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1. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA): Achievements in 10 years and future needs

Author

Bousquet, J., Schünemann, H. J., Samolinski, B., Demoly, P., Baena-Cagnani, C. E., Bachert, C., Bonini, S., Boulet, L. P., Bousquet, P. J., Brozek, J. L., Canonica, G. W., Casale, T. B., Cruz, A. A., Fokkens, W. J., Fonseca, J. A., van Wijk, Gerth R., Grouse, L., Haahtela, T., Khaltaev, N., Kuna, P., Lockey, R. F., Lodrup Carlsen, K. C., Mullol, J., Naclerio, R., OʼHehir, R. E., Ohta, K., Palkonen, S., Papadopoulos, N. G., Passalacqua, G., Pawankar, R., Price, D., Ryan, D., Simons, F. E.R., Togias, A., Williams, D., Yorgancioglu, A., Yusuf, O. M., Aberer, W., Adachi, M., Agache, I., Aït-Khaled, N., Akdis, C. A., Andrianarisoa, A., Annesi-Maesano, I., Ansotegui, I. J., Baiardini, I., Bateman, E. D., Bedbrook, A., Beghé, B., Beji, M., Bel, E. H., Ben Kheder, A., Bennoor, K. S., Bergmann, K. C., Berrissoul, F., Bieber, T., Bindslev Jensen, C., Blaiss, M. S., Boner, A. L., Bouchard, J., Braido, F., Brightling, C. E., Bush, A., Caballero, F., Calderon, M. A., Calvo, M. A., Camargos, P. A.M., Caraballo, L. R., Carlsen, K. H., Carr, W., Cepeda, A. M., Cesario, A., Chavannes, N. H., Chen, Y. Z., Chiriac, A. M., Chivato Pérez, T., Chkhartishvili, E., Ciprandi, G., Costa, D. J., Cox, L., Custovic, A., Dahl, R., Darsow, U., De Blay, F., Deleanu, D., Denburg, J. A., Devillier, P., Didi, T., Dokic, D., Dolen, W. K., Douagui, H., Dubakiene, R., Durham, S. R., Dykewicz, M. S., El-Gamal, Y., El-Meziane, A., Emuzyte, R., Fiocchi, A., Fletcher, M., Fukuda, T., Gamkrelidze, A., Gereda, J. E., González Diaz, S., Gotua, M., Guzmán, M. A., Hellings, P. W., Hellquist-Dahl, B., Horak, F., Hourihane, Oʼ B.J., Howarth, P., Humbert, M., Ivancevich, J. C., Jackson, C., Just, J., Kalayci, O., Kaliner, M. A., Kalyoncu, A. F., Keil, T., Keith, P. K., Khayat, G., Kim, Y. Y., Koffi NʼGoran, B., Koppelman, G. H., Kowalski, M. L., Kull, I., Kvedariene, V., Larenas-Linnemann, D., Le, L. T., Lemière, C., Li, J., Lieberman, P., Lipworth, B., Mahboub, B., Makela, M. J., Martin, F., Marshall, G. D., Martinez, F. D., Masjedi, M. R., Maurer, M., Mavale-Manuel, S., Mazon, A., Melen, E., Meltzer, E. O., Mendez, N. H., Merk, H., Mihaltan, F., Mohammad, Y., Morais-Almeida, M., Muraro, A., Nafti, S., Namazova-Baranova, L., Nekam, K., Neou, A., Niggemann, B., Nizankowska-Mogilnicka, E., Nyembue, T. D., Okamoto, Y., Okubo, K., Orru, M. P., Ouedraogo, S., Ozdemir, C., Panzner, P., Pali-Schöll, I., Park, H. S., Pigearias, B., Pohl, W., Popov, T. A., Postma, D. S., Potter, P., Rabe, K. F., Ratomaharo, J., Reitamo, S., Ring, J., Roberts, R., Rogala, B., Romano, A., Roman Rodriguez, M., Rosado-Pinto, J., Rosenwasser, L., Rottem, M., Sanchez-Borges, M., Scadding, G. K., Schmid-Grendelmeier, P., Sheikh, A., Sisul, J. C., Solé, D., Sooronbaev, T., Spicak, V., Spranger, O., Stein, R. T., Stoloff, S. W., Sunyer, J., Szczeklik, A., Todo-Bom, A., Toskala, E., Tremblay, Y., Valenta, R., Valero, A. L., Valeyre, D., Valiulis, A., Valovirta, E., Van Cauwenberge, P., Vandenplas, O., van Weel, C., Vichyanond, P., Viegi, G., Wang, D. Y., Wickman, M., Wöhrl, S., Wright, J., Yawn, B. P., Yiallouros, P. K., Zar, H. J., Zernotti, M. E., Zhong, N., Zidarn, M., and Zuberbier, T.

Published
2012
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5. Development and implementation of guidelines in allergic rhinitis – an ARIA-GA2LEN paper

Author

Bousquet, J., Schünemann, H. J., Zuberbier, T., Bachert, C., Baena-Cagnani, C. E., Bousquet, P. J., Brozek, J., Canonica, G. W., Casale, T. B., Demoly, P., Gerth van Wijk, R., Ohta, K., Bateman, E. D., Calderon, M., Cruz, A. A., Dolen, W. K., Haughney, J., Lockey, R. F., Lötvall, J., OʼByrne, P., Spranger, O., Togias, A., Bonini, S., Boulet, L. P., Camargos, P., Carlsen, K. H., Chavannes, N. H., Delgado, L., Durham, S. R., Fokkens, W. J., Fonseca, J., Haahtela, T., Kalayci, O., Kowalski, M. L., Larenas-Linnemann, D., Li, J., Mohammad, Y., Mullol, J., Naclerio, R., OʼHehir, R. E., Papadopoulos, N., Passalacqua, G., Rabe, K. F., Pawankar, R., Ryan, D., Samolinski, B., Simons, F. E. R., Valovirta, E., Yorgancioglu, A., Yusuf, O. M., Agache, I., Aït-Khaled, N., Annesi-Maesano, I., Beghe, B., Ben Kheder, A., Blaiss, M. S., Boakye, D. A., Bouchard, J., Burney, P. G., Busse, W. W., Chan-Yeung, M., Chen, Y., Chuchalin, A. G., Costa, D. J., Custovic, A., Dahl, R., Denburg, J., Douagui, H., Emuzyte, R., Grouse, L., Humbert, M., Jackson, C., Johnston, S. L., Kaliner, M. A., Keith, P. K., Kim, Y. Y., Klossek, J. M., Kuna, P., Le, L. T., Lemiere, C., Lipworth, B., Mahboub, B., Malo, J. L., Marshall, G. D., Mavale-Manuel, S., Meltzer, E. O., Morais-Almeida, M., Motala, C., Naspitz, C., Nekam, K., Niggemann, B., Nizankowska-Mogilnicka, E., Okamoto, Y., Orru, M. P., Ouedraogo, S., Palkonen, S., Popov, T. A., Price, D., Rosado-Pinto, J., Scadding, G. K., Sooronbaev, T. M., Stoloff, S. W., Toskala, E., van Cauwenberge, P., Vandenplas, O., van Weel, C., Viegi, G., Virchow, J. C., Wang, D. Y., Wickman, M., Williams, D., Yawn, B. P., Zar, H. J., Zernotti, M., and Zhong, N.

Published
2010
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6. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) 2008 Update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA2LEN and AllerGen)

Author

Bousquet, J., Khaltaev, N., Cruz, A. A., Denburg, J., Fokkens, W. J., Togias, A., Zuberbier, T., Baena-Cagnani, C. E., Canonica, G. W., van Weel, C., Agache, I., Aït-Khaled, N., Bachert, C., Blaiss, M. S., Bonini, S., Boulet, L.-P., Bousquet, P.-J., Camargos, P., Carlsen, K.-H., Chen, Y., Custovic, A., Dahl, R., Demoly, P., Douagui, H., Durham, S. R., van Wijk, R. Gerth, Kalayci, O., Kaliner, M. A., Kim, Y.-Y., Kowalski, M. L., Kuna, P., Le, L. T. T., Lemiere, C., Li, J., Lockey, R. F., Mavale-Manuel, S., Meltzer, E. O., Mohammad, Y., Mullol, J., Naclerio, R., OʼHehir, R. E., Ohta, K., Ouedraogo, S., Palkonen, S., Papadopoulos, N., Passalacqua, G., Pawankar, R., Popov, T. A., Rabe, K. F., Rosado-Pinto, J., Scadding, G. K., Simons, F. E. R., Toskala, E., Valovirta, E., van Cauwenberge, P., Wang, D.-Y., Wickman, M., Yawn, B. P., Yorgancioglu, A., Yusuf, O. M., Zar, H., Annesi-Maesano, I., Bateman, E. D., Kheder, A. Ben, Boakye, D. A., Bouchard, J., Burney, P., Busse, W. W., Chan-Yeung, M., Chavannes, N. H., Chuchalin, A., Dolen, W. K., Emuzyte, R., Grouse, L., Humbert, M., Jackson, C., Johnston, S. L., Keith, P. K., Kemp, J. P., Klossek, J.-M., Larenas-Linnemann, D., Lipworth, B., Malo, J.-L., Marshall, G. D., Naspitz, C., Nekam, K., Niggemann, B., Nizankowska-Mogilnicka, E., Okamoto, Y., Orru, M. P., Potter, P., Price, D., Stoloff, S. W., Vandenplas, O., Viegi, G., and Williams, D.

Published
2008

7. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA): achievements in 10 years and future needs.

Author

UCL - (MGD) Service de pneumologie, UCL - SSS/IREC/PNEU - Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie, Bousquet, J, Schünemann, H J, Samolinski, B, Demoly, P, Baena-Cagnani, C E, Bachert, C, Bonini, S, Boulet, L P, Bousquet, P J, Brozek, J L, Canonica, G W, Casale, T B, Cruz, A A, Fokkens, W J, Fonseca, J A, van Wijk, R Gerth, Grouse, L, Haahtela, T, Khaltaev, N, Kuna, P, Lockey, R F, Lodrup Carlsen, K C, Mullol, J, Naclerio, R, O'Hehir, R E, Ohta, K, Palkonen, S, Papadopoulos, N G, Passalacqua, G, Pawankar, R, Price, D, Ryan, D, Simons, F E R, Togias, A, Williams, D, Yorgancioglu, A., Yusuf, O M, Aberer, W, Adachi, M, Agache, I, Aït-Khaled, N, Akdis, C A, Andrianarisoa, A, Annesi-Maesano, I, Ansotegui, I J, Baiardini, I, Bateman, E D, Bedbrook, A, Beghé, B, Beji, M, Bel, E H, Ben Kheder, A, Bennoor, K S, Bergmann, K C, Berrissoul, F, Bieber, T, Bindslev Jensen, C, Blaiss, M S, Boner, A L, Bouchard, J, Braido, F, Brightling, C E, Bush, A, Caballero, F, Calderon, M A, Calvo, M A, Camargos, P A M, Caraballo, L R, Carlsen, K H, Carr, W, Cepeda, A M, Cesario, A, Chavannes, N H, Chen, Y Z, Chiriac, A M, Chivato Pérez, T, Chkhartishvili, E, Ciprandi, G, Costa, D J, Cox, L, Custovic, A, Dahl, R, Darsow, U, De Blay, F, Deleanu, D, Denburg, J A, Devillier, P, Didi, T, Dokic, D, Dolen, W K, Douagui, H, Dubakiene, R, Durham, S R, Dykewicz, M S, El-Gamal, Y, El-Meziane, A, Emuzyte, R, Fiocchi, A, Fletcher, M, Fukuda, T, Gamkrelidze, A, Gereda, J E, González Diaz, S, Gotua, M, Guzmán, M A, Hellings, P W, Hellquist-Dahl, B, Horak, F, Hourihane, J O'B, Howarth, P, Humbert, M, Ivancevich, J C, Jackson, C, Just, J, Kalayci, O, Kaliner, M A, Kalyoncu, A F, Keil, T, Keith, P K, Khayat, G, Kim, Y Y, Koffi N'goran, B, Koppelman, G H, Kowalski, M L, Kull, I, Kvedariene, V, Larenas-Linnemann, D, Le, L T, Lemière, C, Li, J, Lieberman, P, Lipworth, B, Mahboub, B, Makela, M J, Martin, F, Marshall, G D, Martinez, F D, Masjedi, M R, Maurer, M, Mavale-Manuel, S, Mazon, A, Melen, E, Meltzer, E O, Mendez, N H, Merk, H, Mihaltan, F, Mohammad, Y, Morais-Almeida, M, Muraro, A, Nafti, S, Namazova-Baranova, L, Nekam, K, Neou, A, Niggemann, B, Nizankowska-Mogilnicka, E, Nyembue, T D, Okamoto, Y, Okubo, K, Orru, M P, Ouedraogo, S, Ozdemir, C, Panzner, P, Pali-Schöll, I, Park, H S, Pigearias, B, Pohl, W, Popov, T A, Postma, D S, Potter, P, Rabe, K F, Ratomaharo, J, Reitamo, S, Ring, J, Roberts, R, Rogala, B, Romano, A, Roman Rodriguez, M, Rosado-Pinto, J, Rosenwasser, L, Rottem, M, Sanchez-Borges, M, Scadding, G K, Schmid-Grendelmeier, P, Sheikh, A, Sisul, J C, Solé, D, Sooronbaev, T, Spicak, V, Spranger, O, Stein, R T, Stoloff, S W, Sunyer, J, Szczeklik, A, Todo-Bom, A, Toskala, E, Tremblay, Y, Valenta, R, Valero, A L, Valeyre, D, Valiulis, A, Valovirta, E, Van Cauwenberge, P, Vandenplas, Olivier, van Weel, C, Vichyanond, P, Viegi, G, Wang, D Y, Wickman, M, Wöhrl, S, Wright, J, Yawn, B P, Yiallouros, P K, Zar, H J, Zernotti, M E, Zhong, N, Zidarn, M, Zuberbier, T, Burney, P G, Johnston, S L, Warner, J O, UCL - (MGD) Service de pneumologie, UCL - SSS/IREC/PNEU - Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie, Bousquet, J, Schünemann, H J, Samolinski, B, Demoly, P, Baena-Cagnani, C E, Bachert, C, Bonini, S, Boulet, L P, Bousquet, P J, Brozek, J L, Canonica, G W, Casale, T B, Cruz, A A, Fokkens, W J, Fonseca, J A, van Wijk, R Gerth, Grouse, L, Haahtela, T, Khaltaev, N, Kuna, P, Lockey, R F, Lodrup Carlsen, K C, Mullol, J, Naclerio, R, O'Hehir, R E, Ohta, K, Palkonen, S, Papadopoulos, N G, Passalacqua, G, Pawankar, R, Price, D, Ryan, D, Simons, F E R, Togias, A, Williams, D, Yorgancioglu, A., Yusuf, O M, Aberer, W, Adachi, M, Agache, I, Aït-Khaled, N, Akdis, C A, Andrianarisoa, A, Annesi-Maesano, I, Ansotegui, I J, Baiardini, I, Bateman, E D, Bedbrook, A, Beghé, B, Beji, M, Bel, E H, Ben Kheder, A, Bennoor, K S, Bergmann, K C, Berrissoul, F, Bieber, T, Bindslev Jensen, C, Blaiss, M S, Boner, A L, Bouchard, J, Braido, F, Brightling, C E, Bush, A, Caballero, F, Calderon, M A, Calvo, M A, Camargos, P A M, Caraballo, L R, Carlsen, K H, Carr, W, Cepeda, A M, Cesario, A, Chavannes, N H, Chen, Y Z, Chiriac, A M, Chivato Pérez, T, Chkhartishvili, E, Ciprandi, G, Costa, D J, Cox, L, Custovic, A, Dahl, R, Darsow, U, De Blay, F, Deleanu, D, Denburg, J A, Devillier, P, Didi, T, Dokic, D, Dolen, W K, Douagui, H, Dubakiene, R, Durham, S R, Dykewicz, M S, El-Gamal, Y, El-Meziane, A, Emuzyte, R, Fiocchi, A, Fletcher, M, Fukuda, T, Gamkrelidze, A, Gereda, J E, González Diaz, S, Gotua, M, Guzmán, M A, Hellings, P W, Hellquist-Dahl, B, Horak, F, Hourihane, J O'B, Howarth, P, Humbert, M, Ivancevich, J C, Jackson, C, Just, J, Kalayci, O, Kaliner, M A, Kalyoncu, A F, Keil, T, Keith, P K, Khayat, G, Kim, Y Y, Koffi N'goran, B, Koppelman, G H, Kowalski, M L, Kull, I, Kvedariene, V, Larenas-Linnemann, D, Le, L T, Lemière, C, Li, J, Lieberman, P, Lipworth, B, Mahboub, B, Makela, M J, Martin, F, Marshall, G D, Martinez, F D, Masjedi, M R, Maurer, M, Mavale-Manuel, S, Mazon, A, Melen, E, Meltzer, E O, Mendez, N H, Merk, H, Mihaltan, F, Mohammad, Y, Morais-Almeida, M, Muraro, A, Nafti, S, Namazova-Baranova, L, Nekam, K, Neou, A, Niggemann, B, Nizankowska-Mogilnicka, E, Nyembue, T D, Okamoto, Y, Okubo, K, Orru, M P, Ouedraogo, S, Ozdemir, C, Panzner, P, Pali-Schöll, I, Park, H S, Pigearias, B, Pohl, W, Popov, T A, Postma, D S, Potter, P, Rabe, K F, Ratomaharo, J, Reitamo, S, Ring, J, Roberts, R, Rogala, B, Romano, A, Roman Rodriguez, M, Rosado-Pinto, J, Rosenwasser, L, Rottem, M, Sanchez-Borges, M, Scadding, G K, Schmid-Grendelmeier, P, Sheikh, A, Sisul, J C, Solé, D, Sooronbaev, T, Spicak, V, Spranger, O, Stein, R T, Stoloff, S W, Sunyer, J, Szczeklik, A, Todo-Bom, A, Toskala, E, Tremblay, Y, Valenta, R, Valero, A L, Valeyre, D, Valiulis, A, Valovirta, E, Van Cauwenberge, P, Vandenplas, Olivier, van Weel, C, Vichyanond, P, Viegi, G, Wang, D Y, Wickman, M, Wöhrl, S, Wright, J, Yawn, B P, Yiallouros, P K, Zar, H J, Zernotti, M E, Zhong, N, Zidarn, M, Zuberbier, T, Burney, P G, Johnston, S L, and Warner, J O

Abstract

Allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma represent global health problems for all age groups. Asthma and rhinitis frequently coexist in the same subjects. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) was initiated during a World Health Organization workshop in 1999 (published in 2001). ARIA has reclassified AR as mild/moderate-severe and intermittent/persistent. This classification closely reflects patients' needs and underlines the close relationship between rhinitis and asthma. Patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are confronted with various treatment choices for the management of AR. This contributes to considerable variation in clinical practice, and worldwide, patients, clinicians, and other health care professionals are faced with uncertainty about the relative merits and downsides of the various treatment options. In its 2010 Revision, ARIA developed clinical practice guidelines for the management of AR and asthma comorbidities based on the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. ARIA is disseminated and implemented in more than 50 countries of the world. Ten years after the publication of the ARIA World Health Organization workshop report, it is important to make a summary of its achievements and identify the still unmet clinical, research, and implementation needs to strengthen the 2011 European Union Priority on allergy and asthma in children.

Published
2012

8. Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA): Achievements in 10 years and future needs

Author

Bousquet, Jean, Schünemann, Holger J., Samolinski, Boleslaw, Demoly, Pascal, Baena Cagnani, Carlos E., Bachert, Claus, Bonini, Sergio, Boulet, Louis Philippe, Bousquet, Philippe J., Brozek, Jan L., Canonica, G. Walter, Casale, Thomas B., Cruz, A. A., Fokkens, Wytske J., Fonseca, Joao A., van Wijk, R. Gerth, Grouse, Lawrence, Haahtela, Tari, Khaltaev, Nikolai, Kuna, Piotr, Lockey, R.F., Lodrup Carlsen, Karin C., Mullol, Jaoquim, Naclerio, Robert N., O'Hehir, Robyn E., Ohta, Ken, Palkonen, Susanna, Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G., Passalacqua, Giovanni, Pawankar, Ruby, Price, David, Ryan, Dermot, Simons, F. Estelle R., Togias, A., Williams, D. M., Yorgancioglu, Arzu, Yusuf, Osman M., Aberer, Werner, Adachi, Mitsuru, Agache, Ioana, Aït Khaled, Nadia, Akdis, Cezmi, Andrianarisoa, A., Annesi Maesano, Isabella, Ansotegui, Ignacio J., Baiardini, Ilaria, Bateman, Eric D., Bedbrook, Anna, Beghé, Bianca, Beji, M., Bel, Elisabeth H., Ben Kheder, Ali, Bennoor, Kazi S., Bergmann, Karl Christian, Berrissoul, F., Bieber, T., Bindslev Jensen, Carsten, Blaiss, M.S., Boner, A. L., Bouchard, Jacques, Braido, Fulvio, Brightling, Christopher E., Bush, Andrew, Caballero Fonseca, Fernando, Calderon, M. A., Calvo, M.A., Camargos, P. A. M., Caraballo, L. R., Carlsen, Kai Hakon, Carr, Warner, Cepeda, A.M., Cesario, A., Chavannes, Niels H., Chen, Yuzhi Z., Chiriac, A.M., Chivato Pérez, T., Chkhartishvili, Ekaterine, Ciprandi, Georgio, Costa, D. J., Cox, Linda, Custovic, Adnan, Dahl, Ronald, Darsow, Ulf, De Blay, Frédéric, Deleanu, Diana, Denburg, J. A., Devillier, Phillipe, Didi, T., Dokic, D., Dolen, W.K., Douagui, Habib B., Dubakiene, Ruta, Durham, S. R., Dykewicz, Mark S., El Gamal, Yehia, El Meziane, A., Emuzyte, R., Fiocchi, Alessandro, Fletcher, Monica, Fukuda, T., Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gereda, José E., González Díaz, Sandra Nora, Gotua, Maia, Guzmán, M. Antonieta, Hellings, Peter W., Hellquist Dahl, Birthe, Horak, F., Hourihane, J. O’. B., Howarth, P., Humbert, Marc, Ivancevich, Juan Carlos, Jackson, C., Just, Jocelyne, Kalayci, Omer, Kaliner, M.A., Kalyoncu, A. F., Keil, Thomas, Keith, Paul K., Khayat, G., Kim, Y. Y., Koffi N'Goran, B., Koppelman, Gerard H., Kowalski, M. L., Kull, Inger, Kvedariene, Violeta, Larenas Linnemann, Désirée, Le, L. T. T., Lemière, C., Li, Jingmei, Lieberman, Phillipe, Lipworth, Brian J., Mahboub, Bassam, Makela, M. J., Martin, F., Marshall, G. D., Martinez, F. D., Masjedi, Mohamad R., Maurer, Marcus, Mavale Manuel, Sandra, Mazon, A., Melén, Erik, Meltzer, E. O., Mendez, N. H., Merk, Hans, Mihaltan, Florin, Mohammad, Y., Morais Almeida, Mario, Muraro, Antonella, Nafti, S., Namazova Baranova, Leyla, Nekam, Kristof, Neou, Angelos, Niggemann, Bodo, Nizankowska Mogilnicka, E., Nyembue, T. Dieudonné, Okamoto, Yoshitaka, Okubo, Kim, Orru, M.P., Ouedraogo, Solange, Ozdemir, C., Panzner, Petr, Pali Schöll, Isabella, Park, Hae-Sim, Pigearias, Bernard, Pohl, Wolfgang, Popov, Todor A., Postma, Dirkje S., Potter, Paul, Rabe, Klaus F., Ratomaharo, J., Reitamo, Sakari, Ring, J., Roberts, R., Rogala, B., Romano, A., Roman Rodriguez, M., Rosado Pinto, José, Rosenwasser, Larry, Rottem, Menachem, Sánchez Borges, Mario, Scadding, Glenis K., Schmid Grendelmeier, Peter, Sheikh, Aziz, Sisul Alvariza, Juan Carlos, Solé, Dirceu, Sooronbaev, Talant, Spicak, V., Spranger, Otto, Stein, R. T., Stoloff, S. W., Sunyer, Jordi, Szczeklik, A., Todo Bom, Ana Maria, Toskala, E., Tremblay, Y., Valenta, Rudolf, Valero, Antonio L., Valeyre, D., Valiulis, Arunas, Valovirta, Erkka, Van Cauwenberge, P., Vandenplas, Olivier, Van Weel, Chris, Vichyanond, Pakit, Viegi, Giovanni, Wang, D. Y., Wickman, Magnus, Wöhrl, S., Wright, John, Yawn, Barbara P., Yiallouros, P. K., Zar, Heather J., Zernotti, Mario, Zhong, Nanshan, Zidarn, Mihaela, Zuberbier, Torsten, Bousquet, Jean, Schünemann, Holger J., Samolinski, Boleslaw, Demoly, Pascal, Baena Cagnani, Carlos E., Bachert, Claus, Bonini, Sergio, Boulet, Louis Philippe, Bousquet, Philippe J., Brozek, Jan L., Canonica, G. Walter, Casale, Thomas B., Cruz, A. A., Fokkens, Wytske J., Fonseca, Joao A., van Wijk, R. Gerth, Grouse, Lawrence, Haahtela, Tari, Khaltaev, Nikolai, Kuna, Piotr, Lockey, R.F., Lodrup Carlsen, Karin C., Mullol, Jaoquim, Naclerio, Robert N., O'Hehir, Robyn E., Ohta, Ken, Palkonen, Susanna, Papadopoulos, Nikolaos G., Passalacqua, Giovanni, Pawankar, Ruby, Price, David, Ryan, Dermot, Simons, F. Estelle R., Togias, A., Williams, D. M., Yorgancioglu, Arzu, Yusuf, Osman M., Aberer, Werner, Adachi, Mitsuru, Agache, Ioana, Aït Khaled, Nadia, Akdis, Cezmi, Andrianarisoa, A., Annesi Maesano, Isabella, Ansotegui, Ignacio J., Baiardini, Ilaria, Bateman, Eric D., Bedbrook, Anna, Beghé, Bianca, Beji, M., Bel, Elisabeth H., Ben Kheder, Ali, Bennoor, Kazi S., Bergmann, Karl Christian, Berrissoul, F., Bieber, T., Bindslev Jensen, Carsten, Blaiss, M.S., Boner, A. L., Bouchard, Jacques, Braido, Fulvio, Brightling, Christopher E., Bush, Andrew, Caballero Fonseca, Fernando, Calderon, M. A., Calvo, M.A., Camargos, P. A. M., Caraballo, L. R., Carlsen, Kai Hakon, Carr, Warner, Cepeda, A.M., Cesario, A., Chavannes, Niels H., Chen, Yuzhi Z., Chiriac, A.M., Chivato Pérez, T., Chkhartishvili, Ekaterine, Ciprandi, Georgio, Costa, D. J., Cox, Linda, Custovic, Adnan, Dahl, Ronald, Darsow, Ulf, De Blay, Frédéric, Deleanu, Diana, Denburg, J. A., Devillier, Phillipe, Didi, T., Dokic, D., Dolen, W.K., Douagui, Habib B., Dubakiene, Ruta, Durham, S. R., Dykewicz, Mark S., El Gamal, Yehia, El Meziane, A., Emuzyte, R., Fiocchi, Alessandro, Fletcher, Monica, Fukuda, T., Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gereda, José E., González Díaz, Sandra Nora, Gotua, Maia, Guzmán, M. Antonieta, Hellings, Peter W., Hellquist Dahl, Birthe, Horak, F., Hourihane, J. O’. B., Howarth, P., Humbert, Marc, Ivancevich, Juan Carlos, Jackson, C., Just, Jocelyne, Kalayci, Omer, Kaliner, M.A., Kalyoncu, A. F., Keil, Thomas, Keith, Paul K., Khayat, G., Kim, Y. Y., Koffi N'Goran, B., Koppelman, Gerard H., Kowalski, M. L., Kull, Inger, Kvedariene, Violeta, Larenas Linnemann, Désirée, Le, L. T. T., Lemière, C., Li, Jingmei, Lieberman, Phillipe, Lipworth, Brian J., Mahboub, Bassam, Makela, M. J., Martin, F., Marshall, G. D., Martinez, F. D., Masjedi, Mohamad R., Maurer, Marcus, Mavale Manuel, Sandra, Mazon, A., Melén, Erik, Meltzer, E. O., Mendez, N. H., Merk, Hans, Mihaltan, Florin, Mohammad, Y., Morais Almeida, Mario, Muraro, Antonella, Nafti, S., Namazova Baranova, Leyla, Nekam, Kristof, Neou, Angelos, Niggemann, Bodo, Nizankowska Mogilnicka, E., Nyembue, T. Dieudonné, Okamoto, Yoshitaka, Okubo, Kim, Orru, M.P., Ouedraogo, Solange, Ozdemir, C., Panzner, Petr, Pali Schöll, Isabella, Park, Hae-Sim, Pigearias, Bernard, Pohl, Wolfgang, Popov, Todor A., Postma, Dirkje S., Potter, Paul, Rabe, Klaus F., Ratomaharo, J., Reitamo, Sakari, Ring, J., Roberts, R., Rogala, B., Romano, A., Roman Rodriguez, M., Rosado Pinto, José, Rosenwasser, Larry, Rottem, Menachem, Sánchez Borges, Mario, Scadding, Glenis K., Schmid Grendelmeier, Peter, Sheikh, Aziz, Sisul Alvariza, Juan Carlos, Solé, Dirceu, Sooronbaev, Talant, Spicak, V., Spranger, Otto, Stein, R. T., Stoloff, S. W., Sunyer, Jordi, Szczeklik, A., Todo Bom, Ana Maria, Toskala, E., Tremblay, Y., Valenta, Rudolf, Valero, Antonio L., Valeyre, D., Valiulis, Arunas, Valovirta, Erkka, Van Cauwenberge, P., Vandenplas, Olivier, Van Weel, Chris, Vichyanond, Pakit, Viegi, Giovanni, Wang, D. Y., Wickman, Magnus, Wöhrl, S., Wright, John, Yawn, Barbara P., Yiallouros, P. K., Zar, Heather J., Zernotti, Mario, Zhong, Nanshan, Zidarn, Mihaela, and Zuberbier, Torsten

Published
2012

9. Development and implementation of guidelines in allergic rhinitis – an ARIA-GA2LEN paper

Author

UCL - (MGD) Service de pneumologie, UCL - SSS/IREC/PNEU - Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie, Bousquet, Jean, Schünemann, H J, Zuberbier, T, Bachert, C, Baena-Cagnani, C E, Bousquet, P J, Brozek, J, Canonica, G W, Casale, T B, Demoly, P, Gerth van Wijk, R, Ohta, K, Bateman, E D, Calderon, M, Cruz, A A, Dolen, W K, Haughney, J, Lockey, R F, Lötvall, J, O'Byrne, P, Spranger, O, Togias, A, Bonini, S, Boulet, L P, Camargos, P, Carlsen, K H, Chavannes, N H, Delgado, L, Durham, S R, Fokkens, W J, Fonseca, J, Haahtela, T, Kalayci, O, Kowalski, M L, Larenas-Linnemann, D, Li, J, Mohammad, Y, Mullol, J, Naclerio, R, O'Hehir, R E, Papadopoulos, N, Passalacqua, G, Rabe, K F, Pawankar, R, Ryan, D, Samolinski, B, Simons, F E R, Valovirta, E, Yorgancioglu, A., Yusuf, O M, Agache, I, Aït-Khaled, N, Annesi-Maesano, I, Beghe, B, Ben Kheder, A, Blaiss, M S, Boakye, D A, Bouchard, J, Burney, P G, Busse, W W, Chan-Yeung, M, Chen, Y, Chuchalin, A G, Costa, D J, Custovic, A, Dahl, R, Denburg, J, Douagui, H, Emuzyte, R, Grouse, L, Humbert, M, Jackson, C, Johnston, S L, Kaliner, M A, Keith, P K, Kim, Y Y, Klossek, J M, Kuna, P, Le, L T, Lemiere, C, Lipworth, B, Mahboub, B, Malo, J L, Marshall, G D, Mavale-Manuel, S, Meltzer, E O, Morais-Almeida, M, Motala, C, Naspitz, C, Nekam, K, Niggemann, B, Nizankowska-Mogilnicka, E, Okamoto, Y, Orru, M P, Ouedraogo, S, Palkonen, S, Popov, T A, Price, D, Rosado-Pinto, J, Scadding, G K, Sooronbaev, T M, Stoloff, S W, Toskala, E, van Cauwenberge, P, Vandenplas, Olivier, van Weel, C, Viegi, G, Virchow, J C, Wang, D Y, Wickman, M, Williams, D, Yawn, B P, Zar, H J, Zernotti, M, Zhong, N, UCL - (MGD) Service de pneumologie, UCL - SSS/IREC/PNEU - Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie, Bousquet, Jean, Schünemann, H J, Zuberbier, T, Bachert, C, Baena-Cagnani, C E, Bousquet, P J, Brozek, J, Canonica, G W, Casale, T B, Demoly, P, Gerth van Wijk, R, Ohta, K, Bateman, E D, Calderon, M, Cruz, A A, Dolen, W K, Haughney, J, Lockey, R F, Lötvall, J, O'Byrne, P, Spranger, O, Togias, A, Bonini, S, Boulet, L P, Camargos, P, Carlsen, K H, Chavannes, N H, Delgado, L, Durham, S R, Fokkens, W J, Fonseca, J, Haahtela, T, Kalayci, O, Kowalski, M L, Larenas-Linnemann, D, Li, J, Mohammad, Y, Mullol, J, Naclerio, R, O'Hehir, R E, Papadopoulos, N, Passalacqua, G, Rabe, K F, Pawankar, R, Ryan, D, Samolinski, B, Simons, F E R, Valovirta, E, Yorgancioglu, A., Yusuf, O M, Agache, I, Aït-Khaled, N, Annesi-Maesano, I, Beghe, B, Ben Kheder, A, Blaiss, M S, Boakye, D A, Bouchard, J, Burney, P G, Busse, W W, Chan-Yeung, M, Chen, Y, Chuchalin, A G, Costa, D J, Custovic, A, Dahl, R, Denburg, J, Douagui, H, Emuzyte, R, Grouse, L, Humbert, M, Jackson, C, Johnston, S L, Kaliner, M A, Keith, P K, Kim, Y Y, Klossek, J M, Kuna, P, Le, L T, Lemiere, C, Lipworth, B, Mahboub, B, Malo, J L, Marshall, G D, Mavale-Manuel, S, Meltzer, E O, Morais-Almeida, M, Motala, C, Naspitz, C, Nekam, K, Niggemann, B, Nizankowska-Mogilnicka, E, Okamoto, Y, Orru, M P, Ouedraogo, S, Palkonen, S, Popov, T A, Price, D, Rosado-Pinto, J, Scadding, G K, Sooronbaev, T M, Stoloff, S W, Toskala, E, van Cauwenberge, P, Vandenplas, Olivier, van Weel, C, Viegi, G, Virchow, J C, Wang, D Y, Wickman, M, Williams, D, Yawn, B P, Zar, H J, Zernotti, M, and Zhong, N

Abstract

The links between asthma and rhinitis are well characterized. The Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines stress the importance of these links and provide guidance for their prevention and treatment. Despite effective treatments being available, too few patients receive appropriate medical care for both diseases. Most patients with rhinitis and asthma consult primary care physicians and therefore these physicians are encouraged to understand and use ARIA guidelines. Patients should also be informed about these guidelines to raise their awareness of optimal care and increase control of the two related diseases. To apply these guidelines, clinicians and patients need to understand how and why the recommendations were made. The goal of the ARIA guidelines is to provide recommendations about the best management options for most patients in most situations. These recommendations should be based on the best available evidence. Making recommendations requires the assessment of the quality of available evidence, deciding on the balance between benefits and downsides, consideration of patients’ values and preferences, and, if applicable, resource implications. Guidelines must be updated as new management options become available or important new evidence emerges. Transparent reporting of guidelines facilitates understanding and acceptance, but implementation strategies need to be improved.

Published
2010

10. AN OFFICIAL AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY / EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY SOCIETY STATEMENT: ASTHMA CONTROL AND EXACERBATIONS: STANDARDIZING ENDPOINTS FOR CLINICAL ASTHMA TRIALS AND CLINICAL PRACTICE. PART 1

Author

Reddel, H. K., primary, Taylor, D. R., additional, Bateman, E. D., additional, Boulet, L. -P., additional, Boushey, H. A., additional, Busse, W. W., additional, Casale, T. B., additional, Chanez, P., additional, Enright, P. L., additional, Gibson, P. G., additional, De Jongste, J. C., additional, M. Kerstjens, H. A., additional, Lazarus, S. C., additional, Levy, M. L., additional, O’Byrne, P. M., additional, Partridge, M. R., additional, Pavord, I. D., additional, Sears, M. R., additional, Sterk, P. J., additional, Stoloff, S. W., additional, Sullivan, S. D., additional, Szefler, S. J., additional, Thomas, M. D., additional, and Wenzel, S. E., additional

Published
2011
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11. AN OFFICIAL AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY / EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY SOCIETY STATEMENT: ASTHMA CONTROL AND EXACERBATIONS: STANDARDIZING ENDPOINTS FOR CLINICAL ASTHMA TRIALS AND CLINICAL PRACTICE. PART 2

Author

Reddel, H. K., primary, Taylor, D. R., additional, Bateman, E. D., additional, Boulet, L. -P., additional, Boushey, Н. A., additional, Busse, W. W., additional, Casale, T. B., additional, Chanez, P., additional, Enright, P. L., additional, Gibson, P. G., additional, De Jongste, J. C., additional, M. Kerstjens, H. A., additional, Lazarus, S. C., additional, Levy, M. L., additional, O’Byrne, P. M., additional, Partridge, M. R., additional, Pavord, I. D., additional, Sears, M. R., additional, Sterk, P. J., additional, Stoloff, S. W., additional, Sullivan, S. D., additional, Szefler, S. J., additional, Thomas, M. D., additional, and Wenzel, S. E., additional

Published
2011
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12. A new perspective on concepts of asthma severity and control

Author

Taylor, D. R., primary, Bateman, E. D., additional, Boulet, L-P., additional, Boushey, H. A., additional, Busse, W. W., additional, Casale, T. B., additional, Chanez, P., additional, Enright, P. L., additional, Gibson, P. G., additional, de Jongste, J. C., additional, Kerstjens, H. A. M., additional, Lazarus, S. C., additional, Levy, M. L., additional, O'Byrne, P. M., additional, Partridge, M. R., additional, Pavord, I. D., additional, Sears, M. R., additional, Sterk, P. J., additional, Stoloff, S. W., additional, Szefler, S. J., additional, Sullivan, S. D., additional, Thomas, M. D., additional, Wenzel, S. E., additional, and Reddel, H. K., additional

Published
2008
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13. Adherence to asthma controller medication regimens.

Author

Stempel DA, Stoloff SW, Carranza Rosenzweig JR, Stanford RH, Ryskina KL, and Legorreta AP

Subjects
Acetates administration & dosage, Administration, Inhalation, Adult, Albuterol administration & dosage, Albuterol therapeutic use, Androstadienes administration & dosage, Anti-Asthmatic Agents administration & dosage, Bronchodilator Agents administration & dosage, Cohort Studies, Cyclopropanes, Drug Administration Schedule, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Fluticasone, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nebulizers and Vaporizers, Patient Compliance, Quinolines administration & dosage, Retrospective Studies, Salmeterol Xinafoate, Sulfides, Acetates therapeutic use, Albuterol analogs & derivatives, Androstadienes therapeutic use, Anti-Asthmatic Agents therapeutic use, Asthma drug therapy, Bronchodilator Agents therapeutic use, Quinolines therapeutic use
Abstract

Background: Improved adherence to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) is recognized as an important factor in reduced morbidity, mortality and consumption of health care resources. The present study was designed to replicate previous reports of patient adherence with fluticasone/salmeterol in a single inhaler (FSC), fluticasone and salmeterol in separate inhalers (FP+SAL), fluticasone and montelukast (FP+MON), fluticasone alone (FP) and montelukast alone (MON)., Methods: A 24-month observational retrospective study was conducted using administrative claims data. Subjects were 12 years old with 24 months of continuous enrollment; had 1 asthma claim (ICD-9: 493), 1 short-acting beta(2)-agonist claim, and 1 FSC, FP, SAL, or MON claim. Outcomes included asthma medication refill rates and persistence measured by treatment days. This study was designed with a unique population of patients with asthma from different health plans to validate previous findings., Results: A total of 3,503 subjects were identified based on their index medication: FSC (996), FP+SAL (259), FP+MON (101), FP (1254) and MON (893). Mean number of prescription refills for FSC (3.98) was significantly higher than FP (2.29) and the FP component of FP+SAL (2.36), and FP+MON (2.15), P<0.05. No significant differences were observed between FSC and MON fill rates (4.33). Mean number of treatment days was greater for FSC compared to FP, FP+SAL, and FP+MON (P<0.0001)., Conclusion: This study confirms a previous report that adherence profiles of fluticasone and salmeterol in a single inhaler are significantly better when compared to the controller regimens of fluticasone and salmeterol in separate inhalers, fluticasone and montelukast, or fluticasone alone and similar to montelukast alone.

Published
2005
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14. Improved asthma control after changing from low-to-medium doses of other inhaled corticosteroids to low-dose fluticasone propionate.

Author

Stoloff SW, Srebro SH, Edwards LD, Johnson MC, and Rickard KA

Subjects
Adult, Beclomethasone therapeutic use, Child, Fluocinolone Acetonide therapeutic use, Fluticasone, Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Triamcinolone Acetonide therapeutic use, Androstadienes therapeutic use, Anti-Asthmatic Agents therapeutic use, Asthma drug therapy, Fluocinolone Acetonide analogs & derivatives, Glucocorticoids therapeutic use
Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of changing from low-to-medium doses of other inhaled corticosteroids to low-dose fluticasone propionate., Methods: Data from 11 randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trials in adults (>= 12 years; n = 1453; % predicted FEV1 = 42% to 89%) and 4 trials in children (4-11 years; n = 161; % predicted FEV1 = 50% to 112%) with chronic asthma were retrospectively analyzed. Symptomatic adults (n = 1181) treated with low-to-medium doses of beclomethasone dipropionate (168-672 mcg/day), triamcinolone acetonide (400-1200 mcg/day), or flunisolide (>=1000 mcg/day) were switched to low-dose fluticasone propionate (176 or 200 mcg daily) for 6-26 weeks. Patients (n = 272) remaining on low-dose beclomethasone dipropionate (336 mcg daily) served as controls. Pediatric patients previously treated with low doses of triamcinolone acetonide (4-8 puffs/day), or low-to-medium doses of beclomethasone dipropionate (4-8 puffs/day) or flunisolide (2-6 puffs/day), were changed to low-dose fluticasone propionate (100 mcg daily) for 12-52 weeks., Results: Improvements in FEV1, morning and evening peak expiratory flow (PEF), rescue albuterol use, asthma symptom scores, and symptom-free days were significantly greater in adults who changed from low-to-medium doses of beclomethasone dipropionate or triamcinolone acetonide to low-dose fluticasone propionate (P <.001). Regardless of the degree of asthma severity, these improvements were 1.5- to 4-fold greater in adult patients changed to low-dose fluticasone propionate vs those remaining on low-dose beclomethasone dipropionate. Significant improvements in lung function, albuterol use, and asthma symptoms (P <=.002) were also seen in pediatric patients who changed from beclomethasone dipropionate, flunisolide, or triamcinolone acetonide to a much lower dose of an inhaled corticosteroid (100 mcg fluticasone propionate daily). Drug-related adverse events were low in adults and children, and were comparable among adults receiving low-dose fluticasone propionate or beclomethasone dipropionate., Conclusions: Results indicate that patients with persistent asthma can change from other inhaled corticosteroids to a lower dose of fluticasone propionate and still maintain or improve asthma control.

Published
2001

15. The role of LTRAs in the management of persistent asthma.

Author

Stoloff SW

Subjects
Adrenal Cortex Hormones therapeutic use, Anti-Asthmatic Agents, Humans, Asthma, Leukotriene Antagonists
Abstract

Two leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs)--montelukast and zafirlukast--are currently available in the United States. Montelukast is approved for the treatment of asthma in patients as young as 2 years old and zafirlukast, in patients 7 years of age or older. In more than 15 clinical trials of LTRA therapy for mild to moderate persistent asthma, both of these oral agents produced rapid improvement in pulmonary function and daytime asthma symptoms. They also decreased the frequency of nocturnal awakening and the need for rescue therapy with beta2-adrenergic agonists and oral corticosteroids. These effects were maintained throughout the treatment period; tolerance did not develop. When used concomitantly with an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), each LTRA further improved asthma control, thus permitting the partial or complete tapering off of the ICS dose needed to maintain clinical control. Although rare, previously undiagnosed cases of Churg-Strauss syndrome have been unmasked when ICS use is decreased or discontinued. The improved adherence gained with an oral agent administered as infrequently as once daily maximizes the effectiveness of these newest antiasthma medications.

Published
2000

17. Improving adherence to asthma therapy: what physicians can do.

Author

Stoloff SW

Subjects
Child, Humans, Long-Term Care, Patient Care Planning, Patient Participation, Self Care, Asthma drug therapy, Asthma psychology, Family Practice methods, Patient Compliance psychology, Physician's Role, Physician-Patient Relations
Published
2000

18. Pharmacologic therapy for asthma.

Author

Stoloff SW

Subjects
Adult, Anti-Asthmatic Agents administration & dosage, Bronchodilator Agents administration & dosage, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Patient Education as Topic, Anti-Asthmatic Agents therapeutic use, Asthma drug therapy, Bronchodilator Agents therapeutic use
Abstract

Pharmacologic therapy is used to prevent and control asthma symptoms, reduce the frequency and severity of asthma exacerbations, and reverse airflow obstruction. Recommendations in this chapter, based on the 1997 National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Expert Panel Report II: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma, reflect the scientific concept that asthma is a chronic disorder with recurrent episodes of airflow limitation, mucus production, and cough. Asthma medications are categorized into two general classes: long-term-control medications taken daily on a long-term basis to achieve and maintain control of persistent asthma (these medications are also known as long-term preventive, controller, or maintenance medications), and quick-relief medications taken to provide prompt reversal of acute airflow obstruction and relief of accompanying bronchoconstriction (these drugs are also known as reliever or acute rescue medications). Patients with persistent asthma require both classes of medication. Selecting the appropriate pharmacologic therapy to achieve and maintain control of asthma involves several considerations: the medications and their routes of administration, a stepwise approach to managing asthma long-term as a chronic disorder, and the development of an effective clinician-patient partnership strategy where patient education is continuously provided.

Published
1998
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19. Providing asthma education in primary care practice.

Author

Stoloff SW and Janson S

Subjects
Humans, Primary Health Care, Self Care, Asthma therapy, Patient Education as Topic
Abstract

An educational dialog founded on open communication between clinician and patient is necessary for a successful partnership in asthma care. Educating patients in self-management of asthma has become a major challenge in primary care practice. The process should begin at the time of diagnosis and should be integrated into every step of medical care during office visits and any other clinician-patient interaction. Identifying patients' expectations and concerns about their disease at each office visit helps the clinician focus care. The educational effort should include a discussion of basic asthma facts, and the types and uses of medications, and a demonstration of the skills involved in the proper use of metered-dose inhalers, spacers and peak flow meters. A written asthma self-management plan developed jointly by the clinician and the patient includes recommended daily medications and the specific steps the patient should take to control asthma and achieve the goals of asthma care.

Published
1997

20. A stepped-care approach to asthma management.

Author

Stoloff SW

Subjects
Administration, Inhalation, Adult, Bronchodilator Agents administration & dosage, Child, Humans, Severity of Illness Index, Adrenal Cortex Hormones administration & dosage, Anti-Inflammatory Agents therapeutic use, Asthma drug therapy, Asthma physiopathology
Published
1996
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22. The changing role of theophylline in pediatric asthma.

Author

Stoloff SW

Subjects
Child, Child Behavior drug effects, Humans, Theophylline metabolism, Theophylline pharmacology, Asthma drug therapy, Theophylline therapeutic use
Abstract

The mechanism of action of theophylline in the treatment of asthma is not yet fully understood. Theophylline appears to be beneficial in some patients with steroid-dependent or nocturnal asthma. It is recommended as an alternative or additional treatment for patients with chronic mild, moderate or severe disease that does not respond to first- or second-line therapy with beta 2 agonists and anti-inflammatory medications such as cromolyn sodium, nedocromil (in children 12 years of age or older) or inhaled corticosteroids. However, theophylline therapy may cause bothersome side effects, including gastrointestinal distress, anxiety, insomnia and headache. These side effects can be minimized by beginning therapy with a low dosage and increasing the dosage slowly, until a therapeutic blood level is reached. Toxicity is more likely if the blood level exceeds 20 micrograms per mL. Prolonged fever puts patients at especially high risk for toxicity. Appropriate patient selection, careful dosing and regular monitoring are crucial elements of safe theophylline therapy.

Published
1994

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