well as the target application. Furthermore, the article describes how valve design becomes an important feature in an attempt to reach high efficiency and machine operability.