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The kinetics and storage‐capacity of NiCoMg‐ternary layered double hydroxide (NiCoMg‐LDH) are successfully boosted by valence engineering. As the cathode for aqueous magnesium‐ion batteries (AMIBs), the assembled NiCoMg‐LDH//active carbon (AC) delivers a high specific discharge capacity (121.0 mAh·g−1 at 0.2 A·g−1), long‐term cycling stability (85% capacity retention after 2000 cycles at 1.0 A·g−1) and an excellent performance at −30 °C. Moreover, NiCoMg‐LDH//perylenediimide (PTCDI) is assembled, achieving a high specific discharge capacity and long‐term cycling stability. X‐ray absorption spectra (XAS)/X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses and Density functional theory (DFT) calculations disclose that the electrons are redistributed due to the 3d orbital overlap of Co/Ni atoms in NiCoMg‐LDH, which obviously reduces the valence states of Co/Ni atoms, enhances Mg─O bond strength and degree of hybridization of Co/Ni 3d and O 2p orbitals. Hence, the electronic conductivity is significantly enhanced and the electrostatic repulsion between Mg2+ and host layers is greatly reduced, giving rise to the improved diffusion kinetics and storage‐capacity of Mg2+. Furthermore, in situ Raman/X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and ex situ XPS reveal corresponding energy‐storage mechanism. This paper not only demonstrates the feasibility of LDHs as cathode for AMIBs, but also offers a new modification method of valence engineering for high‐performance electrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water shortages, exacerbated by erratic rainfall, climate change, and population growth, pose significant challenges globally, particularly in semi-arid regions like northern Ghana. Despite the construction of numerous small dams in the region that were intended to provide reliable water for domestic and irrigation purposes, critical water issues persist during dry periods. Key drivers in this failure are attributed to the lack of studies and/or the number of inadequate studies on suitable dam siting. This study focused on assessing the sites of selected small dams in northern Ghana, employing various methods such as stream order analysis and the Analytic Hierarchy Process within a Geographic Information System framework. Results showed that many existing dams are poorly sited, with over half located far from major stream networks, resulting in drying out during the dry season and failing to meet sustainable water storage standards. This study proposed new dam locations that would allow achieving a significant increase in storage capacities from 30% to 60%. These results highlight the necessity for decision-makers to adopt research-based approaches to address water shortages effectively, balancing agricultural, domestic, economic, and environmental needs. Future research should integrate climate change considerations, long-term monitoring, environmental impact assessments, and advanced decision-making techniques such as machine learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Reservoirs are very important for storing rainwater and floods, and water shortage management. In nearly all reservoirs, storage capacity is steadily lost due to trapping and accumulation of sediment. Sediment deposition in water reservoirs has major implications for storage capacity, reservoir lifetime and water quality. The present study aimed to evaluate the temporal dynamics of water stored and sedimentation rate in a reservoir using remote sensing data. For this purpose, the study was carried out in O. H. Ivie reservoir located in the America country. The techniques used to carry out this study have been pre-processing of Landsat 8 images, modeling and identifying water pixels using MNDWI index, evaluating reservoir capacity, and compression of results with recent bathymetric survey data to assessment sedimentation rate. According to the results, the average errors of computing the volume of water stored in the reservoir was about 9%. Based on this, the storage capacity of O. H. Ivie reservoir has decreased from 695 million cubic meters at the beginning of operation (1991) to 472 million cubic meters in 2019. The results showed that the lost storage capacity of the reservoir due to sedimentation is about 32% of the original volume and the annual sedimentation rate is 1.4%. Also, by evaluating the obtained results, the average height of sediment deposited in the reservoir between 2004 and 2019 was estimated to be about 9 meters. This research confirmed that remote sensing can estimate storage capacity and sedimentation rate in the reservoir with minimal cost and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the rate performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial to developing electronic devices. In light of the growing demand for consumer electronics, researchers have developed two-dimensional (2D) materials to achieve elevated performance levels. In this study, we applied the density functional theory (DFT) approach to assess the suitability of the novel 2D triphosphide AsP3 as a potential anode candidate for LIBs. The AsP3 monolayer exhibits high cohesive energy, outstanding structural stability, and impressive electronic properties. Our finding demonstrates that the valley site As2 is the optimal adsorption site for the Li atom on the AsP3 monolayer, with a high negative adsorption energy of -2.42 eV and considerable charge transfer. Moreover, the transition in behavior from semiconductor to metallic after the adsorption of Li on the substrate makes the AsP3 appropriate as an anode material of LIBs. Meanwhile, the AsP3 monolayer features a high theoretical storage capacity of around 638.71 mAhg− 1, exceeding that of commercial graphite and numerous other 2D materials. The diffusion barrier energy of the Li atom on the AsP3 monolayer is 0.29 eV, which is quite lower than that of many other 2D materials. This indicates rapid charge and discharge processes and underscores the high performance of the AsP3 monolayer. All these results demonstrate that the AsP3 monolayer could be a promising candidate for anode material in LIBs, paving the way for feature experimental studies in the development of battery technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue Canadienne des Ressources Hydriques is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study provides valuable insights into the sustainability of shrimp farming and supply chain practices in Bangladesh by focusing on quality management practices in shrimp depots across Paikgacha, Dacope, and Chokoria locations. Using qualitative interviews, surveys, and on-site observations, this study evaluates quality control measures focusing on procurement, processing, storage, product management, and record maintenance in shrimp depots. The depots typically maintained separate storage for shrimp and ice, with significant variability in capacity. The quality of the procured shrimp was assessed through visual and tactile inspections, with common contaminants including 'push' (adulterated shrimp), wood, and metal. The competition among depots was intense and driven by the need to secure stable shrimp supplies amid frequent shortages. The hygiene and sanitary conditions varied, with Paikgacha generally showing higher compliance with standards compared to Dacope and Chokoria. The record-keeping practices for shrimp sources were inconsistent, with most depots being unable to trace the exact origins of the purchased shrimp. The study reveals the complex dynamics of shrimp quality management practices in the depots. It highlights areas for improvement that can foster more sustainable and responsible practices in the shrimp industry. These improvements benefit the environment, the economy, and society at large, ensuring product quality and market competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solution to the problem of rationalizing the nutrition of the population, reducing the negative impact on the human body of harmful factors (physical, chemical) of the external environment is possible by creating functional products that include proteins, vitamins, antioxidants, pectins and other essential nutrients, the deficiency of which has been noted by biomedical research. Based on theoretical and experimental studies, the components were selected including functional ingredients: zosterin – a natural polysaccharide and vegetable filler – honeysuckle berry juice. Low-fat cottage cheese, which includes proteins, minerals, sulfur-containing compounds and other substances, was chosen as the basis of the functional product. As a result of the conducted research, technological approaches were formed and the component composition of the curd product with zosterin and berry juice was justified. The ratios of zosterol and honeysuckle juice in relation to the mass of cottage cheese have been established, ensuring proper technological and preventive effect. The organoleptic, structural-mechanical, physico-chemical parameters of the curd product have been studied. The nutritional and energy value is calculated. The developed curd product has an increased nutritional value, it contains biologically important components – vitamins, mineral salts, polyphenolic substances, pectins. It has a high digestibility due to the homogenization of all components and complementary organoleptics: pleasant aroma and taste, homogeneous, delicate consistency, attractive external characteristics. The effect of zosterol and berry juice on the quality of the curd product during storage has been studied. It has been proven that the introduction of zosterol and berry juice allows you to slow down undesirable processes, and, consequently, extend the shelf life of the product.

This research examines the significance of restoring efficient water management systems in India’s semiarid environment, with special emphasis on the role of traditional irrigation structures, such as tanks, in collecting and storing limited water resources. Assessing the benefits of any restoration program, especially when socioeconomic and environmental benefits are involved, is challenging. In the context of tank rehabilitation, a cost-benefit analysis will be conducted regarding economic and ecological returns in the post-desiltation phase. Since the restoration process requires a significant investment, assessing the project’s viability during the planning stage is better. The present study proposes a novel method to indirectly analyse the cost-benefit of the tank restoration process by correlating run-off and storage capacity of tanks before the planning phase. The Ambuliyar sub-basin, which covers an area of 930 square kilometres in Tamil Nadu, India, comprising 181 tanks (water bodies) of varying sizes and shapes, was taken for this study. This study employed the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method, incorporating factors such as soil type, land cover, land use practices, and advanced remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools to simulate surface run-off. Run-off volume and tank capacity were compared for all seasons at the micro-watershed level. The results demonstrated that the run-off volume in each micro-watershed significantly exceeded the tank capacity across all seasons. Even during the summer, the run-off volumes in the micro-watershed were considerably higher than the tank capacity. The findings suggest tank restoration can effectively store run-off and significantly fulfil agricultural and other essential needs throughout the year, thereby improving the local rural economy. This study also highlights the need for periodic maintenance and rehabilitation of these tank systems to retain their functionality.

This study illustrates the comprehensive investigation to assess the sedimentation, deposition pattern, and futuristic active capacity of the reservoir in a minimal period. A multi-collaborative methodology was developed using Geographic information system (GIS) & Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The sedimentation analysis was carried out on a GIS environment using satellite rasters. The satellite data captures the live water region with a combination of visible and Near-Infrared (NIR) bands. The ANN model was developed using feed-forward backpropagation algorithm to forecast the revised water spread. A Multi-Layer Perceptron [2-1(10)-1(1)-1] ANN structure best captures the trend of water-spread reduction with the coefficient of determination (R2)1,1,1 & 0.977 for training, testing, validation, and overall performance respectively. The designed approach provides a performance comparison of GIS and ANN methods for the prediction of reservoir capacity. Also, the observations of sedimentation analysis were superimposed on the Borland & Miller graph to portray the pattern of deposition. The research framework was applied to the Kerwan reservoir located in the capital of central India. This analysis reveals that the useful capacity of the reservoir had reduced from 22.67 to 15.13 Mm3 in 46 years (1976–2022) and the depositing pattern was shifting towards Type-II (Flood Plain-Foot Hill) which was designed as Type-III like Hilly reservoir. From the Neural Network fittings, it was concluded that Kerwan would be suppressed to 59.95% in 2030 and reduced up to 49.49% & 40.84% for 2050 & 2070 respectively, if siltation carried on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon capture and storage is vital for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change. Most projects involve the permanent geological storage of CO2 within deep sedimentary rock formations, but accurately constraining storage capacity usually involves detailed and computationally demanding reservoir modeling and simulation. Efficiency factors can also be used but these often lead to capacity overestimations. To address this, a workflow is proposed harnessing various existing, reduced complexity models that account for the surface topography and dynamic fluid behavior in a computationally efficient manner. This workflow was tested in an area of the Malay Basin mapped from three-dimensional seismic data but with illustrative reservoir parameters. A static analysis was first undertaken using algorithms within MRST-co2lab. Structural traps, spill paths and spill regions were identified using the reservoir topography. This provided initial indications into optimal well placement and led to refinement of the total capacity of the area into the capacity available within structural traps. This was followed with a dynamic analysis, also within MRST-co2lab, using computationally efficient Vertical Equilibrium models. Hundreds of simulations were undertaken and the optimal well placement was determined based on the maximum storage efficiency achieved. The results indicated that the amount that can be contained within this area is 15 times less than equivalent predictions using static storage efficiency factors. The advantage of such a light approach is that sensitivity and uncertainty analysis can be carried out at speed, before targeting certain parameters/areas for more detailed study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the significance of restoring efficient water management systems in India's semiarid environment, with special emphasis on the role of traditional irrigation structures, such as tanks, in collecting and storing limited water resources. Assessing the benefits of any restoration program, especially when socioeconomic and environmental benefits are involved, is challenging. In the context of tank rehabilitation, a cost-benefit analysis will be conducted regarding economic and ecological returns in the post-desiltation phase. Since the restoration process requires a significant investment, assessing the project's viability during the planning stage is better. The present study proposes a novel method to indirectly analyse the cost-benefit of the tank restoration process by correlating run-off and storage capacity of tanks before the planning phase. The Ambuliyar sub-basin, which covers an area of 930 square kilometres in Tamil Nadu, India, comprising 181 tanks (water bodies) of varying sizes and shapes, was taken for this study. This study employed the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method, incorporating factors such as soil type, land cover, land use practices, and advanced remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools to simulate surface run-off. Run-off volume and tank capacity were compared for all seasons at the micro-watershed level. The results demonstrated that the run-off volume in each micro-watershed significantly exceeded the tank capacity across all seasons. Even during the summer, the run-off volumes in the micro-watershed were considerably higher than the tank capacity. The findings suggest tank restoration can effectively store run-off and significantly fulfil agricultural and other essential needs throughout the year, thereby improving the local rural economy. This study also highlights the need for periodic maintenance and rehabilitation of these tank systems to retain their functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Industry is the property of Natural Gas Industry Journal Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Adsorption storage utilizing activated carbon is acknowledged as a promising approach for hydrogen storage duo to its high efficiency. This study compares the activated carbon adsorption storage method with the conventional empty tank storage approach. Finite element simulation is conducted to analyze the hydrogen charging process. Results reveal that under conditions with an initial temperature of 281 K and a storage pressure of 50 MPa, the adsorption tank exhibits a higher system volumetric capacity compared to the empty tank, with an increase of 12.6%. Furthermore, the influence of activated carbon's macroporosity and adsorption performance on storage capacity is investigated. It is indicated that increasing macroporosity effectively enhances storage capacity. Additionally, a comparison between the hydrogen storage performance of AX-21 activated carbon and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) highlights the significant impact of adsorption performance of the adsorbent materials on the storage capacity and temperature distribution. [Display omitted] • The adsorption tank has a 12.6% higher system volumetric capacity compared to the empty tank. • The maximum temperature in the adsorption tank is lower than that in the empty tank. • The hydrogen storage capacity in the adsorption tank increases with the increase in the macroporosity of activated carbon. • The hydrogen storage capacity of the AX-21 adsorption tank is 50% higher than that of the CNTs adsorption tank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underground gas storage (UGS) is the most economical and effective means to guarantee stable gas supply. During gas production process, the evaporation of formation water leads to the increase of water content in the gas, and the salinity of the remaining formation water increases. This work applied numerical simulation to analyze the effect of salt deposition on flowing bottomhole pressure, production capacity and storage capacity. The simulation results show that the minimum and maximum pressure of UGS is more likely to be reached during multi-cycle production under the conditions of salt deposition. Under the initial water condition, reservoir drying can improve the gas storage capacity. At the end of the tenth cycle, the storage capacity increases by 1.4%. It is concluded that the study on the impact of formation water evaporation on storage capacity is helpful for the prevention and control of salt formation water in UGS with high salinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global demand for underground gas storage (UGS) is steadily increasing, with the limestone-based UGS system situated in the Sichuan Basin of China gathering considerable interest in recent years. However, studies focusing on the fundamental mechanisms of the injection-production process in these systems are limited. Moreover, existing studies utilizing physical experimental methods frequently fall short in effectively visualizing micro-flow or incorporating real core samples from the reservoir. To address these gaps, we performed a coreflood experiment, integrating micro-Computed Tomography (CT) scanning to investigate mechanisms of fluid flow and storage capacity during the injection and production cycles in limestone reservoirs. Our approach involved utilizing core plugs with artificially engraved fracture-vuggy structures, which mimic the characteristics of the reservoir. Micro-CT scans were performed to visualize the microscopic changes in fractured-vuggy structures and the distribution of irreducible water during each cycle. This study reveals that increased cycles correspondingly affect gas storage capacity, particularly by expanding it in relative larger vuggy structures while reducing it in finer fissure network structures. The amount of irreducible water decreases after injection-production cycles, likely being expelled alongside the extracted dry gas. This plays a critical role in expanding the storage capacity in larger vuggy systems. Conversely, there is a decrease in storage capacity within fissure network systems, as the irreducible water is replaced by gas. This leads to a reduction in the opening force of the fine conduit. The dense matrix has a very limited effect on the flow mechanism and its influence on storage capacity. Overall, these findings offer practical insights for optimizing injection and production strategies in limestone UGS systems within the Sichuan Basin, contributing to a deeper understanding and efficient utilization of this vital infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is a key element in the changing energy sector and presents an accessible alternative to conventional fossil fuel sources. In this work, a system of ten high-entropy alloys was prepared based on the Hume-Rothery rules. One of the biggest advantages of these alloys is their storage capacity, which reaches the highest value among all known alloys intended for hydrogen storage. Alloys based on Al-Ti-Nb-Zr elements with different atomic fractions show interesting accumulation capabilities with fast absorption kinetics and low specific gravity. Each alloy in this study underwent high-pressure gravimetric absorption and desorption tests. The main goals of this work were to prepare alloys with the lowest-possible specific gravity and the highest-possible storage capacity. One alloy from our system shows storage capacity values similar to commercial alloys, without any rare-earth elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wilson DC. 2024. Geomorphic features of Lake Havasu with impacts on its water resource capacity. Lake Reserv Manage. 40:93–108. Determining a reservoir's available storage capacity and its possible rate of change over time through in-filling are 2 of many parameters needed to conduct efficient and flexible water delivery operations, particularly in cascading river-reservoir systems. This study focused on this issue through generating the first bathymetric elevation map of Lake Havasu on the Colorado River (CR) with enough detail to identify geomorphic features, including areas of deposition, to assess the current storage capacity of the reservoir. Two main areas of deposition were identified, the CR inlet delta and the Bill Williams River (BWR) delta at the reservoir's northern and southern ends, respectively. The physical distribution of the CR inlet deposits well into the main reservoir and to some extent those of the BWR delta also may have been influenced by one episode of drastic water level lowering early in the reservoir's history that probably re-mobilized sediments when fluvial dynamics temporarily resumed. High resolution sonar images compared with the CR channel position on a pre-reservoir topographic map, a sonar-generated reservoir bottom hardness map coupled with grain-size analyses of sediment samples, and modeling reservoir water level changes support this notion. Post-reservoir dam construction up both rivers has cut off sediment sources that historically reached Lake Havasu, effectively reducing sedimentation rates. Determined thicknesses of the sediment packages indicate that Lake Havasu has lost more than 7% of its available storage capacity since inception, which is an important parameter for adjusting management of water deliveries and storage in the Colorado River system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flow batteries are promising for large‐scale energy storage in intermittent renewable energy technologies. While the iron–chromium redox flow battery (ICRFB) is a low‐cost flow battery, it has a lower storage capacity and a higher capacity decay rate than the all‐vanadium RFB. Herein, the effect of electrolyte composition (active species and supporting electrolyte concentrations), Fe/Cr molar ratio, and supporting electrolyte type (HCl and H2SO4) on the performance (current efficiency (CE), voltage efficiency (VE), energy efficiency, discharge capacity, and capacity decay) of an ICRFB is investigated. The storage capacity of the optimum electrolyte (1.3 m FeCl2, 1.4 m CrCl3, 5.0 mm Bi2O3 in 1.0 m HCl) is 40% higher (from 17.5 to 24.4 Ah L−1), while the capacity decay rate is tenfold lower (from 3.0 to 0.3% h−1) than the performance of the previously used 1.0 m FeCl2, 1.0 m CrCl3 in 3.0 m HCl. At the optimum Fe and Cr concentrations and ratio in 0.5 m HCl, a near constant CE (92.3%), VE (78.7%), and EE (72.6%) are obtained over 50 cycles. The significantly higher capacity decay when using 1.0 m H2SO4 (1.6% h−1) compared to 1.0 m HCl (0.3% h−1) confirms that HCl is the more suitable supporting electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conserving rainwater at the household level is generally overlooked in many developing countries. Therefore, rooftop rainwater potential for kitchen gardening or aquifer recharge was explored using 30 years of weather data in the Rawal watershed, which is facing water table decline (> 1 m/year) due to urbanization and climate change. The results revealed that harvesting rainwater from rooftops of available household sizes (single to five-room) in the Rawal watershed area is capable of growing vegetables (onion, tomato, cucumber, and garlic) on 25 (1 Marla) to 1339 m2 (53 Marla) using storage tanks of suitable capacity (10 to 59 m3). Furthermore, by recharging the groundwater through the available rainwater of around 1.2 m per year can stop or reduce the current water table decline in the study area. Rainwater storage during the monsoon can increase productivity by reusing in dry periods while recharging aquifers can sustain flow from springs, dug wells, and tube wells in rural and urban areas. The new information and knowledge can be helpful for decision support in designing site-specific rooftop rainwater harvesting systems for kitchen gardening, which can be instrumental in improving food security and raising groundwater levels in both urban and rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue Canadienne des Ressources Hydriques is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As the need for energy storage systems (ESSs) capacity is increasing due to high accommodation of renewable resources, it is crucial to analyze in which location and for what purpose the ESSs are required to achieve the highest efficiency. Investors and system operators can place and operate the ESSs as expected based on this analysis. Therefore, this study assesses the specific roles of ESSs in a grid system based on their optimal capacity needs, locations, and operations. A long-term simulation model using mixed-integer programming is proposed to obtain these optimal solutions, such as ESS capacity and operational schedules for energy and reserves. Four-week operational simulations are performed for each month using data from the California Independent System Operator. ESSs are placed at sites with solar photovoltaic (PV) systems or wind farms, at baseload generator buses, and at load buses to verify the role of ESSs, depending on the locational differences. The detailed roles are analyzed from the aspects of flexible capacity supply, reserve deployments, time-shifting renewable and thermal energy generation, and costs. The results show that the ESSs on the baseload generation side provide flexibility by time-shifting baseload generation and turn on baseload generators, even when the net load is small. For instance, the required capacity of the flexible thermal generators, such as natural gas turbine generators, is about 3004 MW without the ESS operations in May. When 450 MW ESSs colocated with solar PVs are operated, the required flexible capacity of the thermal generators is lowered to 2404 MW. Moreover, ESSs are highly utilized as a downward reserve provider, although their costs for reserves are higher than thermal generators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the electronic and magnetic properties of 2D M3C2S2 (M = Cr, Zr) monolayers and their potential as lithium-ion battery electrodes are systematically studied by density functional theory (DFT). The geometric structures of the M3C2S2 monolayers are both thermally and dynamically stable. The Cr3C2S2 monolayer acts as a magnetic metal, while the Zr3C2S2 monolayer shows a nonmagnetic metallicity nature. The diffusion energy barriers are only 0.23 eV (Cr3C2S2) and 0.26 eV (Zr3C2S2), and lithium storage capacities are 439.35 mA h g−1 for the Cr3C2S2 monolayer and 296.41 mA h g−1 for the Zr3C2S2 monolayer, respectively. Compared with the pristine M3C2 monolayers, although the diffusion energy barriers are slightly increased after the S group modification, the lithium storage capacity of Cr3C2S2 and Zr3C2S2 monolayers both have obvious improvement. Our work indicates that the S-functionalized M3C2S2 hold promise for future use as electrode materials for Li-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater reservoirs play an important role in regional water volume balance. In order to ensure the efficiency of a groundwater reservoir and obtain its maximum value, it is necessary to figure out its characteristics, such as minimum water level, normal water level, and maximum water level. The characteristics not only determined the storage capacity but also influenced the water allocation and utilization. Therefore, this paper took a groundwater reservoir built in an alluvial fan as an example to assess its storage capacity and the influence on water dynamic control. The alluvial fan was located in the front of Lao River, where there were an alluvial-diluvial fan, groundwater storage space, and natural impervious boundary. Therefore, it was an ideal place for constructing a groundwater reservoir. Through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, the storage capacity was determined, and the influence of groundwater reservoir characteristics on water dynamic control was analyzed. On this basis, the water-supply method in the research area was confirmed. This paper will present a new method for repairing the groundwater system and protecting the ecological environment. HIGHLIGHTS Groundwater reservoir built in an alluvial fan could balance the water contradiction.; Groundwater reservoir characteristics have a great influence on water dynamic control.; Groundwater reservoir capacity and its characteristics were calculated.;

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels have a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical and biomedicine fields due to their exceptional biophysical properties. The study focuses on preparing and characterizing capsule-shaped PVA hydrogels to enhance their biocompatibility and porosity for controlled glucose release and cell proliferation. The hydrogels were prepared using different concentrations (Cs) and molecular weights (MWs) of PVA, with two different lengths, A (10 mm) and B (20 mm), to control glucose release over 60 min. The preparation process involved PVA gel preparation and PVA hydrogel formation. A total of 500 µL of glucose was injected into all dehydrated hydrogels in groups A and B. Glucose release was studied by immersing the hydrogels in saline at 37 °C with stirring at 500 rpm. The SUP-B15 cell line was grown in six A1 hydrogels for biocompatibility testing. The results indicate that all hydrogels remained stable at 37 °C without degrading. Those with a higher C and MW exhibited a denser and less porous structure, lower glucose storage capacity, and higher elongation at break. Significant differences in glucose release, diffusion speed, and flux were observed, which were more evident in A1 > A4, B1 > B4, and B1 > A1 over 60 min. A1 and B1 had higher values because their higher porosity distribution allowed glucose to diffuse more easily. B1, being larger, has more glucose due to its increased length. The cell growth response and viability at 48 h in contact with the hydrogels was similar to that of the control (4.5 × 105 cells/mL, 98.5% vs. 4.8 × 105 cells/mL, 99.7% viability), thus demonstrating biocompatibility. The hydrogels effectively released glucose over 60 min, with variations based on porosity, C, MW, and length, and demonstrated good biocompatibility with the cell line.

Water shortages, exacerbated by erratic rainfall, climate change, and population growth, pose significant challenges globally, particularly in semi-arid regions like northern Ghana. Despite the construction of numerous small dams in the region that were intended to provide reliable water for domestic and irrigation purposes, critical water issues persist during dry periods. Key drivers in this failure are attributed to the lack of studies and/or the number of inadequate studies on suitable dam siting. This study focused on assessing the sites of selected small dams in northern Ghana, employing various methods such as stream order analysis and the Analytic Hierarchy Process within a Geographic Information System framework. Results showed that many existing dams are poorly sited, with over half located far from major stream networks, resulting in drying out during the dry season and failing to meet sustainable water storage standards. This study proposed new dam locations that would allow achieving a significant increase in storage capacities from 30% to 60%. These results highlight the necessity for decision-makers to adopt research-based approaches to address water shortages effectively, balancing agricultural, domestic, economic, and environmental needs. Future research should integrate climate change considerations, long-term monitoring, environmental impact assessments, and advanced decision-making techniques such as machine learning.

This study assesses the optimal levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) production from wind farms. The study investigates 84 locations in the south of Argentina with nodes spaced 100 km apart, as well as one location each in Chile, the USA, Spain, Japan, and Australia. A model is presented to optimize the design of the wind farm, electrolyzer plant, compressor station, and storage capacity (gaseous 160 bar), with different hydrogen demands (hydrogen dispatch constraints) and minimizing the LCOH. Hourly data for wind resources from NASA is used to define a characteristic year. The model involves energy and mass balances in hourly basis for the whole year. Sequential solution procedures with heuristic rules are implemented. The optimal costs and their relation to the main variables, as well as production and storage, are analyzed. By imposing dispatch constraints, increase in levelized cost ranges from 25 % to 40 %, and decrease in annual hydrogen production ranges from 5 % to 30 %. Best levelized cost without considering electric transport between wind farm and electrolyzer plant is 2700 USD/t. • Attain the optimal hydrogen cost from wind energy. • Analize 84 sites in a 100 km × 100 km grid covering the Argentina's south region. • Identify the representative year (2011–2020) for wind resources. • Determine the site-specific optimal wind farm-to-electrolyzer power ratio. • Investigate the influence of dispatch constraints on the optimal LCOH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the future, the development of a zero-carbon economy will require large-scale hydrogen storage. This article addresses hydrogen storage capacities, a critical issue for large-scale hydrogen storage in geological structures. The aim of this paper is to present a methodology to evaluate the potential for hydrogen storage in depleted natural gas reservoirs and estimate the capacity and energy of stored hydrogen. The estimates took into account the recoverable reserves of the reservoirs, hydrogen parameters under reservoir conditions, and reservoir parameters of selected natural gas reservoirs. The theoretical and practical storage capacities were assessed in the depleted natural gas fields of N and NW Poland. Estimates based on the proposed methodology indicate that the average hydrogen storage potential for the studied natural gas fields ranges from 0.01 to 42.4 TWh of the hydrogen energy equivalent. Four groups of reservoirs were distinguished, which differed in recovery factor and technical hydrogen storage capacity. The issues presented in the article are of interest to countries considering large-scale hydrogen storage, geological research organizations, and companies generating electricity from renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing interest in hydrogen (H 2) within the energy sector has necessitated the development of alternative storage systems for H 2. Depleted natural gas reservoirs, currently utilized for large-scale natural gas storage, are also seen as a feasible choice for storing H 2. This study presents the results of numerical simulations to assess the applicability of utilizing the Değirmenköy gas field for underground hydrogen storage. The Değirmenköy gas field is onshore and depleted in the Thrace region of Türkiye. Cyclic storage simulations were run in four distinct scenarios to assess the reservoir's injection and withdrawal capacities and the H 2 ratio of the withdrawn gas from the reservoir. If the injection and withdrawal flow rates are 1.5 million Sm3/day (250.0 thousand Sm3/day/well), a constant flow rate can be achieved on almost all days of the injection and withdrawal periods, and annual average H 2 injection and withdrawal capacities were estimated as 221.5 million Sm3 and 177.7 million Sm3, respectively. Besides, H 2 ratio of the withdrawn gas increased as storage cycles repeated and average H 2 ratio increased to 88% in the last cycle. On the other hand, in the simulations performed with constant bottom hole pressure (BHP), both injection and withdrawal flow rates are quite variable during injection and withdrawal periods and peak flow rates at the beginning of each period is higher during H 2 storage as compared to natural gas. Nevertheless, in both cases the flow rate gradually diminished and eventually ceased before the related period ended. Hence, it can be inferred that conducting storage operations with a steady flow rate, as opposed to a constant BHP, is deemed more suitable for the field under investigation due to the stability of flow rate. As a result, depleted natural gas reservoirs are considered a suitable option for H 2 storage in large-scale, especially for applications without the need to obtain pure H 2 , considering their storage, injection, and withdrawal capacities. • Underground hydrogen storage capability of the Değirmenköy gas field was studied. • Large-scale and seasonal hydrogen storage in a depleted gas field was examined. • A reservoir model was generated using MATLAB MRST based on real-field data. • Annual injection and withdrawal capacities of the recovered hydrogen were assessed. • Injection and withdrawal flow rates for hydrogen/natural gas storage were compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geoscientists working in the oil and gas industry have a crucial role in combating climate change. In particular, by carrying out regional and local characterization and field projects to demonstrate that different types of geologic storage reservoirs distributed over different basins can permanently and safely store CO2. Therefore, this work is aimed at determining the storage capacity, injectivity, and containment of the reservoir intended for CO2 sequestration. Well logs and 3D seismic data were used to analyze a depleted oil field, (the “HAN” field), in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Petrophysical analysis was done on the well logs to estimate the net thickness, porosity, water saturation, and injectivity of the reservoirs. Structural interpretation was done on the seismic data, and the volumetric method was used to estimate the storage capacity of the delineated reservoirs. The fault’s sealing capacity was determined, and the resulting containment of the reservoirs was estimated. Two sand reservoirs, RES 1 and RES 2, of average thicknesses of 79 m and 93 m, respectively, were delineated across the three analysed wells. The reservoirs effective porosity was 18% and 19%, respectively, and water saturation was 18% and 35%, respectively. The storage capacity of RES 1 was estimated to be 28 MT, and RES 2 was 22 MT. The assessed storage capacity for both reservoirs gave “HAN” field a total storage capacity of approximately 50 MT. The injectivity for RES 1 and RES 2 was determined to be 337 mD and 323 mD, respectively. Based on the threshold set by the International Energy Agency, parameters obtained were observed to be greater than 10 m, 10%, 10%, 200 mD, and 4 MT for thickness, effective porosity, water saturation, injectivity, and storage capacity, respectively. The Han field is suggested as a good field for CO2 sequestration. Furthermore, the Shale Gouge Ratio (SGR) was estimated to be 29% (poor sealing zone) and 44% (moderately sealing zone) in Fault F9 for regions with RES 1 and 2, respectively, to validate their containment. It is evident from the SGR that F9 can serve as a barrier to the migration of CO2 away from the reservoir at deeper depths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The best technological alternative known so far to reduce emissions into the atmosphere of the largest greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, in the short and medium term, is the capture, utilization and geological storage of CO2 (CCUS). This aspect allows the continued use of fossil fuels while moving towards the massive and comprehensive development of renewable energies. Achieving a significant reduction in CO2 emissions requires knowledge of the available CO2 storage capacity. This research shows a methodology for calculating the geological storage capacity in the part of the porous volume previously occupied by hydrocarbons can be occupied by an equivalent volume of CO2 at reservoir pressure and temperature conditions. The proposed calculation methodology (UCCGCO2) has an estimation efficiency between 90 and 98% was determined to the values obtained currently available methodologies, and its use is simpler than these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As concerns about environmental pollution grow, hydrogen is gaining attention as a promising solution for sustainable energy. Researchers are exploring hydrogen's potential across various fields including production, transportation, and storage, all thanks to its clean and eco-friendly characteristics, emitting only water during use. One standout option for hydrogen storage is through gas hydrates, unique structures mainly composed of water molecules. These hydrates have attracted interest as a green method for storing hydrogen. A noteworthy advantage is that they release only water vapor when used, aligning with environmental goals. However, ongoing research is essential to improve how efficiently these hydrates form under different conditions. This review paper offers a comprehensive overview of research into using gas hydrates for hydrogen storage. While early efforts focused on storing pure hydrogen, current studies delve into modifying the conditions and speeds of the formation using various promoters that impact the thermodynamics and kinetics involved. Some researchers suggest new strategies that enable trapping multiple hydrogen molecules within a single hydrate cage, potentially enhancing hydrogen storage capacity. Moreover, the use of materials such as porous substances, surfactants, and amino acids has been extensively investigated to enhance interactions between water and gas, resulting in accelerated formation rates. By advancing these strategies, gas hydrates could become a more practical material for hydrogen storage. Given the urgency of reducing carbon emissions and curbing environmental harm, gas hydrates stand out as a promising option for sustainable energy advancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mishrif sequence in the West Qurna oilfield is a long-term, second-order shallowing-upward cycle with a regional unconformity at the top. Due to changes in rock textures and pore types, permeability in the Mishrif is highly variable (ranging from < 0.01 to > 1000 mD) and does not generally correlate well to porosity. Nevertheless, there is generally a good correspondence between depositional texture and their respective sequence-stratigraphic position and reservoir quality. In this study, Reservoir Rock Typing (RRT) was modified according to core data, depositional model, and diagenesis controls that were recorded recently to characterize permeability variations, linking it to the geological processes controlling the initial depositional fabric and the subsequent diagenetic overprint then the storage capacity was re-estimated according to these changes. The results show that the sequence stratigraphic model for the Mishrif Formation in the West Qurna/1 oilfield reflects six Reservoir Rock type groups. Grainstone and rudstone are the most abundant in the Highstand to late Highstand of the Upper Mishrif (mA) and the Middle Mishrif (mB). High flow zones in the upper unit of the Middle Mishrif (mB1) are confined to channels and spillover lobes. Microporous RRT 1 and RRT 2 are most abundant in the transgressive phases of the Lower Mishrif (mC) and the bottom of the Middle Mishrif (mB2L). In RRT 0, it is also the toes of the clinoforms exist to represent the vertical baffles of flow. RRT 00, the “cap rock intervals,” are generally developed below third-order sequence boundaries, forming widespread vertical barriers to flow. The results indicate clearly that the Grainstones and Microporous layers have about 70% of the total reserves in this Formation. Due to the complexity of the Mishrif Reservoir and limited test data, many uncertainties remain, such as mA geologic understanding, mB1 tidal channels, mB2L complexities and uncertainties, property degradation from top to bottom and from northeast to southwest, and depositional environment of clinoforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions into the environment is a key pre-requisite for ensuring a healthy and sustainable planet that we all yearn for. The most prominent of all technologies devised by experts worldwide to tackle this menace and bring great cuts is the Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) technology. Unfortunately, in the present Africa, this novel technology is not being utilized maximally. Carbon dioxide storage capacity estimation in the past has also been restricted solely to petrophysical and lithological information and not performance-based numerical simulation to assess or quantify the storage efficiency. Thus, the use of advanced geomodeling technique has been employed in this research to investigate the injectivity and simulation capacities for effective carbon dioxide sequestration in the 'X-Field', Central Swamp II depobelt of the Niger Delta. The ECLIPSE compositional reservoir simulator (E300) software was used for this research using a 50 year simulation period for the target reservoir (Reservoir J). The cumulative storage capacity for Reservoir J yielded an estimate of 7.01 Bsm3 at a bottom hole pressure (BHP) of 1455 psi using the existing wells as injection wells. The results of relative permeability correlation show that there is no significantly large difference between the behavior of the drainage curves. At high water saturation end, the relative permeability of gas becomes high in the reservoir under high capillary pressure at the start of gas invasion. The curves in drainage tend to show capillary end effect at the lower water saturation end. Generally, the reservoir shows higher relative permeability of gas than water at higher capillary pressure although the relative permeabilities of both phase show similar behavior under the same capillary pressure, which suggests that the reservoir rocks tend to more gas wet than water wet under higher capillary pressure, making it suitable for geological storage of CO2. However, beyond the target BHP, it is possible that the reservoir could approach fracture pressure if injection continues. Also, at relaxation time, the pressure is predicted to remain constant resulting in a slight decrease in the motion of the CO2 fluid. Besides providing a better understanding of reservoir behavior in the Niger Delta during CCS, this research demonstrates that for an effective CCS project in the Niger Delta region to take place, a performance-based storage capacity estimation and an efficient injection strategy with a well-planned well placement is paramount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of modern cryptography and anti-counterfeiting, innovative approaches are crucial to encode sensitive information securely. Tailored responsive structural colors have garnered significant interest due to their feature-rich spectra and high sensitivity to external stimuli. However, high costs and complex processing involved in integrating the various delicate microstructures have impeded their widespread development. In this study, we present a straightforward multilevel chromatic encryption scheme utilizing direct-writing gradient-crosslinked microdomes. The solvent-responsive structural color of each microdome, arising from the synergistic effect of total internal reflections and interference, is adjusted independently across the entire visible region. Each microdome functions as a signal recording unit, enabling multilevel color variations through a solvent-dependent development step. This approach facilitates the encoding of enhanced information into a single pixel. To demonstrate the efficacy of our method for advanced applications, we have prepared a collection of solvent-dependent multilevel codes for algorithm cryptography, showcasing its potential for high-level anti-counterfeiting and high-density optical data storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flow batteries are promising for large‐scale energy storage in intermittent renewable energy technologies. While the iron–chromium redox flow battery (ICRFB) is a low‐cost flow battery, it has a lower storage capacity and a higher capacity decay rate than the all‐vanadium RFB. Herein, the effect of electrolyte composition (active species and supporting electrolyte concentrations), Fe/Cr molar ratio, and supporting electrolyte type (HCl and H2SO4) on the performance (current efficiency (CE), voltage efficiency (VE), energy efficiency, discharge capacity, and capacity decay) of an ICRFB is investigated. The storage capacity of the optimum electrolyte (1.3 m FeCl2, 1.4 m CrCl3, 5.0 mm Bi2O3 in 1.0 m HCl) is 40% higher (from 17.5 to 24.4 Ah L−1), while the capacity decay rate is tenfold lower (from 3.0 to 0.3% h−1) than the performance of the previously used 1.0 m FeCl2, 1.0 m CrCl3 in 3.0 m HCl. At the optimum Fe and Cr concentrations and ratio in 0.5 m HCl, a near constant CE (92.3%), VE (78.7%), and EE (72.6%) are obtained over 50 cycles. The significantly higher capacity decay when using 1.0 m H2SO4 (1.6% h−1) compared to 1.0 m HCl (0.3% h−1) confirms that HCl is the more suitable supporting electrolyte.

Underground gas storage (UGS) is the most economical and effective means to guarantee stable gas supply. During gas production process, the evaporation of formation water leads to the increase of water content in the gas, and the salinity of the remaining formation water increases. This work applied numerical simulation to analyze the effect of salt deposition on flowing bottomhole pressure, production capacity and storage capacity. The simulation results show that the minimum and maximum pressure of UGS is more likely to be reached during multi-cycle production under the conditions of salt deposition. Under the initial water condition, reservoir drying can improve the gas storage capacity. At the end of the tenth cycle, the storage capacity increases by 1.4%. It is concluded that the study on the impact of formation water evaporation on storage capacity is helpful for the prevention and control of salt formation water in UGS with high salinity.

The North China Plain is one of the main grain producing areas in China. However, over-exploitation has long been unsustainable since the water supply is mainly from groundwater. Since 2014, the South-to-North Water Diversion Project’s central route has been charted to the integrated management of water supply and over-exploitation, which has alleviated the problem to a certain extent. Although the Ministry of Water Resources has made many efforts on groundwater recharge since 2018 most of which have been successful, the recharge has not yet been sufficiently focused on the repair of shallow groundwater depression zones. It still needs further optimization. This paper discusses this particular issue, proposes optimized recharge plan and provides the following recommendations: (1) Seven priority target areas are selected for groundwater recharge in alluvial and proluvial fans in the piedmont plain, and the storage capacity is estimated to be 181.00×108 m3; (2) A recharge of 31.18×108 m3/a is required by 2035 to achieve the repair target; (3) It is proposed to increase the recharge of Hutuo River, Dasha River and Tanghe River to 19.00×108 m3/a and to rehabilitate Gaoliqing-Ningbailong Depression Zone; increase the recharge of Fuyang River, Zhanghe River and Anyang River to 7.05×108 m3/a and rehabilitate Handan Feixiang-Guangping Depression Zone; increase the recharge of Luanhe River by 0.56×108 m3/a and restore Tanghai Depression Zone and Luanan-Leting Depression Zone; moderately reduce the amount of water recharged to North Canal and Yongding River to prevent excessive rebound of groundwater; (4) Recharge through well is implemented on a pilot basis in areas of severe urban ground subsidence and coastal saltwater intrusion; (5) An early warning mechanism for groundwater quality risks in recharge areas is established to ensure the safety. The numerical groundwater flow model also proves reasonable groundwater level restoration in the depression zones by 2035.

The concept of the carbon cycle in the old goaf of a coal mine based on CO2 utilization and storage was put forward adhering to the principle of low-carbon development, utilization of space resources in old goafs, and associated gas resources development. Firstly, the evolution characteristics of overburden fissures in the goaf of the case was studied using a two-dimensional physical similarity simulation test, the sealing performance of the caprocks after stabilization was analyzed, and the fissures were counted and classified. Then, the process of gaseous CO2 injection in the connected fissure was simulated by Ansys Fluent software, and the migration law and distribution characteristics of CO2 under the condition of gaseous CO2 injection were analyzed. Finally, the estimation models of free CO2 storage capacity in the old goaf were constructed considering the proportion of connected fissure and the effectiveness of CO2 injection. The CO2 storage capacity in the old goaf of the case coal mine was estimated. The results showed that a caprock group of “hard-thickness low-permeability hard-thickness” was formed after the caprock-fissures system in the goaf of the case tended to be stable vertically. The connected fissure, occlude cracks, and micro-fractures in the goaf accounted for 85.5%, 8.5%, and 6% of the total fissures, respectively. Gaseous CO2 first migrated to the bottom of the connected fissure after CO2 was injected into the goaf, then spread horizontally along the bottom of the connected fissure after reaching the bottom, and finally spread longitudinally after filling the bottom of the entire connected fissure. The theoretical and effective storage capacities of free CO2 at normal temperature and pressure in the old goaf of the case were 9757 and 7477 t, respectively. The effective storage capacity of free CO2 at normal temperature and pressure in the old goaf after all minefield mined was 193404 t. The research can provide some reference for the coal mining industry to help the goal of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”.

Due to the characteristics of clean and efficient hydrogen energy and its wide application, hydropower hydrogen production has become one of the potential technical means to reduce the new energy abandonment rate, and its economic benefits are analyzed in this paper. After exploring the operation characteristics of hydropower plants, the paper examines the characteristics of water and energy abandonment in combination with the calculation method of hydropower plant power abandonment, mathematically models the relevant equipment of hydropower hydrogen generation and consumption mode, and establishes a hydrogen storage and consumption model considering the capacity of storage. Based on the economic index of hydropower hydrogen production, the storage capacity of the hydropower hydrogen consumption mode is configured by combining the two-layer planning algorithm. Finally, a simulation experiment is carried out to analyze the hydropower hydrogen consumption model established in the paper and explore the optimal storage settings for hydropower hydrogen consumption. The results show that the optimal energy storage capacity of the demonstration base is 1MWh kWh cost of electricity is 0.113 yuan/kWh respectively, the whole life cycle NPV is the largest, is 7.39×106 yuan, the daily profit including hydrogen sales, electricity sales, and energy sales is about 463,110,000 yuan, and the incremental daily profit is about 144,980,000 yuan. Based on this study, we aim to promote the sustainable development of the new energy economy.

Photogalvanic cells provide a route for simultaneous solar power and storage. The synthetic and natural photosensitizers having absorption in different spectral regions have been studied at natural sun intensity for simultaneous solar power and storage. The dye sensitizers [Sudan-I (SUD); Rhodamine-B (RHD); Fast Green FCF (FCF); Brilliant Cresyl Blue (BCB); Naphthol Green B (NGB)], and chlorophylls present in aqueous crude spinach extract (SPE) have been used. The observed power and efficiency for various sensitizers are respectively as- 610.8 μW, 7.63% for SUD; 620.1 μW, 7.75% for RHD; 654 μW, 8.17% for SPE; 661 μW, 8.26% for BCB; 649.6 μW, 8.12% for FCF; 625.8 μW, 7.82% for NGB; 596.2 μW, 7.45% for mixed NGB+FCF+BCB; 595.4 μW, CE 7.44% for mixed NGB + FCF + BCB + SPE; 587.6 μW, 7.34% for mixed NGB + FCF +BCB + SPE + RHD; and 639.6 μW, 7.99% for mixed NGB + FCF +BCB + SPE + RHD + SUD. The photogalvanic cell performance as the current, potential, and power for various photo sensitizer(s) is practically same at natural sun intensity as well. The power storage capacity of the various photosensitizer (s) may be different.

Geothermal energy pile is a remarkable alternative energy source that can provide heating and cooling energy to meet the energy demands in buildings. This study aims to quantify and expand the knowledge on the thermal storage performance of the geothermal pile system embedded with phase change material containers as compared to the one without, as a goal to expand the wide application of the system. In this study, numerical predictions were conducted on lab-scale energy pile systems, namely Design A (i.e., no PCM) and Design B (i.e., with PCM). The work aimed to investigate and quantify the energy storage properties of geothermal energy piles, and the influence of the incorporation of paraffin wax PCM tubes in the pile, at different flow rates. Incorporating PCM in a geothermal energy pile demonstrated considerable improvement in the amount of energy stored and extracted compared to the one with no PCM. For 735, 1470 and 2100 mL/min, Design B exhibited an increase in the energy stored by 42.21%, 44.71% and 46.23%, respectively compared to Design A. On the other hand, for the flow rate 735, 1470 and 2100 mL/min Design B illustrated an increase in the energy extracted by 45.87%, 53.09% and 59.55%, respectively compared to Design A. The use of PCM in the energy pile has a promising solution to enhance the storage capacity and improve the heat exchange capacity.