Search

Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) is a species widely used in traditional medicine in various regions of the world, mainly in Asian countries such as India and Pakistan. The anticancer potential of this species has been reported in the literature, indicating that its chemical compounds may be effective against different tumor cell lines. The present work aimed to carry out a systematic review on the traditional uses, chemical composition, toxicity, and anticancer potential of C. rotundus. Scientific articles were searched in Google Scholar, PubMed®, ScienceDirect®, and SciELO. Only works published in the last twenty years (2000-2020) were eligible. A total of 85 articles were included in the review. According to the scientific documents analyzed, C. rotundus is widely used for stomach disorders (11%), diarrhea and/or dysentery (11%), fever (10%), menstrual problems (9%), diuresis (9%), and worms (8%). Regarding the in vivo and in vitro anticancer potential, the extracts, fractions, and essential oils from C. rotundus were effective against colorectal, breast, prostate, ovarian, endometrial, liver and cervical cancer, leukemia, and neuroblastoma cell lines. A total of 49 chemical compounds belonging to the classes of sesquiterpenes, iridoid glycosides, and phenolics were identified in this review. Extracts obtained from C. rotundus did not show toxicity in preclinical tests. The pharmacological investigation of the chemical compounds isolated from this plant is important to elucidate the mechanisms of action against cancer cell lines.

Zanthoxylum alatum (Z. alatum), an important medicinal plant is used for various ailments including chest infection, cough, cholera, fever, stomach disorders, gas problems, indigestion, piles, toothache, gum problems, dyspepsia and stomachic worldwide. Keeping in view the medicinal potential of this plant, fruit and leaves methanolic (MeOH) extracts were prepared, evaluated for antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and for antibacterial potential by well diffusion and macrodilution methods in-vitro. Our results confirmed that Z. alatum fruit and leaves extracts have significant antioxidant activity with IC50 values 0.28 ± 0.07 mg/ml and 0.34 ± 0.05 mg/ml, respectively. The inhibitory trend at highest tested concentration (120 mg/ml) at 24 hr incubation in well diffusion method was recorded as 0.39, 0.30, 0.28, 0.27 and 0.18 cm against S. pyogenes, B. cereus, E. coli, S. aureus and S. enterica for leaf extract, respectively. In case of fruit extract inhibitory trend at highest tested concentration was observed as 0.33, 0.32, 0.31, 0.30 and 0.28 cm against S. aureus, S. enterica, S. pyogenes, B. cereus and E. coli, respectively. The fruit extract showed higher zones of inhibition than leaves extracts against all the test bacteria except S. pyogenes. Moreover, highest zones of inhibition were observed at lowest incubation (24 hr) and lowest zones were observed at highest incubation period (72 hr) for all tested concentrations. Macrodilution method showed antibacterial susceptibility in liquid medium with different levels of IC50 values ranging from 1.6±0.13 mg/ml to 10.3±0.7 5mg/ml. Interestingly, none of the tested bacteria showed resistance against any of the test extract in well diffusion or macrodilution method expressing the Z. alatum as potent candidates to kill bacteria in semisolid or in liquid medium to fulfill medical needs in future.

Introduction: Off-label drug use (OLDU) refers to the prescription of a currently available and marketed medication for a use that has never been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Misoprostol is one of the drugs which is used off-label. This drug, authorized for the treatment or prevention of peptic ulcers and other stomach disorders, is commonly used off-label for inducing labor or intrauterine device insertion. This research focuses on identifying the percentage of morbidity and mortality by off-label use of misoprostol; classifying the most common off-label misoprostol use in Tabuk hospitals; and determining the availability of policy and procedures behind prescribing the off-label misoprostol. Materials and Methods: Retrospective observational study was carried out. Data were collected from patients’ files for those admitted to the maternity wards in Tabuk Hospitals from March 2019 until September 2019. Results: Approximately 53% of cases were diagnosed with missed abortion. The mean time for abortion after administering misoprostol was 20.7 ± 28.2h. About 76% of women had an indication of bleeding. Guidelines were not followed with respect to dosage regimen. The mean of hospital stay was 3 days. There were no significant complications associated with the administration of misoprostol. Conclusion: There is no policy and procedure available in the hospital regarding off-label use of misoprostol. Moreover, physicians have low adherence to the guideline in terms of dosage, interval, and route of administration for each indication in obstetrics and gynecology.

Evaluate the phytochemical analysis and nutritional value of the zingiber officinale roscae and its therapeutic utility. Phytochemical analysis is to determine the value of bioactive compounds and minerals in the plants. Phytochemical screening results showed that the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins like compound in the various extraction methods. The quantitative study was done by using gas chromatography method and mass spectroscopy analysis. Then the screening of all the analysis revealed that the plant has good metabolites which justify that it has therapeutic utility. The result of the proximate analysis is revealed that in zingiber officinale roscae. It is rich in calcium (46%) when compared to other elements like sodium, iron, cadmium, manganese, mercury which are present in the standard deviation value 1.007 to 0.005%. the most bioactive compound like gingerol, shagoal, curcumin and other compounds were shown in the qualitative analysis. The rhizome of zingiber officinale is also known as ginger. It is the most popular herb used in various foods and beverages and also traditional medicines. The herb is used to various diseases like stomach disorders, diabetes, hyper tension, cancer, spasm, etc .The chemical constituents which are present in the ginger like gingerol, shagoal, etc. The ginger has the properties like anticancer, antitumor, anti inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepto-protective activity etc.

Gastroretentive drug delivery system is a novel drug delivery system that has an upper hand due to its ability to maintain prolonged stomach retention and thereby increase the stomach residence time of drugs and also enhance the bioavailability of drugs. Oral sustained drug delivery system is complicated by reduced stomach residence time (GRTs) and erratic stomach emptying time etc. In order to overcome these limitations, various approaches have been proposed to increase the gastric residence of drug delivery systems in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract peptic ulcer, stomach ulcer, or gastric ulcer, also known as peptic ulcer disease, is a very common chronic stomach disorder that is mainly caused by stomach lining damage. Various factors such as pepsin, gastric acid, H. Pylori, NSAIDs, prostaglandins, mucus, bicarbonate, and mucosal blood flow play an important role in the development of peptic ulcers and so on. In this review article we concentrate on some important mechanisms for the delivery of gastro-retentive drugs (GRDDS) (floating, bioadhesive, high density, swellable, raft forming, and magnetic systems) which will be useful in the treatment of peptic ulcer in different dosage types. This manuscript highlights various developmental approaches, Comparison between Conventional drug delivery systems and Gastro retentive Drug delivery systems, characterization aspects, potential drug candidates, unsuitable drug candidates, List of commercialized gastro-retentive drug delivery system, advantages and applications of gastroretentive systems.

Adulterations and mislabellings of food items has reached at its draconian levels worldwide thesedays due to rapidly increasing fraudulent practices. Addition of unwanted substances deteriorate the authenticity, natural composition and quality of edible food substances leading to certain harmful effects and chronic diseases like stomach disorders, anaemia, brain damages, paralysis and even cancers. Forensic quantification of these adulterants using latest scientific armamentarium becomes essential to safeguard the interests of the consumers. Stable isotope analysis has been applied to newer situations to extract maximum societal benefits of latest technological advancements (Ehleringer et al, 2015). Stable isotope analysis has proved an important tool for detection of food adulterants, thus helping the investigating agencies to take actions against dishonest traders and suppliers, and sometimes producers who play with the health and wellness of the masses. Honey, sugars, beverages, dairy products, cereals, coffee etc., are the commonly adulterated or mislabelled food products in India and the isotopic analysis has been scantly used for detecting adulterations in food items. Present review article gives a brief account of food adulteration and the role of stable isotope analyses in detecting and quantifying such adulterants in different food items.

Background Weifuchun (WFC), a Chinese herbal prescription consisting of Red Ginseng, Isodon amethystoides and Fructus Aurantii, is commonly used in China to treat a variety of chronic stomach disorders. The aim of the paper was to determine the effect of WFC on intestinal microbiota changes in precancerous lesions of gastric cancer (PLGC) patients. Methods PLGC patients of H. pylori negative were randomly divided into two groups and received either WFC tablets for a dose of 1.44 g three times a day or vitacoenzyme (Vit) tablets for a dose of 0.8 g three times a day. All patients were treated for 6 months consecutively. Gastroscopy and histopathology were used to assess the histopathological changes in gastric tissues before and after treatment. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was carried out to assess the effects WFC on intestinal microbiota changes in PLGC patients. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of different intestinal microbiota in distinguishing between PLGC patients and healthy control group. Results Gastroscopy and histopathological results indicated that WFC could improve the pathological condition of PLGC patients, especially in the case of atrophy or intestinal metaplasia. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that WFC could regulate microbial diversity, microbial composition, and abundance of the intestinal microbiota of PLGC patients. Following WFC treatment, the relative abundance of Parabacteroides decreased in WFC group when compared with the Vit group. ROC analysis found that the Parabacteroides could effectively distinguish PLGC patients from healthy individuals with sensitivity of 0.79 and specificity of 0.8. Conclusions WFC could slow down the progression of PLGC by regulating intestinal microbiota abundance. Trial registration NCT03814629. Name of registry: Randomized Clinical Trial: Weifuchun Treatment on Precancerous Lesions of Gastric Cancer. Registered 3 August 2018-Retrospectively registered, https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/ NCT03814629.

Leonurus sibiricus L. (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant known in Brazil as "rubim" or "erva de macaé". It is used for various purposes, including stomach disorders.To evaluate the effect of the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of L. sibiricus (EELs) in models of gastric damage in mice.The effect of EELs (50, 100 and 300 mg/kg, p.o., 1 h before induction) was tested on acidified ethanol (ACEt)-induced gastric ulcers. Additionally, we tested the effect of EELs (by intraduodenal administration) in the pylorus ligation (PL) model.Pretreatment with EELs, at 300 mg/kg, but not 50 and 100 mg/kg, reduced the relative area of gastric ulcers induced by ACEt (p 0.01) and lipoperoxidation (p 0.001), and increased the sulfhydryl content (p 0.01) in the stomach in comparison with the vehicle group. Pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (a blocker of non-protein sulfhydryl groups, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) or glibenclamide (a KThese results provide evidence that EELs exerts gastroprotective action in mice, with the participation of oxidative stress and mediation of NP-SH, K

Background: Stomach disorders, including gastric cancer and gastritis, are associated with the pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Enhanced inflammation is the characteristic of H. pylori-induced gastritis. Ligustrazine exerts anti-inflammatory properties in mouse asthma models and acute kidney injury. Objectives: To determine the role of ligustrazine in H. pylori-induced gastritis. Methods: Normal gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1) was cultured with H. pylori at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100: 1 for 24 hours. GES-1 cell line under H. pylori condition was incubated with 100 or 200 μM ligustrazine for 24 hours. Cell viability and apoptosis were investigated by MTT and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Inflammation was assessed by determining the levels and mRNA expression of interleukins (IL)-6/8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) using ELISA and qRT-PCR analysis, respectively. Results: Helicobacter pylori infection reduced the viability and promoted the apoptosis of GES-1 cell line, accompanied by the enhanced activities of caspases 3 and 9. However, ligustrazine reversed the H. pylori-induced infection decreased viability, while increased apoptosis and caspases 3/9 activities in GES-1 cell line. Moreover, ligustrazine attenuated H. pylori-induced secretions of pro-inflammatory factors, IL-6/8, TNF-α, and MCP-1, in GES-1 cell line. The protein expression of inhibitor of NF-κB (IκBα) was downregulated in GES-1 cell line after H. pylori infection, while the protein expression levels of p65 and phosphorylation of IκBα were upregulated by H. pylori infection. On the contrary, ligustrazine decreased H. pylori-induced protein expression of IκBα, whereas increased protein expression of p65 and phosphorylation of IκBα. Conclusions: Ligustrazine exerted protective effects on H. pylori-induced gastric epithelial cells through inhibition of gastric inflammation and apoptosis and inactivation of NF-κB pathway.

Background Cuphea ignea is one of the herbal resources belonging to Lythraceae family. Some species of this family have been used traditionally in South and Central America’s folk medicine for treating stomach disorders. Therefore, the present study was performed to evaluate the gastropreventive effect of aqueous ethanolic extract of C. ignea aerial parts on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer. Methods Gastric ulcers were induced in Sprague Dawley rats using one oral dose of absolute ethanol (1.5 mL/rat). The C. ignea aerial parts extract at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight and ranitidine (a reference drug) at a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight were orally administrated daily for 7 days before ulcer induction. One hour after ethanol administration blood samples were collected and then stomachs of sacrificed rats were subjected to biochemical, macroscopic and microscopic studies. Results Oral administration of C. ignea extract significantly attenuated gastric ulcer as revealed by significant reduction in the gastric ulcer index and volume of gastric juice while significantly increased preventive percentage, gastric pH value and pepsin activity. Pre-treatment of C. ignea extract markedly improved the serum level of TNF-α, the gastric MPO activity and NO content. Furthermore, C. ignea pre-treatment significantly increased the gastric levels of enzymatic and non- enzymatic antioxidants namely CAT, SOD, GSH-Px, and GSH with concomitant reduction in MDA level compared with those in the ethanol group. These results were further supported by histopathological findings which revealed the curing effect of C. ignea on the hemorrhagic shock induced by ethanol toxicity. Conclusions C. ignea extract showed a potential gastroprotective effect on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer, and its effect may be mediated through suppression of oxidative stress and gastric inflammation.

Background Clausena excavata Burm.f. (Rutaceae) has been used for the treatment of stomach disorders including peptic ulcer. Purpose In this study, we aimed to investigate dentatin isolated from C. excavata Burm.f., for anti-ulcer activity against ethanol ulcer model in rats. Methods Gastric acid output, ulcer index, serum profile, histological evaluation using Hematoxylin and eosin (HE), periodic acid Schiff base stainings and immunohistochemical localization for heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70) were all investigated. Possible involvement of reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes, radical scavenging, and anti-Helicobacter pylori activity were investigated. Results Dentatin showed anti-secretory activity against the pylorus ligature model and protected the gastric mucosa from ethanol ulceration, as revealed by the improved macroscopic and histological appearance. Dentatin significantly increased the gastric homogenate content of PGE2 GSH and SOD. Dentatin inhibited the lipid peroxidation as revealed by the reduced gastric content of malondialdehyde (MDA). Moreover, dentatin up-regulated HSP70 expression. However, dentatin showed insignificant anti-H. pylori activity. Conclusion Dentatin possesses gastro-protective activity, which could be attributed to the anti-secretory, mucus production, anti-oxidant, and HSP70 activities.

Medicinal- plant -based drugs have the advantage of being simple, effective and have broad spectrum activity. An ethno-botanical and ubiquitous plant serves as rich resources of natural drugs for research development. Ocimum gratissimum (fam. Lamiaceae) ‘Scent leaf’ and Vernonia amygdalina (fam. Asteraceae) ‘Bitter leaf’ are commonly consumed vegetables in Southern Nigeria. O. gratissimum is used by the ‘Igbos’ of South East Nigeria to flavor soups and stews while it is popular with the ‘Yorubas’ of South West Nigeria for treatment of stomach disorders. V. amygdalina is a well known vegetable in West Africa used as both food and for its pharmaceutical properties. The enormous use of these vegetables in the diet motivated the present study whereby the food compositions, mineral constituents and the phytochemicals of the two vegetables were determined. Qualitative analysis, of the aqueous extracts, revealed the presence of saponins, terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, phenolics and anthraquinones in both vegetables. Generally V. amygdalina contained higher quantities of secondary metabolites, saponin which was reported as the highest amount was 5.71±0.12 mg/g and 3.52±0.01 mg/g followed by terpenoids 5.64±0.11 mg/g and 3.40±0.11 mg/g in V. amygdalina and O. gratissimum respectively. There is however a minute amount of anthraquinone in the two vegetables. Proximate analysis and macro elements were determined using their various standard methods. The results of proximate analysis revealed the presence of moisture (12.28 ± 0.02% and 10.01± 0.01%) protein (35.37±0.11% and 22.20±0.02%) and total ash (6.00±0.20% and 5.75±0.10%) each in V. amygdalina and O. gratisimum respectively. The following minerals were present calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, copper and zinc, with zinc being in the highest concentration (46.80± 0.03 mg/kg and 58.00±0.12 mg/kg) followed by copper (9.45±0.11 mg/kg and 16.60 ± 0.03 mg/kg) each in V. amygdalina and O. gratissimum respectively. There are higher values of phytochemicals and food components in V. amygdalina while O. gratissimum had higher mineral contents. These two vegetables are potential sources of components for complementary medicine.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:15:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Background: Gastroparesis is a chronic stomach disorder and effective treatment is the aim of different strategies. Alternative therapies consist of an electrical stimulation of the stomach to evoke a response in the gastric activity. We present the development and in vivo application of an electromagnet system to induce a mechanical stimulus in the stomach aiming for gastric contractile responses. Methods: The electromagnet system consisted of an implantable magnet and an external drive coil. We implanted the magnet at the greater curvature of the gastric body in rats. We applied an alternating current to the drive coils, inducing mechanical stimulation of the gastric wall. We measured the gastric contraction activity and gastric electrical activity in response to the stimulus using AC biosusceptometry and electrogastrography. Moreover, we used the phenol red to evaluate the stimulus effects on gastrointestinal transit. Key Results: The stimulus increased the spectral intensity and signal-to-noise ratio significantly of gastric contraction activity and gastric electrical activity. Furthermore, we found a lower phenol red retention in the stomach in rats without stimulus. No significant differences were found in frequency and root mean square amplitude. Conclusions & Inferences: We developed a new simple electromagnet system that evoked a contraction and gastric electrical response using a mechanical stimulus and decreased gastric emptying time. The system is an accessible tool and may contribute to gastroparesis studies in animals. Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia Laboratório de Biomagnetismo UNESP/São Paulo State University Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto USP/University of São Paulo Instituto de Física USP/University of São Paulo Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia Laboratório de Biomagnetismo UNESP/São Paulo State University

Present review focuses on theMorphology, phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects ofCarica papaya(Linn). The plant is well known to us since ancient time. The plants are traditionally used to treat several conditions such as stomach disorders, diarrhea, skin diseases, male contraceptives, and home remedies for colds. Phytochemically, the whole plant contains lycopene, carotenoids, alkaloids, monoterpenoids, flavonoids, mineral, vitamins enzyme papain. This nutritious fruits feed the body and immune system. Various medicinal properties attributed to the plant and parts thereof includes antibacterial, anticancer, insecticidal, wound healing etc.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Anoectochilus species is a small terrestrial orchid found in tropical and subtropical rain forest. These orchids are traditionally used extensively in China, Taiwan, and Vietnam due to their medicinal properties and therapeutic benefits. They are employed for treatment in different systems, such as stomach disorders, chest pain, arthritis, tumor, piles, boils, menstrual disorders, and inflammation. Aqueous extract of Anoectochilus burmannicus (AB) has been previously reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory activities, however there is a lack of evidence regarding its bioactive compounds and the mechanism of its actions. Aim of the study The objectives of this study were to identify the anti-inflammatory compound(s) in an ethanolic extract of AB and to determine its anti-inflammatory mechanisms in LPS-stimulated macrophages and also its safety. Materials and methods The ethanolic extract of AB (ABE) was prepared and subsequently subjected to polarity-dependent extraction using n-hexane and ethyl acetate, which would result in isolation of the n-hexane (ABH), ethyl acetate (ABEA), and residue or aqueous (ABA) fractions. The AB fractions were investigated to determine total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant capacity, toxicity, and safety in RAW 264.7 macrophages, human PBMCs, and RBCs. After extraction anti-inflammation screening of each extract was performed by nitric oxide (NO) production assay. The active fractions were further examined for their effect on proinflammatory mediators. In addition, kinsenoside content in the active fractions was identified using LC-MS/MS. Cellular toxicity and genotoxicity of AB were also tested using the wing spot test in Drosophila melanogaster. Results The data showed that ABEA had the highest phenolic content and level of antioxidant activities. ABE, ABEA, and ABA, but not ABH, significantly inhibited the LPS-stimulated NO production in the macrophages. Both ABEA and ABA reduced LPS-mediated expression of TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 at both mRNA and protein levels. Besides, only ABEA notably diminished the LPS-stimulated p65 phosphorylation required for nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Interestingly, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed ABA contained a high level of kinsenoside, a likely anti-inflammatory compound, while ABE and ABEA might require other compounds in combination with kinsenoside for the inhibition of inflammation. It was shown that all active fractions were neither cytotoxic nor genotoxic. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that the hydrophilic fractions of AB exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated macrophages. The mechanism used by the AB involves the scavenging of free radicals and the reduction of proinflammatory mediators, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NO, iNOS and COX-2. The anti-inflammatory action of AB involves the suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway by some unknown component(s) present in ABEA. This study found that kinsenoside is a major active compound in ABA which could be used as a biomarker for the quality control of the plant extraction. This study provides convincing significant information in vitro regarding the anti-inflammatory mechanism and preliminary evidence of the safety of Anoectochilus burmanicus. Therefore, the knowledge acquired from this study would provide supportive evidence for the development and standardization of the use of the extract of this plant as alternative medicine or functional food to prevent or treat non-communicable chronic diseases related to chronic inflammation.

Background and Objective. Tibetan medicine is one of the earliest-known traditional medicines. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antibacterial potential of ethanolic extracts of nine common Tibetan formulations. Materials and Methods. An open-ended and semistructured questionnaire was used for an ethnomedicinal survey of the Tibetan formulations practiced in four Tibetan refugee settlements in Gandaki Province, Nepal. Based on the ethnomedicinal survey data, commonly used nine formulations were selected (Aru-18, Basam, Dadue, Dashel, Mutik-25, Raab Ga Yangzin Tea, Serdok-11, Sugmel-10, and Yungwa-4) to test biological activities. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. The cytotoxicity was examined by using the Allium cepa L. root tip meristem model. Similarly, the antibacterial effect was assessed by using well diffusion and broth dilution methods. Results. An ethnomedicinal survey showed a total of 52 Tibetan formulations were generally used by respondents for common diseases such as stomach disorders, diabetes, and migraine. From the antioxidant activity test, Sugmel-10 showed the highest DPPH free-radical-scavenging activity (IC50 1.8 μg/ml) and Yungwa-4 showed the lowest activity (IC50 5.2 μg/ml). Also, from the cytotoxic activity, the A. cepa root meristem model exhibited significant dose- and time-dependent growth suppression in Basam, Dadue, Mutik-25, and Serdok-11 as compared with cyclophosphamide standard drug. Similarly, Basam showed a good antibacterial effect having MIC 20 mg/ml and MBC 100 mg/ml against Enterococci faecalis. Conclusion. Research showed that Tibetan people preferred Tibetan formulations for the treatment and mitigation of several diseases. The result of antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activities experimentally justified the ethnomedicinal value of nine common formulations (Aru-18, Basam, Dadue, Dashel, Mutik-25, Raab Ga Yangzin Tea, Serdok-11, Sugmel-10, and Yungwa-4). To the best of our knowledge, this study was performed for the first time in Nepal. Results from this preliminary study open the door to the scientific world to perform extensive pharmacological studies for designing and developing new therapeutic agents.

Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., locally famed as Temulawak, has been extensively utilized in Indonesia as medicinal and nutritional plants since immemorial time. The rhizome of this plant is an important ingredient for jamu formulation (Indonesian traditional medicine). C. xanthorrhiza is traditionally used to treat several ailments such as lack of appetite, stomach disorder, liver illness, constipation, bloody diarrhea, dysentery, arthritis, children’s fevers, hypotriglyceridaemia, hemorrhoids, vaginal discharge, rheumatism, and skin eruptions. To date, over 40 active compounds, including terpenoids, curcuminoids, and other phenolic compounds, have been isolated and identified from C. xanthorrhiza Roxb. Some pharmacological tests reported that C. xanthorrhiza Roxb. has antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antitumor, antidiabetic, and skincare and hepatoprotective properties. Efforts for biotechnologically production of C. xanthorrhiza have also been conducted, resulting in some micropropagation protocols of this plant. The current review focuses on the botanical description and distribution, ethnomedicinal uses, production and conservation status, phytochemical properties, and pharmacological activities of C. xanthorrhiza Roxb. to provide accurate and reliable data for future researches and commercialization purposes.

Chronic diseases are diseases with insidious onset, prolonged duration, and intractability and are associated with complex etiology and multiple morbidities, including hypertension, obesity, liver disease, kidney disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and chronic lung disease. For patients with chronic diseases, although the cause of the disease is not in the spleen and stomach, medication or further development of the disease will affect the function of the spleen and stomach disorders, leading to worsening of the disease. In this article, ultrasound is used to detect health disorders of the spleen and stomach. Patients should eat a light diet and exercise more. Elderly patients can increase abdominal massage and other health care. It should be emphasized that the prevalence of chronic diseases is not lower in people with high education or high economic income but is closely related to people’s daily living habits; secondly, we should enhance physical exercise and advocate annual physical examination. Finally, we need to develop different measures according to different regions to prevent and treat chronic diseases and give timely feedback to the interventions. New preventive and curative measures are given in time to improve public health.

Gentianella multicaulis, known as “nencia” or “bitter grass”, is an Argentine native plant that grows in the Andean and pre-Andean zone of Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. The infusion prepared from the plant is used in Argentine folk medicine for stomach disorders, as an appetite stimulant, a digestive and a bitter tonic for liver problems; it is also used in bitter drinks as a substitute for the European gentian. Other endemic Gentianella species from Argentina, also known with the same vernacular name, are used in Argentine traditional medicine, as well. Phytochemical studies carried out, mainly in Gentianella multicaulis, revealed the presence of xanthones, secoiridoids, flavonoids and triterpenes, which account for its traditional use. Some biological activities have been demonstrated. The content of two bisxanthones: 3-O-demethylswertipunicoside and swertiabisxanthone-I, as well as mangiferin, bellidifoline, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid have also been established.

Background:Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.Theob. (Menispermaceae) is a perennial climber distributed mostly in tropical and subtropical areas. The main aim of this article is to collect and analyze the scientific information related to traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. Methods: Scientific information on C. hirsutus was retrieved from the online bibliographic databases (e.g. MEDLINE/PubMed, SciFinder, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus). Information regarding traditional uses was also acquired from secondary resources including books and proceedings. Results: Different plant parts of C. hirsutus were reported to be used for the treatment of fever, skin diseases, stomach disorders and urinary diseases. Alkaloids such as jasminitine, hirsutine, cohirsitine and their derivatives along with a few flavonoids, triterpene derivatives and volatile compounds were reported from whole plant or different plant parts. Extracts were evaluated for their antimicrobial, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective activities among others. Conclusion: Although widely used in traditional medicines, only a few studies have been performed related to chemical constituents. Most of the biological activity evaluations were carried out using in vitro evaluation methods and only a few studies were carried out in animal models. In the future, properly designed in vivo and clinical studies are necessary to evaluate the pharmacological activities of C. hirsutus along with bioassay-guided studies to isolate and identify the active constituents.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Nepeta is a multiregional genus of the “Lamiaceae” (Labiatae or Mint) family. Species of Nepeta are a valuable part of traditional medicine and used extensively, particularly in the Himalayan region of India (Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Leh-Ladakh), Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwaand Pakistani Kashmir), Nepal (Baglund district), also in China and hilly regions of Turkey and Iran. Nepeta species are extensively used as a remedy against a variety of ailments and conditions like chicken pox, tuberculosis, malaria, pneumonia, influenza, measles, stomach disorders, eye complaints, respiratory disorders, asthma, colds, coughs etc. Aim of the review The main aim of this review is to present a comprehensive and detailed study on traditional uses, pharmacology, phytochemistry, toxicology of Nepeta species and suggest future direction on the design and conduct of various preparations, either alone or in blends with prevailing conventional remedies. The review also emphasizes encouraging researchers towards the wide range of pharmaceutical applications of the various species of Nepeta for their better use and exploration in the future. Material and methods All the relevant data and information on different species of Nepeta were assembled using different databases, such as Science Direct, Springer, PubMed, Taylor and Francis imprints, Chemspider, Google scholar, review and research articles from peer-reviewed journals and unpublished data. Some select ‘grey literature’ sources viz. ethnobotanical books, chapters, Wikipedia and webpages were also studied. Results A variety of bioactive secondary metabolites and nutraceuticals has been isolated from various species of Nepeta. These bioactive compounds belong to different classes of secondary metabolites, such as phenolic acids and their glycosides (rosmarinic acid, gallic acid, caffeic acid), flavonoids and their glycosides (cirsimaritin, salvigenin, luteolin, apigenin), iridoids (nepetalactones and their derivatives), terpenoids (1,8-cineole, linalool, β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, parnapimaro, β-amyrin, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid), steroids (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol), lignans, amino acids, carbohydrates, volatile oils, etc. The species of the genus Nepeta possess a variety of pharmacological activities namely anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, anti-alzheimer, anticancer and cytotoxic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, insecticidal and along with other biological activities. Conclusion The species of the genus Nepeta contains a rich source of various bioactive compounds, which are well tolerated as traditional medicines. In fact, different species of Nepeta are widely used in a variety of traditional medicinal systems all around the world. Owing to the variety of pharmacological properties of Nepeta species, more comprehensive and inclusive clinical trials are necessary for the utilization of different Nepeta species against the treatment of a wide range of ailments. There are also various other uses such as food, cosmetic and agriculture that can be investigated or explored in future. Some of the major domains that can be explored within this genus are the investigation of different species for their unexplored biological potential, isolation and characterization of new bioactive constituents and finally, investigation of new applications and possible commercialization of these bioactive leads. No doubt, there are various viable research domains outside those discussed above, but presently for the purposes of this review we will only emphasize the activities herein.

Liquorice is a perennial, temperate-zone herb or subshrub, native of India, Pakistan and southern Europe; also cultivated in England, Belgium, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Russia, South Africa, Egypt, Syria and Iraq. It has also been grown experimentally in the United States. Ancient historical manuscripts from China, India and Greece mention its use for symptoms of viral respiratory tract infections and hepatitis. The plant has also been described by Theophrastus. Licorice from Egypt has been described to be the best, followed by from Iraq and Syria; the root should be decorticated before use. It concocts viscid humours in diseases of liver, bladder and lungs, and expectorates them. It has been used in Iranian herbal medicine for skin eruptions, including dermatitis, eczema, pruritus and cysts, and for treatment of stomach disorders including peptic ulcers. The herb extract inhibits gastric motility in vivo, which is regarded to be an important aspect for its antiulcer activity. Licorice possesses both anti-inflammatory and antiulcer activities; whereas most anti-inflammatory agents are ulcerogenic. Former German Commission E believed it to be effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Licorice root has been used for years to regulate gastrointestinal function in TCM, has been used for generations as an antidote, demulcent, and elixir in folk medicine of China, and is the most commonly used crude drug in Kampo Medicines, the Japanese form of modified TCM, for the treatment of peptic ulcer. Roots contain glycyrrhizin, the main water-soluble constituent that is 50× sweeter than sugar, 2-β-glucuronosyl glucuronic acid, and isoliquiritigenin-4-glucoside. Glycyrrhizin is a nonhemolytic saponin with foaming property, and one of the most potent hydroxyl radical scavengers. No significant effect of deglycyrrhizinised liquorice was observed on gastric ulcer in an RCT of British patients. Treatment of healthy men with licorice for one-week decreased salivary testosterone values by 26% but no significant decrease in free testosterone, and nine healthy women treated with licorice daily for two cycles, had their mean total serum testosterone decreased by 37% at the end of 2nd month. This property could be useful as an adjunct therapy of hirsutism and PCOS.

Berberis lycium Royle has been traditionally used to cure rheumatism, eye and ear diseases, malarial fever, diabetes, stomach disorders, and skin diseases. There is a least amount of data available on cytotoxic capacity of Berberis lycium from Pakistani origin, so on this basis, the present study was aimed to screen Berberis lycium root bark extracts for cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines and isolation of chemical constituents from the most cytotoxic extract. Initial screening of extracts was performed on HepG2 cells at 100 μg/mL for 72 hours of treatment by using an MTT assay. Active fractions were subjected to a series of column chromatographies for the isolation of cytotoxic compounds. Molecular structures were elucidated by using combined data from 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and ESI-MS graphs. Assessment of reduction in cell proliferation by isolated compounds was performed on three human cancer cell lines (SK-Hep-1, HepG2, and NCI-H1299). Both n-hexane and chloroform fractions were found active with percent cell viabilities of 8.41 ± 2.23 and 22.31 ± 9.11 in HepG2 cells compared with lupeol 35.43 ± 3.35 percent viability. A protoberberine alkaloid identified as oxyberberine was isolated from chloroform fraction while β-sitosterol was isolated from n-hexane fraction. Oxyberberine inhibited SK-Hep-1 cell proliferation under a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 34.26 ± 3.34 μM while HepG2 cells showed 50% inhibition at 62.96 ± 4.12 μM. β-Sitosterol showed reduction in cell viability in SK-Hep-1 cells and HepG2 cells with IC50 values of 123.12 ± 3.51 μM and 140 ± 4.21 μM. This is the first report on the isolation of oxyberberine and β-sitosterol from Berberis lycium root bark and their cytotoxic evaluation against SK-Hep-1 and NCI-H1299 cells. The cytotoxic potential of Berberis lycium Royle extracts and isolated compounds is suggesting that it is a promising candidate for anticancer drug discovery.

Crocus sativus L. (C. sativus) or saffron is used as an herbal medicine in various diseases and health problems including amenorrhea, coughs, asthma, as well as cardiovascular and stomach disorders. The relaxant effect of saffron on smooth muscles could be the base of some therapeutic effects of the plant. The plant is rich in carotenoids, and its main components are crocin, safranal, crocetin, and kaempferol. Medline/PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Embase, Google Scholar, Chemical Abstracts, and Biological Abstracts databases were searched using keywords including Crocus sativus, crocetin, saffron, safranal, crocin, relaxant effects, and smooth muscles from 1964 until the end of December 2018. C. sativus (saffron) and its component relaxant effect on smooth muscles of various organs, including blood vessels, trachea, gastrointestinal, and urogenital, have been shown. The effects of saffron stigma and its constituent on systolic blood pressure were also reported. In addition, the possible mechanism of this effects (smooth muscles relaxant) of saffron and its constituent including its effect on beta-adrenergic, muscarinic, and histamine (H1) receptors, as well as their effect on calcium and potassium channels and modulation of nitric oxide pathway, were reported. The aforementioned finding suggested the therapeutic effect of saffron and its constituents on cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital disorders because of the relaxant effect of the plant and its constituents on the smooth muscle of the above systems.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don is a well known medicinal plant belonging to family Apocynaceae that have been traditionally used as medicine since ancient times. C. roseus is a well-recognized herbal medicine due to its anticancer bisindole alkaloids (vinblastine (111), vincristine (112) and vindesine (121)). In the Ayurvedic system of medicine, different parts of C. roseus are used in folklore herbal medicine for treatment of many types of cancer, diabetes, stomach disorders, kidney, liver and cardiovascular diseases. Aim of the study The main idea behind this communication is to update comprehensively and analyze critically the traditional applications, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and toxicity of various extracts and isolated compounds from C. roseus. Materials and methods The presented data covers scientific works on C. roseus published across the world between 1967 and 2021 was searched from various international publishing houses using search engines as well as several traditional texts like Ayurveda and relevant books. Collected data from different sources was comprehensively summarized/analyzed for ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, analytical chemistry, biological activities and toxicity studies of C. roseus. Results and discussion C. roseus has a wide range of applications in the traditional system of medicine especially in cancer and diabetes. During phytochemical investigation, total of 344 compounds including monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) (110), bisindole alkaloids (35), flavonoids (34), phenolic acids (9) and volatile constituents (156) have been reported in the various extracts and fractions of different plant parts of C. roseus. The extracts and isolated compounds of C. roseus have to exhibit many pharmacological activities such as anticancer/cytotoxic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, larvicidal and pupicidal. The comparative toxicity of extracts and bioactive compounds investigated in dose dependent manner. The investigation of toxicity showed that the both extracts and isolated compounds are safe to a certain limit beyond that they cause adverse effects. Conclusion This review is a comprehensive, critically analyzed summarization of sufficient baseline information of selected topics in one place undertaken till date on C. roseus for future works and drug discovery. The phytochemical investigation including biosynthetic pathways showed that the MIAs and bisindole alkaloids are major and characteristic class of compounds in this plant. The present data confirm that the extracts/fractions and their isolated alkaloids especially vinblastine (111) and vincristine (112) have a potent anticancer/cytotoxic and antidiabetic property and there is a need for further study with particular attention to the mechanisms of anticancer activity. In biosynthesis pathways of alkaloids especially bisindole alkaloids, some enzymes and rearrangement are unexposed therefore it is required to draw special attention. It also focuses on attracting the attention of scientific communities about the widespread biological activities of this species for its better utilization prospects in the near future.

Clerodendrum is a plant with potent antioxidant activity and has been frequently employed as a traditional remedy against bronchitis, asthma, liver and stomach disorders. Three species of genus Clerodendrum namely Clerodendrum indicum, C. colebrookianum and C. inerme (Syn. Volkameria inermis) were investigated for their possible activity against oxidative stress induced liver injury. Apart from generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the WRL-68 cell line (human hepatic cell line), in-vitro and in-vivo antioxidant assays were also assessed. Features of immune cell proliferation (MTT) were analyzed thoroughly. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses have been performed to identify the active biological compounds. These active biological compounds were further subjected to molecular docking. The antioxidant activity of three Clerodendrum sp. was significantly high in DPPH, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide etc. Biochemical parameters like catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were generated in excess due to CCl4 administration, which was ameliorated by treating with Clerodendrum extract. The phytochemical 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D shows excellent binding affinity in Autodock Vina. The present study provided convincing evidences that C. indicum and C. inerme showed good result but C. colebrookianum performed better by almost all means. Keywords: Clerodendrum, Oxidative stress, ROS, Fibrosis, Silymarin, Molecular docking

Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek e conhecida, popularmente, como "Espinheira-santa", pertence a familia Celastraceae, e e encontrada predominantemente na Regiao Sul do Brasil. Tradicionalmente e utilizada pela populacao por possuir eficientes propriedades farmacologicas contra afeccoes gastricas e varias outras enfermidades. Ha uma acentuada semelhanca morfologica entre outras especies de Maytenus Mol. e outras taxas como Zollernia ilicifolia (Brong.) Vogel (Fabaceae) e Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) W.C. Burger & Lanj. & Wess. Boer (Moraceae), principalmente, por apresentarem folhas coriaceas, com margens espinescentes, levando-as a serem confundidas e comercializadas erroneamente em mercados populares de ervas medicinais. Foram adquiridas amostras comerciais de 11 pontos de venda, nos municipios do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, Pavuna e Nova Iguacu, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Observou-se que todas as amostras avaliadas pertencem ao genero Sorocea A. St.-Hil. (Moraceae). Este resultado aponta para a necessidade de certificacao desse tipo de produto. Palavras-chave : Maytenus ilicifolia. Plantas Medicinais. Afeccoes Gastricas. Abstract Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek is popularly known as "Espinheira-santa". This specie belongs to the Celastraceae family and it’s found predominantly in southern Brazil. The traditional use of this plant by local people is mainly due to its efficient pharmacological properties against stomach disorders and many other diseases. There is a morphological similarity on the leathery leaves with spiny margins between Maytenus ilicifolia and other species Maytenus Mol. and other taxa such as Zollernia ilicifolia (Brong.) Vogel (Fabaceae) and Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) WC Burger & Lanj. & Wess. Boer (Moraceae). This similarity has caused confusion and sold mistankenly in popular markets of medicinal herbs. Commercial samples from 11 stores were purchased in the cities of Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, Pavuna and Nova Iguacu, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It was observed that all samples belong to the genus Sorocea A. St.-Hil. (Moraceae). This result points to the need for certification of this type of product. Keywords: Celastraceae Maytenus. Medicinal Plants. Stomach Disorders.

Tribal people are socio-economically disadvantaged compared to other population group with regard to their food habits, dietary pattern and life style. Geographical isolation, lack of formal education, sociocultural taboos coupled with poverty lead them to development of various morbidities. keeping these facts in mind the present research is designed to study the “Dietary assessment of Tribal lactating mothers in Koraput district of Odisha”. One hundred lactating mothers of Koraput block and Damanjodi block of Koraput district of Odisha were selected by random purposive sampling method for the present study. The data was collected by questionnaire cum interview method. The results of the study revealed that majority of the respondents belonged to 19-25 years of age group having agriculture as primary occupation. All of them belonged to low income group. Most of the respondents had normal delivery. 100% immunization of mothers by TT injection was observed in surveyed population. In majority cases age at first delivery was 20-25 years. Only 8% respondents were not taking supplement from AWC due to poor quality food and long distance of their home. 96 per cent of the respondents were non-vegetarian and were taking three meals per day .Their diet was found to be dominated by rice, roots and tubers and other vegetables. Milk and meat product, sugar, oil and pulses were found to be less in their diet in comparison to RDA. Their diet was found to be less than RDA i.e. Energy (3253.18 kcal), protein (67.12 g), fat (36.98 g), calcium (910.69 g) and iron (18.22 g) for 0-6 months lactating mothers and Energy (3197.58 kcal), protein (51.95 g), fat (32.99 g), calcium (910.12 g) and iron (12.95 g) for 7-12 lactating mothers. Different food fads and fallacies prevailed in that area were-rice flake and sago for better lactation, dry ginger for control bleeding. Pumpkin, bitter gourd, malayu (poi) etc. were avoided as they cause stomach disorder both in mothers and infants such as acidity and diarrhea. Thus it can be concluded that the community need women education to improve their health status by wise use of available food stuffs and government should provide good quality of supplementary foods to meet the dietary need of lactating mothers.

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is one of the most important herbs known for stomach disorders. In this study, storage temperature effects on the quality of cumin essential oil were investigated...

Le Carbone (LC) is a charcoal supplement, which contains a large amount of dietary fibers. Several studies suggested that charcoal supplement may be beneficial for stomach disorders, diarrhea, gas and indigestion. But no studies address whether LC intake would suppress inflammation, cell proliferation or disease progression in colitis. In the present study, the effect of LC on experimental colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in mice and its possible mechanism of action were examined. A study was designed for 8 days, using C57BL/6 female mice that were administered with 3% DSS in drinking water for 7 days followed by another 1 day consumption of normal water with or without treatment. LC suspension was administered daily for 7 days via oral gavage using 5 mg/mouse in treatment group and normal group was supplied with drinking water. LC suspension significantly attenuated the loss of body weight and shortening of colon length induced by DSS. The disease activity index, histopathologic changes were significantly reduced by LC treatment. The inflammatory mediators TNFα, IL-1β, p-STAT3 and p-NF-κB induced in the colon by DSS were markedly suppressed by LC. The increased activation of AMPKα in the colon was also detected in LC group. Furthermore, the apoptotic marker protein cleaved caspase 3 was down-regulated and anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl2 and Bcl-xL were significantly up-regulated by LC treatment. Taken together, our results demonstrate the ability of LC to inhibit inflammation, apoptosis and give some evidence for its potential use as adjuvant treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Among amphibians, 15 of the 47 species reported to be used in traditional medicines belong to the family Bufonidae, which demonstrates their potential in pharmacological and natural products research. For example, Asian and American tribes use the skin and the parotoid gland secretions of some common toads in the treatment of hemorrhages, bites and stings from venomous animals, skin and stomach disorders, as well as several types of cancers. Overarching objective In addition to reviewing the occurrence of chemical constituents present in the family Bufonidae, the cytotoxic and biomedical potential of the active compounds produced by different taxa are presented. Methodology Available information on bioactive compounds isolated from species of the family Bufonidae was obtained from ACS Publications, Google, Google Scholar, Pubmed, Sciendirect and Springer. Papers written in Chinese, English, German and Spanish were considered. Results Recent reports show more than 30% of amphibians are in decline and some of bufonid species are considered to be extinct. For centuries, bufonids have been used as traditional folk remedies to treat allergies, inflammation, cancer, infections and other ailments, highlighting their importance as a prolific source for novel drugs and therapies. Toxins and bioactive chemical constituents from skin and parotid gland secretions of bufonid species can be grouped in five families, the guanidine alkaloids isolated and characterized from Atelopus , the lipophilic alkaloids isolated from Melanophryniscus , the indole alkaloids and bufadienolides known to be synthesized by species of bufonids, and peptides and proteins isolated from the skin and gastrointestinal extracts of some common toads. Overall, the bioactive secretions of this family of anurans may have antimicrobial, protease inhibitor and anticancer properties, as well as being active at the neuromuscular level. Conclusion In this article, the traditional uses, toxicity and pharmacological potential of chemical compounds from bufonids have been summarized. In spite of being reported to be used to treat several diseases, neither extracts nor metabolites from bufonids have been tested in such illness like acne, osteoporosis, arthritis and other illnesses. However, the cytotoxicity of these metabolites needs to be evaluated on adequate animal models due to the limited conditions of in vitro assays. Novel qualitative and quantitative tools based on MS spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy is now available to study the complex secretions of bufonids.

The high rate of immuno-compromised individuals in South Africa has been associated to the increase of different kinds of stomach related infectious diseases such as persistent diarrhoea, gastroenteritis and candidemia. An estimated 70–80% of black people in South Africa consult with traditional healers before consulting formal health-care services. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the prevalence and perceived efficacy of medicinal plants used in the management of stomach ailments in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. The study was carried out by interviewing 101 local inhabitants in 4 locations of the Amathole District of the Eastern Cape. A total of 101 informants with a mean age of 33.56 participated in the study, comprising 53 (52%) males and 48 (48%) females. Twenty three plant species distributed in 15 families and 19 genera were cited for the treatment of one or more stomach disorders. The most representative family was Xanthorrhoeaceae(3 species) while Apiaceae, Apocynaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae were represented by 2 species each. The species with the highest use-values ( UV ) were Aloe tenuior ( UV = 12), Strychnos henningsii ( UV = 11) , Sonchus asper ( UV = 10) , Ricinus communis ( UV = 12) , Hypoxis argentea (UV = 10), while Acacia mearnsii, Acokanthera oppositifolia and Zingiber officinale each had a use-value of 9. Herbs constituted 44%, trees 13% and shrubs 43%. The leaves (57%) were the most frequently used plant part for the treatment of the stomach diseases, followed by the bark and root (10%) each. Seven methods of preparations were mentioned, among which infusion (34%) was the most frequently mentioned, followed by decoction (23%) and juice (16%). Administration of the different plant parts was mainly oral (100%).

Thermodynamic modeling was undertaken of the interactions between gastric juice and the mineral water sampled from the Marcial water well and spring in the vicinity of the city of Apatity. The study results make it possible to determine the migration forms of elements in the natural water—gastric juice system in a low and high acidity environment and the deposition conditions of the mineral phases that can be transported from the stomach to other organs and tissues. The physicochemical parameters (Eh and pH) of the studied gastric juice model were examined under normal conditions as well as deficient and excessive HCl. Important factors affecting the change in the gastric juice parameters are temperature and the intake of different mineral water varieties containing different concentrations of the individual elements. It was shown that, in stomach disorders, the transition of iron from the solution to the solid phase occurs, which may explain the anemic condition. A successful treatment of this condition requires restoring the acid-base parameters of the system. The study results complement the existing knowledge and open up new prospects of applying thermodynamic modeling methods to biological systems. An attempt was made to apply the thermodynamic modeling method to study the processes occurring in the human stomach.

BACKGROUND: Depression is a serious public health problem. The impact of depression is enormous, ranging from decreasing work productivity, interpersonal disorders, sleep and eating disorders, susceptible to disease to an increase in suicides. In a state of depression, there was an increase in cortisol and changes in the neurotransmitter of the brain monoamine, norepinephrine and dopamine and specifically serotonin level. Treatment of depression using synthetic drugs such as the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) drug which is said to be safe turns out to still have side effects, such as stomach disorders, erectile disorders, weight gain and sometimes sleep disorders. So, the usage of traditional medicines can be an alternative. One of the traditional medicines that have been studied in Indonesia was the essential oil of basil leaves, which is known to function as an antidepressant at a dose of 2.5 x 10-2 mL/kg b.w. AIM: To determine the comparison of cortisol and serotonin level between depressed mice which get basil leaf essential oil as intervention, depression mice, and normal mice. METHODS: This research was an experimental type purely using experimental animal models, with an experimental research design Post Test Only Context Group Design in mice (Mus musculus), by dividing 3 groups of mice, namely depressed mice which received essential oil of basil leaves dose of 2.5 x 10-2 mL/kg BW, depression mice, and normal mice, to compare the level of blood cortisol and serotonin while to determine effect of administration basil leaves essential oils in depression mice. RESULTS: Cortisol levels between intervened depression mice, depression mice, and normal mice groups were significantly comparable with p < 0.001, while serotonin level was significantly comparable between intervened depression mice, depression mice, and normal mice group with p < 0.001. CONCLUSION: Evidenced by differences in cortisol levels, serotonin levels between normal mice groups, depressed mice and mice that received essential oils of basil leaves. The comparisons showed that the cortisol level of the intervened depression group was lower than the depression mice group; however the level didn’t reach the level of cortisol in the normal group. While the serotonin level of intervened depression mice group was higher than the depression mice group or normal mice group.

Achillea alpina is widely distributed in Korea and is often used as a folk medicine for stomach disorders. Although a previous study isolated antioxidant compounds (flavonoid O-glucoside, sesquiterpene) from this plant, no systematic study of its chemical constituents had been reported. The present study aimed to identify the phytochemicals present in a methanol extract of A. alpina, assess their potential antioxidant activities in vitro, and determine their effects on melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. Column chromatographic separation of aqueous fractions of A. alpina led to the isolation of 17 compounds. The chemical structures of these compounds were determined using spectroscopic data from electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to identify compounds 2-10 and 12-17 in A. alpina. Furthermore, compound 6 possessed powerful antioxidant activity, while compound 15 suppressed intracellular tyrosinase activity and thus reduced melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. Therefore, our research suggested that these naturally occurring compounds have the potential to reduce oxidative stress and promote skin whitening. Further investigations will be required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the antioxidant and antityrosinase activities of these compounds.

The crude drug Sojutsu, as defined by the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, is the rhizome of Atractylodes lancea De Candolle, Atractylodes chinensis Koidzumi, or their interspecific hybrids (Asteraceae). Sojutsu is one of the traditional Kampo formulas, which are administered to patients suffering from stomach disorders, edema, and nephrotic syndrome. Although antiinflammatory effects of Sojutsu have been reported, its effects on the liver and kidney have not been extensively investigated. Here, we used a Sojutsu sample identified as A. chinensis rhizome and isolated several constituents from its ethyl acetate (EtOAc)-soluble fraction that decreased production of the proinflammatory mediator nitric oxide (NO) in interleukin 1β-treated rat hepatocytes. Among the constituents in this fraction, atractylodin showed the highest activity to suppress NO production, whereas hinesol, β-eudesmol, and α-bisabolol showed low activity. Atractylodin decreased the levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor α, and lipocalin 2 messenger RNAs (mRNAs). The EtOAc-soluble fraction of the A. chinensis rhizome extract was administered daily for 20 weeks to high immunoglobulin A (HIGA) mice, whose pathological findings resemble human immunoglobulin A nephropathy. This fraction decreased the weight of white adipose tissue and decreased mesangial proliferation and immunoglobulin A deposition in glomeruli. These results indicate that the EtOAc-soluble fraction, which included antiinflammatory constituents, may be responsible for improvement of the mesangial lesions in HIGA mice.

Raphanus sativus (Radish) belongs to the Brassicaceae family and is a widely consumed root vegetable all around the world. The nutritional and medicinal values of radishes have been proven by several researches. Extracts prepared from the aerial and underground parts of radishes have been used in the treatment of stomach disorders, urinary infections, hepatic inflammation, cardiac disorders and ulcers in folk medicine since the ancient times. The pharmaceutical potential of radishes is attributed to the presence of its beneficial secondary metabolites, such as glucosinolates, polyphenols and isothiocyanates. The present review has focused on the impact of radish extract administration under pathological complications, such as cancer, diabetes, hepatic inflammation and oxidative stress. In addition, a comprehensive view of molecular mechanism behind the regulation of molecular drug targets associated with different types of cancers and diabetes by the bioactive compounds present in the radish extracts have been discussed in detail.

Liquidambar styraciflua L., ALTINGIACEAE, popularly known as sweet gum or alligator tree, is an aromatic tree with a natural distribution in North America and acclimated in Brazil. In traditional medicine, L. styraciflua L is used for the treatment of stomach disorders, wounds, and coughs. The present study was designed to investigate the biological potential and chemical profile of extracts obtained from aerial parts of L. styraciflua L. The chemical profile was established using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and the extracts were tested for total phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins using spectrophotometric assays. The anti-inflammatory activity of L. styraciflua L was tested using an inhibition of hyaluronidase enzyme assay, and cytotoxic activities were tested by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2 yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The synergy between the plant extracts with ciprofloxacin and tetracycline was studied by the checkerboard assay method against eight bacterial strains.The phytochemical investigation showed that the leaves and stem are rich in phenolics compounds (1419.34-1614.02 mg GAE/g, 875.21-1557.57 mg GAE/g, respectively), mainly flavonoids and hydrolyzable tannins. The samples of the stem exhibited the best anti-inflammatory activity. The butanol fraction of the stem was better than the commercial propolis extract. The hydroalcoholic extract of the stem and the propolis did not exhibit significant differences (p 0.05) at any of the concentrations tested. A synergistic interaction was observed against the Gram-positive bacterial Enterococcus faecalis (hydroalcoholic extract of leaves and tetracycline) and Staphylococcus aureus (hydroalcoholic extract of stem and tetracycline). The IC50 values obtained for the extracts indicate the absence of toxicity and moderate cytotoxic for the hydroalcoholic extract of the stem. On the basis of our findings, L. styaciflua may be considered as a potential therapeutic source with high anti-inflammatory activity and synergistic interactions with antibiotics against bacteria.

Medicine is one of the rich sources of data, generating and storing massive data, begin from description of clinical symptoms and end by different types of biochemical data and images from devices. Manual search and detecting biomedical patterns is complicated task from massive data. Data mining can improve the process of detecting patterns. Stomach disorders are the most common disorders that affect over 60% of the human population. In this work, the classification performance of four non-linear supervised learning algorithms i.e. Logit, K-Nearest Neighbour, XGBoost and LightGBM for five types of stomach disorders are compared and discussed. The objectives of this research are to find trends of using or improvements of machine learning algorithms for detecting symptoms of stomach disorders, to research problems of using machine learning algorithms for detecting stomach disorders. Bayesian optimization is considered to find optimal hyperparameters in the algorithms, which is faster than the grid search method. Results of the research show algorithms that base on gradient boosting technique (XGBoost and LightGBM) gets better accuracy more 95% on the test dataset. For diagnostic and confirmation of diseases need to improve accuracy, in the article, we propose to use optimization methods for accuracy improvement with using machine learning algorithms.

The traditional herb medicine Ferula sinkiangensis K. M. Shen (F. sinkiangensis) has been used to treat stomach disorders in Xinjiang District for centuries. Umbelliprenin is the effective component isolated from F. sinkiangensis which is particularly found in plants of the family Ferula. We previously reported the promising effects of Umbelliprenin against gastric cancer cells, but its anti-migration effect remained unknown. Here we investigated the anti-migration effect and mechanism of Umbelliprenin in human gastric cancer cells. In SRB assay, Umbelliprenin showed cytotoxic activities in the gastric cancer cell lines AGS and BGC-823 in a dose-and-time-dependent manner, while it showed lower cytotoxic activity in the normal gastric epithelium cell line GES-1. During transwell, scratch and colony assays, the migration of tumor cells was inhibited by Umbelliprenin treatment. The expression levels of the Wnt-associated signaling pathway proteins were analyzed with western blots, and the results showed that Umbelliprenin decreased the expression levels of proteins of the Wnt signalling pathway, such as Wnt-2, β-catenin, GSK-3β, p-GSK-3β, Survivin and c-myc. The translocation of β-catenin to the nucleus was also inhibited by Umbelliprenin treatment. In TCF reporter assay, the transcriptional activity of T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF) was decreased after Umbelliprenin treatment. Thein vivo results suggested that Umbelliprenin induced little to no harm in the lung, heart and kidney. Overall, these data provided evidence that Umbelliprenin may inhibit the growth, invasion and migration of gastric cancer cells by disturbing the Wnt signaling pathway.

Background: The aim of the present study is to report the cultural importance and utilization of ethnomedicinal plant species among the communities of Tehri district in Garhwal Himalaya, India. Methods: The ethnomedicinal uses of plants were collected from participants of the villages based on randomly selected inhabitants through semi structured interviews. A total of 93 respondents provided information. Results: The documentation recorded a total of 92 ethnobotanical plant species including trees (52), shrubs (19), herbs (18) and climbers (3). Out of 92 species, only 35 species were used for ethnomedicinal purposes to cure 30 different ailments prevailing in the area. The maximum number of species (9) was used for stomach disorders followed by diabetes and wounds (4 each), and fractures and tooth problems (3 each). The informant consensus factor (F ic ) for joint pain was 0.0 whereas F ic value for other species ranged from 0.600 to 1.0. The fidelity level (FL) was highest (100%) for 14 species and the lowest value of FL (20%) was recorded for Eupatorium adenophorum . The Cultural Importance Index (CI) was highest for Barleria cristata (0.15) and lowest (0.01) for Azadirachta indica and Boehmeria rugulosa each. Conclusion: The study revealed that the large number of ethnobotanical plant species exists in the area. Increased awareness on conservation and developmental strategies is needed to utilize resources through sustainable development.

Introduction: Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. (Syn. Ficus cunia Buch.- Ham. ex Roxb.) of familyMoraceae, is one of the plants used by the folklore of Odisha for medicinal purposes. Traditional healers use the plant’s leaf, stem, stem bark, root, and fruit to treat jaundice, stomach disorders, skin diseases, and other ailments. The present research article explores the quantitative estimation of tannins, alkaloids, phenols, and flavonoids of leaf, stem, stem bark, root, and fruit powder of Ficus semicordata, as these are responsible for antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and other activities. Materials and Methods: The plant and its various useful parts, after through identification and authentication, were collected from the Gandhamardana hills in Paikamal, Odisha. Quantitative estimation of different parts was performed following standard procedures. Results: Quantitative estimation revealed the presence of maximum tannin in stem bark followed by leaf; maximum alkaloid in fruit followed by leaf; maximum phenol in stem followed by root; and maximum flavonoid content in stem followed by root. Quantitative analysis revealed the presence of tannin and alkaloid in all the samples, which plays a significant role oxidative defence, antimalarial, anticancer, cholinomimetic, vasodilatory, analgesic, antibacterial, and antihyperglycemic activities. Conclusion: Quantitative estimation revealed the presence of tannin and alkaloid in all the parts of F. semicordata.

Solanum nigrum belongs to family Solanaceae. Blacknightshade & Makoi are the common name for it. The chemical constituents commonly found in Solanum nigrum are glycoalkaloids, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, polyphenolic compounds such as gallic acid, cathechin, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin, rutin etc. Solanum nigrum has very much importance as a medicinal plant. Root, whole plant and leaves are used but fruits of black colour are not used as they possess toxicity, therefore they are not used for medicinal purposes. Reddish- brown coloured fruits are used for edible purpose. It has been also extensively used in traditional medicine In India and other parts of world to cure liver disorders, digestion, chronic skin ailments, inflammatory conditions, painful periods, fevers, diarrhoea, eye disease, hydrophobia etc. Extracts prepared with using spices condiments exhibited stomach disorders and also improved digestion activity as compared to other digestive pills.

Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne (Asclepiadaceae) is a well-renowned medicinal shrub, used by herbal practitioners for various ailments including allergic rhinitis, productive cough, abortion, diabetes, stomach disorders, fever, kidney disorders, stones and cancerOn the basis of folkloric uses, L. pyrotechnica was selected from the wide medicinal flora of the Cholistan desert of Pakistan, for the exploration of immunomodulatory potential.Aqueous methanolic (30:70) extract of aerial parts of L. pyrotechnica (Lp. Cr) was prepared by 3 days thrice maceration and subsequent evaporation under reduced pressure. In-vivo experiments were performed in Wistar albino rats including neutrophil adhesion test, haemagglutinating antibody (HA) titre, delayed-type hypersensitivity response, phagocytic activity and cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression.Lp. Cr produced a significant increase in phagocytic index in dose-dependent fashion (3.56, 4.18 and 5.42 at 30, 100 and 300mg/kg, respectively) as well as an augmented response in the delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and HA titre induced by sheep erythrocytes. Lp. Cr also showed improved adhesion of neutrophils with nylon pellets (15.28, 27.85 and 38.42% at the doses of 30, 100 and 300mg/kg) and prevented myelosuppression in cyclophosphamide-treated rats as evidenced from the hematological parameters. The results of treatment were compared with normal and standard control groups throughout the study and the effects by Lp. Cr (300mg/kg) were found to be comparable with Levamisole.The results indicated that L. pyrotechnica possesses immunostimulatory activity and justify its traditional use for the control and management of diseases in which the immune system needs to be stimulated like infectious diseases.