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Dental avulsion is the most severe type of traumatic tooth injury, resulting in the complete displacement of the tooth from its socket in the alveolar bone. Immediate replantation of an avulsed permanent tooth is recommended for successful treatment and a good prognosis. However, replantation is not always feasible. The biological properties of the storage medium, which must preserve the viability, clonogenic capacity, and mitogenic potential of the periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, are crucial for successful reimplantation. If the root surface dries out excessively due to prolonged extraoral time before replantation, the damaged PDL cells can trigger an inflammatory response across the root surface, leading to ankylosis. There are various types of storage media, both synthetic and natural. Therefore, selecting the appropriate storage medium in an emergency is critical for improving the outcome of teeth that cannot be immediately replanted. This review examines research on various storage media for avulsed teeth, focusing on their properties and effectiveness, based on articles from electronic databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aim Material and Methods Results Conclusions Tooth avulsion necessitates swift replantation, for which the preservation of periodontal ligament (PDL) cell viability is paramount. Various storage media have been explored, yet a comparison between amniotic fluid (AF) obtained at different gestational stages (amniocentesis and full‐term) and HBSS is lacking.This study aims to evaluate AF (amniocentesis and full‐term) against HBSS in sustaining PDL cell viability and regulating apoptosis at different time points.Periodontal fibroblasts cultured in α‐MEM were treated with 100% AF (amniocentesis), 100% AF (full‐term), and HBSS, incubated for 1, 3, 24, and 48 h at 37°C, and assessed using the MTT assay for viability and AO/EB staining for apoptosis, which was analyzed via fluorescent microscopy after 24 h. Statistical analysis was conducted using one‐way ANOVA, multivariate ANOVA, and post hoc Tukey's multiple comparison tests (p < .05).Amniotic fluid (amniocentesis) exhibited the highest optical density (OD), which implies the highest cell viability across time intervals, followed by AF (full‐term) and HBSS. While HBSS maintained PDL morphology, both AF groups showed altered morphology. No cell death was observed after 24 h.Within the limitations of this study, both AF groups showed the potential to sustain PDL cell viability after 1, 3, 24, and 48 h of storage. However, further investigation is warranted regarding their suitability as storage media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental avulsion is the most severe type of traumatic tooth injury, resulting in the complete displacement of the tooth from its socket in the alveolar bone. Immediate replantation of an avulsed permanent tooth is recommended for successful treatment and a good prognosis. However, replantation is not always feasible. The biological properties of the storage medium, which must preserve the viability, clonogenic capacity, and mitogenic potential of the periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, are crucial for successful reimplantation. If the root surface dries out excessively due to prolonged extraoral time before replantation, the damaged PDL cells can trigger an inflammatory response across the root surface, leading to ankylosis. There are various types of storage media, both synthetic and natural. Therefore, selecting the appropriate storage medium in an emergency is critical for improving the outcome of teeth that cannot be immediately replanted. This review examines research on various storage media for avulsed teeth, focusing on their properties and effectiveness, based on articles from electronic databases.

Phase change materials (PCMs) are an effective medium for thermal management of avionics because of their ability to absorb, store, and release high heat loads while operating within narrow temperature range in confined spaces. Despite hosting several benefits, PCM systems suffer from low thermal conductivity issue. Strategically placed fins in a volume filled with PCM has the potential to significantly improve the transient thermal performance of PCMs by improving the overall thermal conductivity and providing enhanced heat transfer surface area. Furthermore, avionics can be subjected to varying gravity conditions during flight that can have significant influence on the overall thermal performance of PCMs. This emphasizes the need to characterize the PCM performance under various gravity conditions that can impart different buoyancy induced effects in a confined system. To this end, numerical investigation to study the melting characteristics of PCM-fin configuration subjected to three different gravity conditions, i.e., (a) microgravity, (b) terrestrial gravity, and (c) hypergravity, is conducted. The influence of these three conditions on the performance of PCM-fin combination configuration is investigated and finally the temperature field, melt fraction, and melting time is reported. The performance of PCM-fin system is compared with the corresponding PCM-only configuration to highlight the benefits of adding fins under each investigated gravity condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work reports the synthesis of magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl2O4) using wet-chemical sol-gel technique at two different sintering temperatures of 900 °C and 1100 °C. The crystal structure of MgAl2O4 at both sintering temperatures was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The obtained results showed the successful formation of MgAl2O4 along with some impurity peaks of magnesium oxide. Here, the crystallite size shows the linear nature with sintering temperature. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) shows the spherical shape. The change in morphology with sintering temperature is also confirmed by FESEM. Optical and electronic responses were studied by Fluorescence (FL) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The FL study reveals that the prepared nanopowder tends to emit white light under the excitation wavelength of 350 nm. The intensity of emission peaks has been found to increase with sintering temperature, indicating an increase in defect states. Furthermore, using EIS data, the electrical parameters were studied in pellet form in the frequency range of 1 to 106 Hz. The Nyquist plots have been successfully explained by employing LR[Q[R(CR)]] equivalent circuit corresponding to grain, grain boundary, and electrode contribution. The examined parameters have been significantly influenced by the sintering temperature. An increase in temperature is observed to result in higher values for the dielectric constant, loss tangent, and conductivity. Additionally, the electric modulus spectra reveal non-Debye behavior in the samples. The obtained results reveal that the prepared nanopowder can be used in optoelectronic devices, high-frequency equipment, and high-storage media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Various storage media have been used in orthodontic shear bond strength studies, however, the effect of the storage media on human enamel has not been studied. Aim: The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the effect of four commonly used storage media on the shear bond strength values of orthodontic brackets bonded on extracted human teeth. Materials and methods: A total of 60 freshly extracted non-carious premolars teeth were randomly divided into four groups. Group 1 was stored in distilled water, samples of group 2 were stored in 10% formalin, group 3 were preserved in 70% ethanol and samples of group 4 were stored in isotonic saline solution. After a storage period of 30 days, the teeth were rinsed and brackets bonded with TransbondXT and the specimens were evacuated for shear bond strength. Results: The 10% formalin sample had statistically significant greater bond strength than the other test groups. The 70% ethanol group had statistically lower bond strength compared to the other groups. The distilled water and isotonic saline solution group showed bond strength which was comparable. Conclusion: Storage media have an effect on the bond strength results. Distilled water and isotonic saline storage produced comparable bond strength. Formalin and ethanol storage produced extreme variation in SBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Durability is a critical factor for the success of long‐term provisional restorations. This study evaluated the effect of different storage media and cyclic loading on the biaxial flexural strength of different types of provisional materials. Materials and methods: Discs (N = 360, 10 × 2 mm) were prepared from different provisional materials; conventional (Protemp 4, Tuff‐Temp, Tempron), CAD–CAM milled (VITA CAD‐Temp, breCAM.multiCOM), and 3D‐printed (Nextdent C&B MFH) (n = 60). Each material group was subdivided into four subgroups according to the storage media (n = 15): nonaged, artificial saliva, mouthwash, and coffee. The specimens in storage media were placed in an incubator at 37°C for 4 weeks followed by 60,000 simulated chewing cycles. Biaxial flexural strength test was done. Data were analyzed using two‐way ANOVA. Weibull distribution parameters were estimated. Results: Both the material and aging protocol showed a significant effect on the biaxial flexural strength. Both Protemp 4 and Nextdent C&B MFH showed a significantly higher biaxial flexural strength before and after aging compared to all other materials. Protemp 4 and Tuff Temp showed a significant decrease in strength with aging. CAD–CAM materials showed higher Weibull moduli. Conclusions: The 3D‐printed polymethylmethacrylate provisional material presents with both greater biaxial flexural strength and increased durability against chemical and mechanical aging compared to conventional and CAD–CAM milled provisional materials tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long-term viability of reimplanted teeth is closely linked to the preservation of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. Dental tissues possess a unique regenerative capacity, setting them apart from most other bodily tissues. Understanding the intricate processes governing repair and regeneration in oral tissues has proven to be a considerable challenge. Numerous authors have introduced various storage media designed to support the viability of PDL cells. This paper aims to present a comprehensive overview of the diverse range of storage media currently at our disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The challenge in restorative dentistry is related to changes in the colour of composite over time when exposed to a variety of common beverages, which necessitates additional expenses for the patients. Aim: To compare the colour changes of various composites currently available on the market after exposure to commonly consumed beverages. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted from May 2022 to December 2022 in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics at Karnavati School of Dentistry in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. A total of 120 disc-shaped composite pellets, with 40 specimens for each type of composite (nanohybrid, nanofilled, and microhybrid), measuring 6×2 mm, were prepared and divided into four subgroups based on the beverages used (Distilled water, coca-cola, Tea, and Coffee). The samples were submerged in the respective beverages and kept at 37°C for seven days. Colour assessment was performed using a spectrophotometer before and after immersion. The obtained Commission International de l Eclairage (CIE) ΔE values were recorded after measuring the CIE L*a*b* values. Data analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20.0, utilising a paired t-test, post hoc Tukey’s test, and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). A significance level of p

Introduction: The challenge in restorative dentistry is related to changes in the colour of composite over time when exposed to a variety of common beverages, which necessitates additional expenses for the patients. Aim: To compare the colour changes of various composites currently available on the market after exposure to commonly consumed beverages. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted from May 2022 to December 2022 in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics at Karnavati School of Dentistry in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. A total of 120 disc-shaped composite pellets, with 40 specimens for each type of composite (nanohybrid, nanofilled, and microhybrid), measuring 6×2 mm, were prepared and divided into four subgroups based on the beverages used (Distilled water, coca-cola, Tea, and Coffee). The samples were submerged in the respective beverages and kept at 37°C for seven days. Colour assessment was performed using a spectrophotometer before and after immersion. The obtained Commission International de l Eclairage (CIE) ΔE values were recorded after measuring the CIE L*a*b* values. Data analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20.0, utilising a paired t-test, post hoc Tukey's test, and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). A significance level of p<0.05 was used. Result: Among all the beverages, the nanofilled composite showed the highest mean colour change, while the nanohybrid composite exhibited the lowest. Overall, the greatest colour change was observed with tea, followed by coffee, coca-cola, and the least with distilled water. In tea, coffee, and cocacola, the nanohybrid composite and nanofilled composite showed a statistically significant difference in mean colour change: 16.74 (p<0.001), -7.29 (p<0.001), and -1.02 (p=0.018), respectively. However, the difference between the nanohybrid and microhybrid composite was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The nanohybrid composite demonstrated the least mean colour change, followed by the microhybrid composite, while the nanofilled composite exhibited the highest colour change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of disinfection and storage solutions, and time periods on the fracture strength of whole teeth and tooth sections. Method: One hundred and sixty extracted teeth were divided into 16 groups based on disinfection methods, storage times and tooth types. Teeth samples were measured, and areas calculated. Specimens groups were 1. 10% buffered formalin, 2. 0.2% thymol-in-saline, 3. 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 4. OHCWA disinfection protocol, 5. Distilled-water. Each group had storage subgroups of 14, 90 and 180 days. Group 6 (control) were frozen in distilled water for 14 days. Specimens were tested using an Instron Universal tester and load at fracture was analyzed for statistical significance. Results: The NaOCl group showed significantly lower loads at fracture compared to all other storage solutions at corresponding storage times. Distilled-water storage for 90 and 180 days had significantly lower fracture loads, except specimens stored in NaOCl for 14 and 90 days. The area of the specimen, was significantly associated with the magnitude of load at fracture. Conclusions: NaOCl storage significantly affected the fracture strength of teeth. Fracture resistance of teeth was inversely proportional to the storage time and directly proportional to the area of the specimen.

Objectives: This research was done to assess the periodontal ligament cells viability using propolis, coconut water, aloe vera, and soy milk storage media. Materials and Methods: Periodontal ligament cells were taken from freshly extracted teeth and stored into four groups of storage media: Group A-propolis, Group B-coconut water, Group C-aloe vera, and Group D-soy milk. Later, the cell viability was assessed at 1, 12, and 24 hours. Results: The periodontal ligament cell viability was significantly greater in propolis, followed by coconut water, aloe vera, and soy milk. Conclusion: We found that propolis, coconut water, aloe vera, and soy milk can be used as an effective storage media. These are naturally occurring and easily available storage medium.

Background: Schistosomiasis is a major neglected tropical disease that affects up to 250 million individuals worldwide. The diagnosis of human schistosomiasis is mainly based on the microscopic detection of the parasite's eggs in the feces (i.e., for Schistosoma mansoni or Schistosoma japonicum) or urine (i.e., for Schistosoma haematobium) samples. However, these techniques have limited sensitivity, and microscopic expertise is waning outside endemic areas. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) has become the gold standard diagnostic method for the identification of bacteria and fungi in many microbiological laboratories. Preliminary studies have recently shown promising results for parasite identification using this method. The aims of this study were to develop and validate a species-specific database for adult Schistosoma identification, and to evaluate the effects of different storage solutions (ethanol and RNAlater) on spectra profiles. Methods: Adult worms (males and females) of S. mansoni and S. japonicum were obtained from experimentally infected mice. Species identification was carried out morphologically and by cytochrome oxidase 1 gene sequencing. Reference protein spectra for the creation of an in-house MALDI-TOF MS database were generated, and the database evaluated using new samples. We employed unsupervised (principal component analysis) and supervised (support vector machine, k-nearest neighbor, Random Forest, and partial least squares discriminant analysis) machine learning algorithms for the identification and differentiation of the Schistosoma species. Results: All the spectra were correctly identified by internal validation. For external validation, 58 new Schistosoma samples were analyzed, of which 100% (58/58) were correctly identified to genus level (log score values ≥ 1.7) and 81% (47/58) were reliably identified to species level (log score values ≥ 2). The spectra profiles showed some differences depending on the storage solution used. All the machine learning algorithms classified the samples correctly. Conclusions: MALDI-TOF MS can reliably distinguish adult S. mansoni from S. japonicum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Tooth avulsion clinically presents as complete displacement of a tooth from the alveolar socket and it is one of the most severe forms of dental trauma leading to compromised neurovascular supply, loss of periodontal ligament and pulp necrosis. Storing of avulsed tooth in appropriate storage medium to preserve the periodontal cell viability is of prime importance and research to find the appropriate storage media is still on. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of green tea and turmeric as a storage media on periodontal cell viability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized study conducted using sixty single rooted human premolars freshly extracted for orthodontic purpose. Selected subjects were divided into three groups of 20 each. Randomization was done by performing simple random sampling; Group A consisted of teeth to be stored in HBSS, Group B included teeth to be stored in Green tea and Group C included teeth to be store in Turmeric. Periodontal cell viability was assessed by using a Neubauer's chamber under the light microscope after two hours interval. RESULTS: HBSS preserved significantly higher number of viable PDL cells than any other storage solutions. Green tea extract showed better cell viability in comparison with turmeric. CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that HBSS and green tea effectively maintains the viability of PDL for two hours. Turmeric is less effective in preserving the PDL cell viability within the study time interval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of disinfection and storage solutions, and time periods on the fracture strength of whole teeth and tooth sections. Method: One hundred and sixty extracted teeth were divided into 16 groups based on disinfection methods, storage times and tooth types. Teeth samples were measured, and areas calculated. Specimens groups were 1. 10% buffered formalin, 2. 0.2% thymol-in-saline, 3. 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 4. OHCWA disinfection protocol, 5. Distilled-water. Each group had storage subgroups of 14, 90 and 180 days. Group 6 (control) were frozen in distilled water for 14 days. Specimens were tested using an Instron Universal tester and load at fracture was analyzed for statistical significance. Results: The NaOCl group showed significantly lower loads at fracture compared to all other storage solutions at corresponding storage times. Distilled-water storage for 90 and 180 days had significantly lower fracture loads, except specimens stored in NaOCl for 14 and 90 days. The area of the specimen, was significantly associated with the magnitude of load at fracture. Conclusions: NaOCl storage significantly affected the fracture strength of teeth. Fracture resistance of teeth was inversely proportional to the storage time and directly proportional to the area of the specimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the high prevalence of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs), parents generally lack awareness about dental trauma emergency management. This preliminary study's goal was to assess parents'/guardians' awareness of the treatment of tooth fractures/avulsion. Materials and Methods: A preformed questionnaire in e-format was sent to parents of school-going children. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and Shapiro–Wilks's test were employed to test the normality of data. In addition, a Chi-square test was performed for quantitative variables. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A response rate of 82.1% was achieved. Approximately 19.6% of parents reported dental injuries, with the majority (51.9%) occurring at home. In avulsion, 54.8% of parents believed that reinserting the tooth back into the socket was possible. For tooth fractures, 36.2% of parents believed that the fractured tooth could be glued. Tap water was preferred as a storage medium (43.3%). An insignificant association was observed with regard to storage media (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Inadequate understanding of the treatment of TDI by the primary caregiver leads to ineffective interventions at the scene of the accident and a poor prognosis for otherwise treatable cases.

Background: A number of media that create the best possible conditions to maintain periodontal ligament (PDL) cell viability after dental avulsion have been reported. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate ice apple water (IAW), Aloe vera, and propolis as a storage medium to preserve the viability of human PDL fibroblasts. Methods: An in vitro comparative type of study was performed on a PDL cell culture model. PDL fibroblasts obtained from the roots of healthy premolars were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) and treated with ice apple water (IAW), 7% propolis extract (PE), 30% Aloe vera extract (AVE), positive control DMEM supplemented with fetal bovine serum, negative control (NC) without any agent, and incubated at 37°C for 1 h, 3 h, and 24 h. Cell viability was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay after every test period. Optical density was measured at a wavelength of 490 nm. Statistical Analysis Used: The effects of the test storage media were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance test, followed by post hoc Tukey's multiple comparison test (P < 0.05). Results: Seven percent PE demonstrated the highest capacity of maintaining PDL cell viability at 1 h and 24 h. IAW showed a statistically significantly lower percentage of viable cells at all three test periods as compared to 7% PE. After 3 h, 30% AVE demonstrated maximum viable cells. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, propolis at a concentration of 7% was the most effective medium for maintaining PDL cell viability.

Objectives: This research was done to assess the periodontal ligament cells viability using propolis, coconut water, aloe vera, and soy milk storage media. Materials and Methods: Periodontal ligament cells were taken from freshly extracted teeth and stored into four groups of storage media: Group A-propolis, Group B-coconut water, Group C-aloe vera, and Group D-soy milk. Later, the cell viability was assessed at 1, 12, and 24 hours. Results: The periodontal ligament cell viability was significantly greater in propolis, followed by coconut water, aloe vera, and soy milk. Conclusion: We found that propolis, coconut water, aloe vera, and soy milk can be used as an effective storage media. These are naturally occurring and easily available storage medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of different aging techniques on zirconia-composite microtensile bond strength using different surface treatments over a 5-year follow-up period. Materials and Methods: Zirconia disks received three surface treatments: airborne-particle abrasion with 50-μm aluminum oxide particles, selective infiltration etching (SIE), or fusion sputtering (FS). The specimens were bonded to pre-aged composite disks using a composite cement containing phosphate monomers (Panavia F2.0). Bonded specimens were sectioned into microbars (1 x 1 x 6 mm) using a precision cutting machine, and all microbars received thermocycling (15,000 cycles between 5°C and 55°C). Initial microtensile bond strength was evaluated, and the test was repeated after storage in the following media for five years (artificial saliva, 20% ethanol, 5% NaOH, 4% acetic acid, and 5% phosphoric acid). The test was repeated every 12 months for 5 years. Scanning electron microscopic images were used to analyze the zirconia-composite interface. A repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to analyze the data (n = 20, α = 0.05). Results: Significantly higher microtensile bond strength was observed for SIE compared to fusion sputtering and airborne particle abrasion. Five years of artificial aging resulted in significant reduction of zirconia-composite bond strength for all tested specimens. Zirconia-composite bond strength was more sensitive to storage in sodium hydroxide and phosphoric acid, while it was least affected when stored under saliva. These changes were related to the mechanism of ultra-structural interaction between surface treatment and adhesive, as deterioration of the hybrid layer (composite-infiltrated ceramic) was responsible for bond degeneration. Conclusion: Zirconia-composite bond strength was influenced by 5 years of artificial aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To assess the level of awareness and also to create awareness about the management of avulsed tooth among dental students. BACKGROUND: The complete displacement of a tooth from its socket due to accidental or non accidental injuries that may cause loss of healthy teeth is termed as the tooth avulsion. Success of tooth replantation depends on extraalveolar dry time, storage media, type of retention, time of endodontic treatment, type of drug prescribed, oral hygiene status of the victim as well as the general health. Preventing the dehydration of the avulsed tooth and also minimizing the root manipulation are very important for preserving the periodontal ligament cells. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A questionnaire was prepared, comprising 13 questions with the sample size of 100 dental students. The results were analyzed using SPSS version 23 and the method of representing each output variable was a bar graph. Chi square test was done to check the association, and a p-value of 0.05 was said to be statistically significant. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: 44% chose less than 60 minutes as the ideal time for replantation of an avulsed tooth. 33% of IVth year students reported 4 weeks as the splinting period for an avulsed tooth with a dry time of more than 60 minutes. 30% of IVth year students reported semi rigid as the type of splint used in the replantation of an avulsed tooth. 32% of IVth year students reported extra alveolar dry time as the most critical factor in the outcome of the replanted tooth. Association between the study year and the awareness on the splinting period of an avulsed tooth with a dry time of 60 mins(p=0.00), replantation of primary tooth(p=0.028), type of used in replantation of tooth(p=0.00), and the critical factor in the outcome of replanted tooth(p=0.00) showed a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: The present study reveals the knowledge and awareness among the dental students on the management of avulsed tooth. The results of this survey show that the majority were the IVth year students who were aware about the tooth avulsion, its replantation and treatment than the Ist year, IInd year, IIIrd year and Vth year students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the high prevalence of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs), parents generally lack awareness about dental trauma emergency management. This preliminary study's goal was to assess parents'/guardians' awareness of the treatment of tooth fractures/avulsion. Materials and Methods: A preformed questionnaire in e-format was sent to parents of school-going children. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and Shapiro–Wilks's test were employed to test the normality of data. In addition, a Chi-square test was performed for quantitative variables. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A response rate of 82.1% was achieved. Approximately 19.6% of parents reported dental injuries, with the majority (51.9%) occurring at home. In avulsion, 54.8% of parents believed that reinserting the tooth back into the socket was possible. For tooth fractures, 36.2% of parents believed that the fractured tooth could be glued. Tap water was preferred as a storage medium (43.3%). An insignificant association was observed with regard to storage media (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Inadequate understanding of the treatment of TDI by the primary caregiver leads to ineffective interventions at the scene of the accident and a poor prognosis for otherwise treatable cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scenario included a medium-sized international company. The guidelines were to select and include three enterprise systems that were based on databases, one cloud-based and one that was not SQL-based. Systems were accessible via a browser and included mobile applications. Of key importance for this project was to research potential and known vulnerabilities for these three enterprise systems. The systems selected were ADP Streamline Payroll, Salesforce, and MongoDB. There are numerous threats described in this project, including excessive privileges, SQLi attacks, weak auditing, storage media exposure, unnecessary features enabled, broken configurations, and buffer overflows. Enterprise systems are a potential magnet for hackers on the black market and the Dark Web, as they provide extensive confidential data, particularly in the technology, finance, government, education, healthcare, and retail sectors. It was impressive to see how both ADP and Salesforce provided up-to-date known and potential vulnerabilities. What was the most interesting throughout the research was uncovering the Mongo Lock ransomware and the Salesforce Meatpistol malware. What is worse is that the Salesforce team provided a talk in Las Vegas in July of 2017, where they explained how Salesforce attacked its own system to see how well it would hold up against cyber attacks. The talk focused on Meat pistol, a malware too for making it easier to conduct the attacks from the standpoint of infrastructure automation, implant creating, and interaction. The intent was to make it easier for the Salesforce teams to conduct their attacks. They utilized the methodology of the well-known tool, Metasploit, which does not exploit systems or launch attacks. It just provides the framework for hackers to control systems after they have been able to access what they choose. The duo of "red team" inside hackers explained their process for access the system through the utilization of Meatpistol, against the advice of their superiors. Immediately after the presentation, they were fired.

Background: A number of media that create the best possible conditions to maintain periodontal ligament (PDL) cell viability after dental avulsion have been reported.Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate ice apple water (IAW), Aloe vera, and propolis as a storage medium to preserve the viability of human PDL fibroblasts.Methods: An in vitro comparative type of study was performed on a PDL cell culture model. PDL fibroblasts obtained from the roots of healthy premolars were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) and treated with ice apple water (IAW), 7% propolis extract (PE), 30% Aloe vera extract (AVE), positive control DMEM supplemented with fetal bovine serum, negative control (NC) without any agent, and incubated at 37°C for 1 h, 3 h, and 24 h. Cell viability was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay after every test period. Optical density was measured at a wavelength of 490 nm.Statistical Analysis Used: The effects of the test storage media were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance test, followed by post hoc Tukey's multiple comparison test (P < 0.05).Results: Seven percent PE demonstrated the highest capacity of maintaining PDL cell viability at 1 h and 24 h. IAW showed a statistically significantly lower percentage of viable cells at all three test periods as compared to 7% PE. After 3 h, 30% AVE demonstrated maximum viable cells.Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, propolis at a concentration of 7% was the most effective medium for maintaining PDL cell viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The reasonably successful prognosis in retaining avulsed tooth in its respective position depends on the maintenance of the viability of the periodontal ligament (PDL) cells during the replantation procedure. Various synthetic media have been tried for preserving the viability of PDL cells with considerable success. However, easy availability of these media had been a problem at various occasions. Hence, an attempt was made to test the properties of easily available natural products such as Propolis, milk, and egg albumin. Aim: This study was aimed at comparing the behaviors of three naturally available media, namely propolis, milk, and egg albumin when used as the storage media in preserving the viability of traumatized periodontal cells in an avulsed tooth. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 premolars with closed root apices indicated for the extractions for orthodontic treatment were selected. Initially, these teeth in the experimental group were stored dry immediately after the extraction for 30 minutes, and then, immersed in the respective storage media for 45 minutes. The teeth in the positive control group were assessed immediately after the extraction, whereas the negative control teeth were bench dried for 8 hrs. All the five group samples were then incubated with collagenase and phosphate-buffered saline for 30 minutes, centrifuged and labeled with 0.5% trypan blue for the determination of cell viability. The cells were counted under the light microscope. The statistical analysis was carried out by applying the unpaired t-test. Results: No statistically significant difference was observed in viable PDL cell counts when compared among propolis, milk, and egg albumin. Conclusions: Propolis, milk, or egg albumin could be a good naturally available storage media for avulsed teeth.

Avulsion occurs when the tooth is completely knocked out of its alveolar socket. The maxillary central incisors are more vulnerable to avulsion due to their prominent position in the dental arch. This case report describes a successful permanent maxillary incisor replantation in an 11-year-old child. The replanted tooth was stabilized in the socket using orthodontic wire, followed by root canal treatment and composite restoration within a two-week interval. Clinical and radiographic follow-up was done at one and six months. Successful management of an avulsed tooth requires educating the patient about different storage mediums and emergency management after an avulsion. This case report concluded that the avulsed tooth result is highly dependent on the patient's understanding of avulsion and how to approach it., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Kabra et al.)

Background: Traumatic injuries are the most disruptive and distressing emergencies and pose a challenge for dental professionals because many different treatment protocols are currently available. They also affect the social and psychological well-being of children. A multidisciplinary approach is involved in the management of traumatic dental injuries to maintain function and esthetics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fracture resistance of a reattached tooth fragment kept in four storage media, namely Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), Tooth Mousse, ginger honey, and probiotic yogurt, for 1, 6, and 24 hours., Materials and Methods: The study consisted of 84 intact maxillary central incisors. All the teeth were stored in distilled water until used and were embedded in acrylic molds, 1 mm below the cervical end. The teeth were then sectioned to simulate an uncomplicated crown fracture (Ellis class II fracture), and all the teeth were randomly divided into four groups of 21 each. The teeth were then reattached using Tetric N Universal bonding agent and Tetric N Flow flowable composite. Fracture resistance was assessed using a universal testing machine. Statistical analysis was done using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and a post hoc Tukey test., Results: The results showed that fracture resistance was highest in the Tooth Mousse group at 6 and 24 hours. Ginger honey exhibited the highest fracture resistance at 1 hour, whereas the probiotic yogurt group showed the lowest values., Conclusion: It was concluded that Tooth Mousse was the best storage medium for storing tooth fragments. Ginger honey can also be used as an alternative storage medium as it is easily available and inexpensive., How to Cite This Article: Naik S, Murry JN, Sharma S, et al. Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Various Storage Media on the Fracture Resistance of the Reattached Tooth Fragment: An Observational Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(6):665-672., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: NoneConflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2024; The Author(s).)

Background: Tooth avulsion is one of traumatic injuries that cause damage to periodontal ligament (PDL) tissues. Avulsed tooth should be stored in a suitable storage medium to preserve the vitality of the PDL fibroblasts (PDLFs). Aim: To assess and compare the effect of various media on albino rabbit's PDLFs viability and basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) protein and gene expressions at different time intervals. Material and Methods: Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) were isolated from molars of albino rabbit then differentiated into PDLFs. The PDLFs were cultured in different media (contact lens solution, skimmed milk, Dentosafe and alcohol free mouthwash) for 1h, 12h and 24h. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was used as control medium. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. b-FGF protein and gene expression levels were detected by immunofluorescence (IF) staining and Quantitative Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) respectively. Data from MTT assay and H-score of IF staining were statistically analyzed using ANOVA test and multiple two groups comparisons pos hoc test. Results: Examination of isolated PDLSCs at different passages showed various shapes of cells from rounded to spindle shaped. The differentiated PDLFs showed positive IF reaction. Statistical analysis of tested media at different time intervals represented that; PBS had the highest mean of fibroblastic cell viability% and H-score, followed by Dentosafe, skimmed milk, contact lens solution and mouthwash respectively. Gene expression of b-FGF was up-regulated in Dentosafe and skimmed milk while it was down-regulated in mouthwash. Conclusions: Dentosafe is more effective in maintenance of PDLFs viability and function than the other tested media. Mouthwash is not recommended as a storage media for PDLFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many storage mediums are available for the storage of avulsed teeth to preserve the viability of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells before replantation; however, it is unclear which medium is the optimal option. We performed this network meta-analysis to answer this question. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library to capture eligible studies investigating the comparative efficacy of Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), aloe vera gel (AVG), oral rehydration solution (ORS), coconut water, egg white, green tea, propolis, saline, milk, and water. Statistical analysis was conducted using Review Manager v5.3 and ADDIS v1.16.8. In total, 20 RCTs involving 31 reports were included finally. Direct meta-analysis suggested that HBSS was superior to ORS, milk, saline, and water, ORS was superior to milk but inferior to coconut water and propolis, egg white was superior to milk but inferior to AVG and propolis, propolis was superior to AVG, milk, and saline, and coconut water and water was inferior to saline and milk, respectively. Network meta-analysis suggested that AVG was inferior to the other nine mediums, and propolis was superior to HBSS (SMD, −5260.24; 95% CrI, −10447.39 to −70.37) and milk (SMD, −5461.11; 95% CrI, −10574.99 to −328.51). Moreover, ranking probabilities indicated the highest probability for propolis, followed by saline, ORS, HBSS, milk, egg white, water, green tea, and AVG successively. Propolis may be the optimal media for storing avulsed teeth before replantation. However, given the availability of propolis and HBSS and the hypotonic properties of saline, ORS or milk should also be preferentially selected.

Avulsion is complete displacement of tooth from its alveolar socket. Immediate replantation is the best choice at the site of accident. When replantation is not possible, it should be kept in a storage medium. The storage media keeps periodontal cells with less damage to be able to regenerate and attach and prevents root resorption. The medium selected as a storage medium should be easily available and have adequate osmolality, appropriate PH, nutritional metabolites, and fair price and should not have bacterial content. In literature, different storage medium are suggested, including those containing Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS), natural products such as water, Aloe Vera, propolis, pomegranate juice, coconut juice, green tea, egg white, milk (whole, low-fat and skimmed milk, butter milk, soy milk, probiotic milk, pasteurized milk, and mixture of egg white and milk), rehydration solutions such as ringer lactate serum, cell culture medium such as eagle culture medium or EMT (emergency medical treatment) tooth saver, medical media used for keeping organs such as viaspan, commercial media such as GC Tooth Mousse, growth factor treatment, and laser irradiation before tooth replantation. Due to studies limitations and heterogeneous data, nothing is recognized as an ideal medium.

Background/Aim: The viability of periodontal ligament cells on the root surface is a major factor that influences the healing of replanted teeth. A suitable storage medium is necessary to preserve avulsed teeth before replantation. Conditioned medium from placenta‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (PMSC‐CM) contains a variety of growth factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of PMSC‐CM as a storage medium to maintain the cell viability of avulsed teeth. Material and Methods: Extracted premolars from healthy humans were randomly stored in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) and PMSC‐CM for 6, 12 and 24 hours, respectively, at room temperature, and then the ratio of apoptosis of the periodontal ligament (PDL) cells was identified by flow cytometry. Human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) were incubated with HBSS and PMSC‐CM, respectively, for 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours in 5% CO2 at 37°C. Then, the cell viability of PDLSCs was determined using the cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8) and a cell cycle assay was performed. Results: The apoptosis rate of PDL cells in PMSC‐CM was significantly lower than that in HBSS at 24 hours (P <.001), while the two groups showed similar cell apoptosis rates at 6 and 12 hours (P >.05). The cell proliferation of PDLSCs treated with PMSC‐CM significantly increased compared with the HBSS group (P <.05). The cell cycle assay revealed that the PDLSCs treated with HBSS were arrested at the G1 phase, while there was no difference between the PMSC‐CM group and the control group (P >.05). Conclusions: Compared with HBSS, PMSC‐CM showed better inhibition of apoptosis of PDL cells and promoted the proliferation of PDLSCs. Thus, PMSC‐CM could be a promising storage medium for avulsed teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avulsion of tooth is complete displacement of tooth out of its socket that leads to mutilation of periodontal ligaments. The desirable treatment option is replantation of the tooth. However, unsuccessful replantation is a matter of great discontentment. Protection of teeth from desiccation (drying of the periodontal ligament tissue), by keeping it in storage media can improve the result of the treatment. Ability to maintain periodontal cell viability for a longer time is warranted in cases of major accidents, where teeth can be replanted only after other major surgeries. This paper reviews the different storage media that have been used for avulsed teeth based on full-length research papers retrieved from GOOGLE search using the key words 'storage medium', 'avulsion', 'tooth avulsion', 'replantation', 'tooth replantation', 'milk', 'propolis', 'coconut water', 'pomegranate' and natural products. Natural products have easy availability, greater efficacy and longer storage time as compared to Hank's balanced salt solution which has been recommended by the International Association of Dental Traumatology as standard solution for storage of avulsed teeth. In case of emergency, it is important for dentists to consider the circumstances of the accident, the location and suggest an appropriate Natural transport/storage medium for the avulsed tooth which score better over the Hank's Balance Salt Solution, based on their storage time, ease of availability and economical price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental trauma is one of the most prevalent problems encountered in clinical practice. Traumatic injuries involving fractures of the anterior tooth are one of the most common problems among children and adolescents. There is a physical and social impact on patients' quality of life due to traumatic dental injuries (TDIs). Children and adolescents frequently present with a crown fracture that necessitates immediate intervention. Clinicians need to be aware of various treatment modalities for TDIs and have to address these injuries immediately. Due to advances in adhesive technologies, fragment reattachment is the treatment of choice when the fragment is available and well stored. The purpose of this article is to cover various techniques for reattaching fractured fragments and the most current developments in adhesive systems for this purpose., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Rathod et al.)

Background and Objectives: Most of the dento-alveolar trauma that occurs frequently in childhood is often linked to avulsion injuries. Two considerable elements influencing the prognosis of tooth avulsion after replantation are extraoral dry duration and the characteristics of the storage media to support the viability of cells. The study aimed to compare and assess the effectiveness of Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) (HiMedia Laboratories, Thane, India) and Placentrex (Albert David Limited, Kolkata, India) against propolis (5% and 10%) as storage media in preserving the vitality of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells., Materials and Methods: Four groups with 15 samples each were selected for the study. Sixty recently extracted premolars were left to incubate for 30 minutes in 15-ml falcon tubes containing 2.5 ml of collagenase 0.2 mg/ml in phosphate-buffered saline and 2.4 mg/ml of dispase in HBSS, Placentex, propolis 5%, and propolis 10%. After the addition of bovine serum, it was centrifuged for 4 minutes. Trypan blue 0.4% was utilized to recognize the cells, and a hemocytometer was employed for counting the live PDL cells under a light microscope., Results: Propolis 5% and 10%, HBSS, and Placentrex all showed statistically significant differences in PDL cell viability; however, HBSS was significantly outperformed by Placentrex and propolis., Conclusion: Placentrex is a superior substitute storage medium in cases of tooth avulsion as opposed to alternatives such as propolis 5% and 10%., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Shankar Havaldar et al.)

Freshly harvested plantain bunch (Musa paradisiaca) was obtained from a farmer in Eziowelle, in Idemili North Local Government of Anambra State and were taken to Plant Pathology Laboratory of Department of Crop Science and Horticulture. The plantain fruits were then surface sterilized by dipping into 5% sodium hypochlorite for 5 mins and stored in three different storage media which include; polythene, jute bag, wood shavings and control and were replicated three times. The physical characteristics measured included; fruit colour, tenderness, fruit weight, and temperature of the storage media which was observed for 12days. Proximate analysis of the fruits before and after storage was also conducted as well as isolation and identification of the spoilage organisms from the infected plantain fruits during storage. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design. The data collected were subjected to analysis using Genstat (2008) model. Mean separation was done by using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% probability level. The result showed that the Plantain fruits that were stored in different storage media had their shelf life extended up to 12 days, where the best shelf life qualities were obtained in plantain fruits stored in the polyethylene bags, followed by wood shavings while the least was the jute bag. Also, there was slight differences in the proximate composition of plantain fruits before and after storage, where the best proximate retention was obtained in polythene bags, followed by wood shavings and the least in Plantain fruits stored in jute bags. The result also revealed that the only pathogen isolated was Asperigillus niger. From the study, it is therefore recommended that the three storage materials could be used by farmers especially polythene bag for the storage of fresh plantain fruits. Also more research should be done on how to reduce disease infestation in Plantain fruits in the storage media used in this investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introdution: Vitality of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells is very critical for replantation of complete avulsion teeth due to traumatic injuries. This is important for transferring an avulsed tooth to clinic for replantation that which Medias used for storage.This study aimed to compare the vitality of PDL cells of sheep teeth cultured in different storage medias including α-Minimum Essential Medium (αMEM), Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS), and mint extract Methods: In this lab trial study, PDL cells were obtained from 124 healthy anterior and posterior sheep teeth and cultured in αMEM, DMEM, HBSS, and mint extract for periods of 2, 6, 24, 48, 72, or 96 hours (24 groups). For each solution, positive control group were PDL cells without incubation in any storage media. For each group, there was a negative control considered cells growing in dry plate with no medium. After exposure of PDL cells to scheduled solution for scheduled incubation time, centrifuge was performed for 10 minutes at rate of 2000G. Then cell percipitates were added into the solution of collagenase (3mgr/ml) and Dispase (4mgr/ml to cell precipitates, which were incubated at 37° C for 60 minutes. After washing cellular suspension in PBS, vitality of the cells was assessed by Trypan blue exclusion, on a neobar slide by magnification of 200X. The data were analyzed statistically using 2-way ANOVA test by SPSS version 15. Results: Statistically significant differences in efficacy of different medias were obtained at least between two media (P=0.0001). PDL cells cultured in αMEM and mint extract showed 90% and 52.22% vitality representing, respectively, the best and the weakest storage media. Conclusion: αMEM can be a suitable transport medium up to 96 hours to preserve the vitality of the PDL cells of avulsed teeth. There is a reverse correlation between the viability of PDL cells and incubation time, increasing the time decreases the viability.

Purpose: Immediate replantation is the treatment of choice for avulsed permanent teeth. Transportation of avulsed teeth to the dentist office requires storage in suitable media, thus keeping periodontal and periapical tissues viable. Effect of different storage media on periodontal cells vitality has been thoroughly researched, but there is no available data concerning SCAP. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the storage media effect on SCAP vitality. Materials and methods: Our study includes 10 third molars of 14-17 years old patients, extracted due to orthodontic reasons. The apical papilla of those teeth is handled according to protocol, and the cell growth is maintained in DMEM. Cells are divided into 4 groups: 1-positive control group, 2- SOS Dentobox, 3 - (HBSS), 4 - negative control group. A colourimetric assay was used to determine the vital cell count in each group. Results: Signal strength of the cells, stored in SOS Dentobox, is on average 30% weaker than the positive control group cells’ signal, while the signal strength of the cells, stored in HBSS, is 65,2% weaker. Conclusion: SOS Dentobox provides better SCAP cell vitality than HBSS

Coworking space is a place used as a work environment shared by communities or people who share the same vision. For collaboration activities, data files are often exchanged among the people involved. The use of portable storage media for file exchange becomes less effective for collaborative work. This study aims to implement cloud storage technology to see the performance that is used as a medium for data storage that can be accessed on the local network. The cloud storage is implemented using Raspberry Pi 3 hardware and an external hard drive. The software uses the Raspbian Pixel operating system with Nimbus applications to run cloud storage functions. The test results show that the system runs well in functionality. System performance is studied based on CPU usage indicating that maximum 5 users can perform concurrent data file upload activity for file size less than 100MB. Whereas if the file size is more than 1GB, only 3 clients can be served simultaneously.

Background and Purpose of the Study: Two of the most critical factors affecting the prognosis of an avulsed tooth after replantation are extraoral dry time and the storage medium in which the tooth was placed before treatment could be rendered. The ability of a storage medium to support cell viability of the periodontal ligament (PDL) can be an important factor in the prognosis, and thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of commonly available storage media. Materials and Methods: Cultured PDL cells of sixty freshly extracted human teeth were randomly divided into four groups of 15 each, Group I: Electral solution, Group II: Ringer's lactate, Group III: Oral rehydration salt liquid (ORS-L), and Group IV: Coconut water. Samples in each group were further divided into three subgroups depending on the time duration they were placed in the storage medium, i.e., 1, 4, and 8 h. Further these samples were subjected to Collagenase assay, the cells were stained with trypan blue and viable PDL cells were counted under light microscope. Results: Statistical analysis showed that Group II demonstrated significantly (P < 0.001) more viable PDL cells in than Groups IV and I, least viable PDL cells are seen with Group III samples. Conclusion: Ringer's lactate maintained highest PDL cell viability followed by coconut water, electoral solution, and ORS-L at various time intervals. More studies with large samples are required to prove the efficacy of Ringer's lactate as viable storage media.

There has been exponential growth in the amount of data being generated on a daily basis. Such a huge amount of data creates a need for efficient data storage techniques. Due to the limitations of existing storage media, new storage solutions have always been of interest. There have been recent developments in order to efficiently use synthetic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for information storage. DNA storage has attracted researchers because of its extremely high data storage density, about 1 exabyte/mm3 and long life under easily achievable conditions. This work presents an encoding scheme for DNA‐based data storage system with controllable redundancy and reliability, the authors have also talked about the feasibility of the proposed method. The authors have also analysed the proposed algorithm for time and space complexity. The proposed encoding scheme tries to minimise the bases per letter ratio while controlling the redundancy. They have experimented with three different types of data with a value of redundancy as 0.75. In the randomised simulation setup, it was observed that the proposed algorithm was able to correctly retrieve the stored data in our experiments about 94% of the time. In the situation, where redundancy was increased to 1, the authors were able to retrieve all the information correctly in the proposed experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three valsartan metal (tin, nickel, and magnesium) complexes were examined as capture and storage media for methane under high temperature (323 K) and pressure (50 bar) conditions. The surface morphology of the complexes were examined using Field emission scanning electron microscopy and displayed porous structures comprising particles of different shapes and sizes. The narrow pore-size distribution of metal complexes makes them suitable materials for methane capture. The methane adsorption–desorption isotherms of the metal complexes were reversible. The tin(IV) and nickel(II) complexes exhibited type-III physisorption isotherms, while the magnesium(II) complex displayed a type-IV physisorption isotherm. Both types of isotherms are typical for mesoporous materials. The magnesium(II) complex was more efficient compared with the tin(IV) and nickel(II) complexes. It exhibited a remarkable methane uptake capacity of 71.68 cm3/g under optimized conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different storage media on viability and proliferation capacity of periodontal ligament cells. Methods: Plates with periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) cells were incubated in skimmed and whole milk, recently prepared Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), Save-A-Tooth system's, coconut water, propylene glycol with 20% propolis, egg white, tap water (negative control) at 5 °C and 20 °C, for 24 h. In one of the plates of each temperature, cell viability was determined by MTT assay. In the remaining plates, the wells were filled and incubated with Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) at 37 °C for 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. The proliferation capacity of PDFL cells was also evaluated by MTT assay. Data were statistically analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis, Scheffé and Mann–Whitney tests (α = 5%). Results: At 5 °C, milk maintained more viable cells than other storage media immediately after exposure (0 h) and allowed greater proliferation capacity. At 20 °C, milk and HBSS had similar and allowed similar proliferation ability at 24 and 48 h. From 72 h onwards, capacity to maintain cell viability the proliferation rate of cells incubated in HBSS was superior than milk. At both temperature and experiments, Save-A-Tooth system was similar to tap water. Conclusion: Milk and HBSS were more effective in maintaining cellular viability and proliferation capacity than any other storage media. At 5 °C, the most viable alternative was milk. At 20 °C, HBSS had better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Replantation is widely accepted as an effective treatment option for an avulsed tooth. However, the long-term fate of replanted teeth is unpredictable; it is dependent on various factors such as the time interval between avulsion and replantation, the storage method of teeth during the extra-alveolar period (dry storage or storage media), the vitality status of pulp or periodontal tissues, and the type and period of splinting. The appropriate use of storage media is an important clinical factor affecting the postoperative prognosis of avulsed teeth following replantation. Hanks Balances Salt Solution (HBSS) or chilled milk are considered to be most appropriate and clinically recommended storage media for avulsed teeth. The present review discusses the various available storage media for avulsed teeth and their potential maintenance of the vitality of periodontal ligament cells. A brief overview of the effect of clinical factors such as the storage time and temperature, and the osmolarity of storage media on their efficacy is included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]