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Aim of study: This study aims to provide basic information about physiological characteristics of isolates of Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray, Russula sanguinaria (Schumach.) Rauschert, Suillus collinitus (Fr) Kuntze, Suillus granulatus (L.) Rousell, Tricholoma batchii Gulden and Tricholoma imbricatum (Fr.) Kumm.Area of study: The isolates are obtained from Pinus heldreichii H. Christ forest in the south-eastern part of Montenegro.Material and methods: The isolates were molecularly characterised by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The effects of different temperatures (20, 22, 25°C), pHs (4, 4.5, 5.2, 5.8, 6.5, 7.5), and carbon (glucose, sucrose, dextrin, arabinose, xylose and starch) and nitrogen (NH4+, NO3- and protein) sources on their growth were examined under laboratory conditions.Main results: The studied factors established significant differences in the development of isolates. Isolates of R. sanguinaria, L. deliciosus and both Suillus, were characterised by faster growth at 22°C, while Tricholoma isolates grew faster at 25°C. S. granulatus, S. collinitus and T. imbticatum isolates grew well at lower pH values (4 - 5.2), while L. deliciosus, R. sanguinaria and T. bachii exhibited faster growth at pHs between 5.8 and 6.5. The examined isolates were able to utilize various carbohydrates as carbon sources. The biggest mycelial growth was characterised for sucrose, then glucose, dextrin, arabinose, starch and xylose. They grew on all examined nitrogen sources, while the biggest mycelia growth was achieved on ammonium, followed by nitrate and protein. Those characteristics varied amongst the species.Research highlights: Information about physiological characteristics of Tricholoma, Lactarius, Russula, as well as Suillus, are sparse. Hence, the data obtained in this study could contribute to the understanding of their function in ecosystems.

aromatičnih biljaka koje se koriste u tradicionalnoj medicini, hortikulturi, hemijskoj, prehrambenoj i kozmetičkoj industriji. Retke, endemične i/ili ugrožene vrste familije Lamiaceae predstavljaju poseban izazov za proučavanje, prevashodno u cilju očuvanja specijskog diverziteta i njihovih populacija u prirodi, ali i zato što su izvor važnih bioaktivnih molekula raznovrsnog dejstva (antimikrobna, antvirusna, fungicidna, antioksidantna, citotoksična, alelohemijska, insekticidna aktivnost, itd.) i potencijalno široke primene. Usled izrazite heterogenosti, predstavnici roda Micromeria su bili često predmet taksonomskih diskusija. Pripadnike sekcije Pseudomelissa gde spada i М. pulegium, nakon molekularno genetičkih analiza hloroplastne DNK, Brauchler (2005) premešta u rod Clinopodium. Ipak, u ovoj tezi je primenjen tradicionalni taksonomski koncept, predložen od strane Harley-a i sar. (2004), koji podržava homogenost roda Micromeria, pri čemu je sect. Pseudomelissa njegova sastavna jedinica. U skladu sa primenjenim sistemom dve istraživane vrste su klasifikovane u idividualne sekcije roda: Micromeria sect. Micromeria (M. croatica), odnosno Micromeria sect. Pseudomelissa (M. pulegium). Micromeria pulegium predstavlja endemičnu vrstu Južnih Karpata u Rumuniji, sa enklavom u istočnoj Srbiji, a Micromeria croatica balkansku endemičnu vrstu čiji se areal vezuje pre svega za planinski venac Dinarida. Njihove prirodne populacije imaju mali broj jedinki i nastanjuju staništa koja su pod negativnim uticajem antropogenih faktora. Imajući u vidu značaj roda Micromeria, kao i činjenicu da su pomenute vrste retke i ugrožene, javila se potreba da se one gaje zarad očuvanja i istraživanja bez pritiska na prirodne populacije i bez remećenja prirodnog genofonda. Iz pomenutih razloga obe vrste roda Micromeria uvedene su kulturu biljnih tkiva in vitro. U ovoj disertaciji vršeno je ispitivanje efekata regulatora rastenja na morfogenezu i produkciju etarskih ulja endemičnih vrsta M. puleg, Plants from Lamiaceae family are prominent representatives of the edible, medicinal or aromatic herbs used in traditional medicine, horticulture, chemical, cosmetic and food industry. The rare, endemic and/or threatened species from family Lamiaceae pose a special challenge for studying, primarily in order to preserve species diversity and their populations in the wild, but also as they are source material for important bioactive molecules with diverse activity (antimicrobial, antiviral, fungicidal, antioxidant, cytotoxic, allelochemical, insecticidal and other types of activity) and potential broad spectrum of use. Due to the pronounced heterogeneity, representatives of genus Micromeria used to be a common topic of taxonomic discussions. After the molecular-genetic analyses of chloroplast DNA, Brauchler (2005) has transferred the representatives of section Pseudomelissa, which includes М. pulegium, into the genus Clinopodium. However, this thesis is using the traditional taxonomic concept suggested by Harley et al. (2004), supporting the homogeneity of genus Micromeria, where sect. Pseudomelissa remains its integral unit. According to this system the two studied species were classified within the individual sections of the genus: Micromeria sect. Micromeria (M. croatica) and Micromeria sect. Pseudomelissa (M. pulegium). Micromeria pulegium represents an endemic species of Southern Carpathians in Romania, with an enclave in Eastern Serbia, while Micromeria croatica is an endemic Balkan species primarily connected with the mountain chain of Dinarides. Their natural populations are characterized by a small number of individuals inhabiting habitats under the negative influence of anthropogenic factors. Due to the importance of genus Micromeria and the fact that these two species are rare and threatened, a need arose to grow them in captivity so they may be preserved and studied without additional pressure on natural populations and without disturbance of the natural ge

Cilj sprovedenih istraživanja bio je utvrđivanje kompletnog i detaljnog protokola mikropropagacije ugoženih taksona D. serotinus, D. pinifolius i D. giganteiformis ssp. kladovanus čime bi bilo omogućeno brzo i efikasno dobijanje velikog broja biljaka, bez pritiska na prirodnu populaciju. Sterilna kultura in vitro uspešno je uspostavljena korišćenjem semena kao polaznog materijala, što omogućava očuvanje genetske varijabilnosi populacije, a klijavost semena je bila visoka: 88% - D. giganteiformis ssp. kladovanus, 92% - D. pinifolius i 96% - D. serotinus. U fazi multiplikacije ispitano je dejstvo različitih koncentracija fitohormona BAP i NAA, tipa eksplanta, koncentracije MS soli i različite pH vrednosti hranljive podloge. Kod sva tri ispitivana taksona najuspešnija regeneracija izdanaka je bila na podlogama sa niskom koncentracijom hormona: 0,44 μM BAP i 0,54 μM NAA, uz korišćenje vršnih reznica kao tipa eksplanta. Kod D. serotinus i D. giganteiformis ssp. kladovanus povoljnije su se pokazale podloge sa 1/2MS koncentracijom mineralnih soli, dok kod D. pinifolius treba koristiti MS podloge. Optimalna pH vrednost hranljive podloge u fazi multiplikacije za D. pinifolius iznosi 5,8. Suprotno očekivanjima za D. serotinus, koji na svom prirodnom staništu raste na alkalnom zemljištu (pH = 8,0), optimalna pH vrednost podloge takođe je 5,8, dok su zadovoljavajući rezultati postignuti i pri pH = 6,8. D. giganteiformis ssp. kladovanus se uspešno može gajiti na podlogama čija je pH vrednost 5,8 ili 6,3. Povećanje pH vrednosti podloga uticalo je na pojavu vitrifikacije, inhibiranje rasta izdanaka i na pojavu nekroza. Kod sva tri ispitivana karanfila, najpovoljnijom se pokazala saharoza u koncentraciji 30 gL-1 kao izvor ugljenika u podlogama za umnožavanje izdanaka, a zadovoljavajući rezultati su dobijeni i korišćenjem 30 gL-1 dekstroze, dok fruktozu treba izbegavati. Takođe, pokazano je da opadanje pH vrednosti nakon autoklaviranja zavisi od vrste i koncentracije šećera i da naj, The aim of conducted research was to determine the complete and detailed protocol for the micropropagation of endangered taxa D. serotinus, D. pinifolius i D. giganteiformis ssp. kladovanus. In that way, rapid and efficient propagation of large number of plants will be enabled, without overharvesting of the natural populations. Sterile in vitro culture was established using the seed as a initial material, and the germination in vitro was high: 88% - D. giganteiformis ssp. kladovanus, 92% - D. pinifolius i 96% - D. serotinus. In the multiplication phase, the effect of different concentrations of phytohormones BAP and NAA, explant type, concentration of MS salts and influence of different pH value of the media, were investigated. The most successfull shoot regeneration of all three investigated taxa was on the media supplemented with low hormone concentration: 0,44 μM BAP and 0,54 μM NAA, when terminal cuttings were used as explants. For micropropagation of D. serotinus and D. giganteiformis ssp. kladovanus best results were achieved on half-strength MS media, however, for D. pinifolius the MS concentration of mineral salts should be used. The optimal pH value in the multiplication phase for D. pinifolius is 5.8. The species D. serotinus grows on alkaline soils (pH = 8,0) in its natural habitat, but contrary to expectations, the optimal pH value of medium was 5.8, and the good results was also achieved on media with pH = 6.8. D. giganteiformis ssp. kladovanus can be grown successfully on media with pH value 5.8 or 6.3. Increasing the pH value of the media caused vitrifications, inhibitions of growth and shoot necrosis. Regarding carbohydrate source, for all three investigated taxa, the best results were obtained using 30 gL-1 sucrose, and the good results were also achieved on media supplemented with 30 gL-1 glycose. However, adding fructose in the multiplication media should be avoided. Also, research showed that decrease of pH value after autoclaving depends on type

Mikoriza predstavlja zajednicu između grupe gljiva koje žive u zemljištu i korena viših biljaka. Mikoriza se javlja u svim terestričnim ekosistemima i ima važnu ulogu u usvajanju hranljivih materija. Osim toga, biljke sa mikorizom su otpornije na bolesti i sušu. Ekrtomikoriza je tip mikorizne simbioze karakterističan za drveće iz familija Betulaceae, Pinaceae, Fagaceae i Salicaceae, koje predstavlja ekološki i ekonomski najznačajnije drvenaste vrste, dominantne u borealnim, mediteranskim šumama i šumama umerenog pojasa. Analiza diverziteta i rasprostranjenja ektomikorize je značajna za razumevanje njene ekološke uloge. Na osnovu objavljenih podataka, dosadašnjim istraživanjima je u Crnoj Gori zabeleženo 48 rodova ektomikoriznih gljiva: 12 rodova Ascomycota (50 taksona) i 38 rodova Basidiomycota (267 taksona), što predstavlja oko trećinu makromiceta zabeleženih u Crnoj Gori. Munika (Pinus heldrechii Christ.), tercijalni relikt i subendemit, predstavlja jedan od najinteresantnijih elemenata dendroflore Balkana. Zajednice gljiva u šumama munike su slabo istražene, dok ektomikorizne zajednice munike nisu do sada opisivane, niti potvrđene. Zbog svoje ekološke plastičnosti munika se može koristiti za pošumljavanje ekstremnih terena. U tom smislu pažnju zavređuju i ektomikorizne gljive koje opstaju baš na ovakvim staništima. Cilj ove doktorske disetacije bio je upoznavanje sa ektomikoriznim zajednicama munike, kao i ispitivanje mogućnosti primene i korišćenja autohtonih ektomikoriznih gljiva u rasadničkoj proizvodnji četinara. Formirana je kolekcija koja je sadržala oko 40 kultura pretpostavljeno ektomikoriznih gljiva sa prostora Crne Gore, koje su korišćene u daljim istraživanjima. Upotrebom različitih metoda inokulacije u laboratorijskim uslovima ostvarena je ektomikoriza između munike i 18 vrsta gljiva..., Mycorrhizas are symbiotic associations formed between the group of specialized soil fungi and roots of higher plants. Mycorrhizas are present in all terrestrial ecosystems and play a central role in the nutrient uptake. In addition, mycorrhizal plants are often more resistant to diseases caused by microbial soil borne pathogens and to the effects of drought. Ectomycorhiza is being established with roots of trees, especially the families Betulaceae, Pinaceae, Fagaceae and Salicaceae, representing ecologically and economically most important tree species being dominated in boreal, Mediterranean forests and forests in temperate region. Analysis of diversity and distribution of ectomyccorhizas is important for understanding of their ecological function. According to published data, 50 ectomycorrhizal fungal genera have been recorded in Montenegro until now: 12 Genera of Ascomycota (50 taxa) and 38 Genera of Basidiomicota (267 taxa), representing c.ca one third of the total number of macromycetes’ records here. Pinus heldrechii Christ, being tertiar relict and subendemic, is one of the most interesting elements of Balkan’s dendroflorae. Fungal communities in P. heldreichii forests are only slightly examined, while their ectomycorrhizal communities have not been described or even confirmed. Due to evident ecological adaptibility, P. heldreichii could be used for afforestation of extreme terrains. In that sense, ectomycorrhizal fungi surviving on these soils should receive a special scientific attention. The overall aim of this doctorial dissertation was to introduce the ectomycorrhizal communities of Pinus heldreichii, also as to examine the possibilities of application of ectomycorrhizal fungi in nurrsery production of conifers. The collection of c.ca 40 of fungal culture’s isolates of putative ectomycorrhizal fungi from Montenegro area was established and used in further researches...