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Objective: Chronic stress adversely affects mental and physical well-being. However, health outcomes vary among people experiencing the same stressor. Individual differences in physical and emotional well-being may depend on mitochondrial biology, as energy production is crucial for stress regulation. This study investigated whether mitochondrial respiratory capacity corresponds to individual differences in dementia spousal caregivers' mental and physical health., Methods: Spousal caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias ( N = 102, mean age = 71, 78% female, 83% White) provided peripheral blood samples and completed self-report questionnaires on quality of life, caregiver burden, and a 7-day affect scale. Multiple and mixed linear regressions were used to test the relationship between mitochondrial biology and well-being., Results: Spare respiratory capacity ( b = 12.76, confidence interval [CI] = 5.23-20.28, p = .001), maximum respiratory capacity ( b = 8.45, CI = 4.54-12.35, p < .0001), and ATP-linked respiration ( b = 10.11, CI = 5.05-15.18, p = .0001) were positively associated with physical functioning. At average ( b = -2.23, CI = -3.64 to -0.82, p = .002) and below average ( b = -4.96, CI = -7.22 to 2.70, p < .0001) levels of spare respiratory capacity, caregiver burden was negatively associated with daily positive affect. At above average levels of spare respiratory capacity, caregiver burden was not associated with positive affect ( p = .65)., Conclusions: Findings suggest that higher mitochondrial respiratory capacity is associated with better psychological and physical health-a pattern consistent with related research. These findings provide some of the earliest evidence that cellular bioenergetics are related to well-being., (Copyright © 2024 by the American Psychosomatic Society.)

Objective: Provision of supervision is an integral component of training in psychology, a view that was solidified in 2014 with the development of the American Psychological Association created Guidelines for Clinical Supervision in Health Service Psychology ( APA, 2014). Current supervisory standards require several components before a relationship is considered supervisory. Among these are assumptions that the supervisory relationship is respectful and collaborative, that feedback is bidirectional, and that it focuses on the development of competency and professional identity by the supervisee. Although clinical and counseling psychology has created supervision models with a variety of different theoretical orientations focused on multiculturalism, neuropsychology as a specialty lacks cohesive, culture-centric, bidirectional supervisory models., Method: A systematic review of two electronic databases (PubMed and PsycInfo) was conducted to search for supervision models designed specifically for training in neuropsychology., Results: A new model for supervision in neuropsychology was developed, coined the Culturally Expressive and Responsive (CER) Model for Supervision in Neuropsychology. The model is dynamic, multifaceted, and bidirectional, integrating sociocultural and linguistic considerations throughout the supervisory relationship., Conclusions: The different facets of the CER Model are discussed, including its place embedded within a larger equitable healthcare model designed to increase healthcare equity. The CER Model highlights the bidirectional supervisory relationship and is designed to be tailored to the developmental level of the learner, encouraging high quality training and evidenced-based practice. Furthermore, the model encourages a process of identity development that is ongoing and emphasizes self-evaluation and cultural humility rather than a static sense of "competence.", (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objectives: To assemble a core battery of culturally and linguistically appropriate neuropsychological measures that can be administered to Vietnamese-speaking patients with suspected dementia., Methods: Test instruments in Vietnamese were identified through systematic searches of PubMed, PsychInfo, and Google Scholar, and in consultation with two Vietnamese-speaking cultural brokers., Results: A battery assessing the domains of attention, executive function, verbal and visual episodic memory, basic language abilities, visuospatial/visuoconstruction abilities, and mood/anxiety was assembled that included core measures developed either specifically for a Vietnamese-speaking population, or were validated/normed with a Vietnamese-speaking sample either in Vietnam or Vietnamese-speaking persons in the U.S. Supplemental measures were selected that can be administered using translated instructions with U.S. English normative data. The rationale for test selection and caveats for their clinical use are presented., Conclusions: The number of neuropsychological measures identified in Vietnamese and/or with Vietnamese normative data was sparse. Given the large and growing population of Vietnamese-speaking residents in the U.S. and the aging of these communities, it is imperative to develop additional, appropriately designed and normed instruments to provide culturally competent assessments to better serve these individuals., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: As the third largest immigrant population in Houston, Texas, Brazilians represent a large bloc of the community in need of culturally and linguistically informed healthcare. In particular, the number of older adults within this population is rapidly growing, emphasizing the increased need to develop socially responsible neuropsychological assessment practices that can meet the needs of this demographic. Additionally, early symptoms of cognitive decline in Brazilian older adults can be culturally perceived as normal aging and may be masked by cultural and lifestyle practices (i.e., scaffolding by family members) that result in lack of appreciation for cognitive and functional decrements. With increased knowledge and awareness of Brazilian culture and customs, we can better understand and assess brain-behavior relationships, provide tailored assessment services, and determine the clinical implications for this population., Methods: Test instruments in Portuguese were identified through systematic literature searches, and in consultation with clinicians serving the Portuguese community in the United States, and cultural brokers involved in Brazilian-based neuropsychology., Results: A multidomain neuropsychological battery with accompanying normative data for use with adults from this community is presented. A case illustration is utilized to highlight limitations and strengths of the proposed battery, which includes core and supplemental measures., Conclusion: Neuropsychologists are encouraged to familiarize themselves with the proposed protocol, understand the psychometric limitations of the available tools, and make an earnest attempt toward providing socially responsible neuropsychological care via the appropriate use of culturally and linguistically tailored instruments and clinical practices., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: To serve the over 1.82 million people of Korean descent who reside in the United States, we assembled a core and supplemental battery of culturally and linguistically appropriate neuropsychological measures for differential diagnosis of dementia for Korean-speaking patients., Method: Test instruments in Korean were identified through systematic searches of PubMed and Google Scholar, US-based website searches in Korean, and in consultation with Korean-speaking cultural brokers, residing in the United States and Korea., Results: A battery assessing cognitive domains and mood was assembled using core measures developed specifically for Korean-speaking individuals within the United States and supplemental English measures that can be administered using translated instructions and English normative data. The rationale for test selection and clinical utility, including strengths and limitations of the proposed measures, is presented. Additionally, a case illustration using the proposed battery is included., Conclusions: Given the large and aging population of Korean-speaking residents in the United States, it is imperative to utilize appropriately designed and normed instruments to provide culturally competent assessments to better serve the Korean community., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permission@oup.com.)

Objective: Asians of Chinese origin are the largest single Asian origin group in the United States and are also the third largest group in Harris County, TX (i.e., the Houston metropolitan area). Mandarin speakers constitute the majority of the group. The linguistic gaps between Chinese (Mandarin) and English make it essential to use appropriate tests and normative data when working with the Mandarin-speaking population. Although it is ideal to develop original tests and/or normative data for Mandarin-speaking patients residing in the United States, the process can be lengthy. Although these indigenous tests are being developed, a neuropsychological battery with tests validated in Mandarin-speaking regions (e.g., Mainland China, Taiwan, and Singapore) can provide valuable information for Mandarin-speaking patients who identify with their home culture/country/region., Methods: A systematic review of two electronic databases (PubMed and PsycInfo) was conducted., Results: A neuropsychological battery to assess cognitive domains, including global intellectual function, attention/processing speed, executive function, visuospatial/visuoconstruction, language, learning and memory, and emotion, was developed. Cognitive screeners and performance validity measures were also included. The battery consists of core and supplementary measures validated in the Mandarin-speaking population. A case illustration is provided., Conclusion: Strengths and limitations of the battery and the role of interpretation in service delivery are discussed. The battery is recommended to clinicians for the evaluation of Mandarin-speaking older adults residing in the United States and other non-Mandarin-speaking regions where local norms are not available., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Geriatrics Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: In adherence to the American Educational Research Association (AERA) guidelines on culturally informed testing practices, this paper aims to review a suggested battery of tests that is linguistically and culturally appropriate for Arabic-speaking patients and to inform the reader of the varied characteristics of the Arab world to aid in providing a culturally informed neuropsychological evaluation., Method: Test instruments in Arabic were identified through systematic searches of PubMed and Google Scholar, U.S.-based website searches in Arabic and French, and in consultation with Arabic-speaking cultural brokers., Results: A battery assessing cognitive domains and mood was assembled using core measures that were developed using appropriate translations, cultural adaptations, and include normative data of Arabic-speaking individuals. Supplemental measures that can be administered using translated instructions and English normative data are also identified. The rationale for test selection and clinical utility, including strengths and limitations of the proposed measures is presented., Conclusions: Given the large number of Arab Americans residing in the United States combined with the dearth of Arabic speaking neuropsychologists, it is essential that non-Arabic speaking neuropsychologists educate themselves regarding culturally informed practices to better service this growing community., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: To assemble a comprehensive neuropsychological battery appropriate for differential diagnosis of dementia in Farsi-speaking Iranian adults in the United States., Method: Systematic searches of PubMed, PsychInfo, and Google Scholar databases were conducted to obtain test instruments relevant to Farsi speakers in consultation with a Farsi-speaking cultural broker., Results: A proposed battery assessing the domains of attention, executive function, verbal and visual episodic memory, language, visuospatial/visuoconstruction abilities, and mood/anxiety was assembled that includes core measures developed, either specifically for a Farsi-speaking Iranian population or validated/normed with a Farsi-speaking Iranian sample. Though not ideal, additional measures were selected that can be administered using translated instructions with English normative data to supplement the limited tests available for use in this population. The rationale for test selection and caveats for their clinical use are presented along with a case study., Conclusions: The number of neuropsychological measures available in Farsi and/or with normative data for Farsi speakers is extremely limited. Cognitive tests either developed for or validated with a bilingual Farsi-English sample also represent a significant gap in the literature. Appropriate measures for these populations are urgently needed to provide a culturally competent assessment of a growing older adult segment of an underserved community., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permission@oup.com.)

Objective: Becoming culturally competent healthcare providers depends on the ability of practitioners to acquire knowledge, awareness, and skills related to other cultures. In building these areas of competence, it is essential to consider geopolitical factors that may influence health and health-seeking behaviors, particularly when working with immigrant populations. When care is sought, they are likely to experience significant barriers to effective care, including lack of providers who speak their language and failure of practitioners to integrate cultural beliefs into treatment plans. This is further complicated by the presence of geopolitical issues, including immigration status, war/conflict in the patient's country of origin, and/or human rights violations., Method: The current study uses a sample case of a Burmese-speaking, Myanmar national to illustrate a culturally informed approach to the assessment of neurobehavioral changes within complex geopolitical circumstances. The sample represents an amalgam of several patients, designed to represent common presentations, sociodemographic situations, and concerns that arise during the neuropsychological assessment process., Results: Description of relevant case information including background, clinical observations, and performance on testing is provided., Discussion: Awareness of the impact of these life experiences not only has the potential to deepen our understanding of our patients but also results in a more holistic, accurate, and culturally competent conceptualization of their physical and mental health needs., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: The effects of brain stimulation on memory formation in humans have shown conflicting results in previous studies. We hypothesized that direct cortical stimulation using an implanted responsive neurostimulation (RNS) system will improve memory., Objective: To evaluate whether direct cortical stimulation using RNS improves memory as measured with recall scores of a list-learning task., Methods: During outpatient visits, a list-learning task (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised) was administered to 17 patients with RNS implants. Patients were read a list of 12 semantically related words and asked to recall the list after 3 different learning trials. True or sham stimulations were performed for every third word presented for immediate recall. Most patients had frontotemporal network stimulation-one patient each had insular and parietal stimulations. After a 20-min delay, they were asked to recall the list again, first freely and then through a "yes/no" recognition paradigm. A crossover design was used in which half the patients had true stimulation during the initial visit and half had sham stimulation-followed by crossover to the other group at the next visit., Results: The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised delayed recall raw score was higher for the stimulation condition compared with the nonstimulation condition (paired t -test, P = .04, effect size d = 0.627)., Conclusion: Verbal memory improves by direct cortical stimulation during a list-learning task. The RNS system can be effectively used in memory research using direct cortical stimulation. This study has implications in the development of neurostimulation devices for cognitive enhancement in conditions such as epilepsy, dementia, and traumatic brain injury., (Copyright © Congress of Neurological Surgeons 2022. All rights reserved.)

Differentiating between epilepsy and psychogenic non-epileptic events (PNEE) can be difficult given similar presentations. PNEE is often misdiagnosed, resulting in unwarranted treatment with anti-epileptic drugs (AED). While the gold standard for differentiating PNEE from epilepsy is video EEG (VEGG) monitoring, self-reported symptomology has also been shown to discriminate between epilepsy and PNEE with high accuracy, particularly in cases where VEEG is difficult to obtain or when there are no observed events during extended monitoring. The Patient Competency Rating Scale (PCRS) was developed to measure the extent to which individuals are able to function in four domains: activities of daily living, emotional, interpersonal, and cognitive competency. Factor analyses validated the underlying factor structure of the PCRS in this seizure disorder sample. Follow-up MANOVA revealed group differences such that those diagnosed with PNEE reported less competence in all areas of functioning as compared to those diagnosed with epilepsy, with the largest difference being emotional competency. Secondary factor analyses were conducted for each diagnostic category. Two items related strongly to emotional competency loaded equally across the factors for those diagnosed with PNEE, indicating that emotional control is highly correlated with all areas of perceived competence for those with PNEE in this sample and may be considered as an intervention target. This was the first study to validate the use of the PCRS for a seizure disorder sample and to examine group differences in self-reported competency between those diagnosed with epilepsy and PNEE.

Adaptive management has been presented as a method for the remediation, restoration, and protection of ecological systems. Recent reviews have found that the implementation of adaptive management has been unsuccessful in many instances. We present a modification of the model first formulated by Wyant and colleagues that puts ecological risk assessment into a central role in the adaptive management process. This construction has 3 overarching segments. Public engagement and governance determine the goals of society by identifying endpoints and specifying constraints such as costs. The research, engineering, risk assessment, and management section contains the decision loop estimating risk, evaluating options, specifying the monitoring program, and incorporating the data to re-evaluate risk. The 3rd component is the recognition that risk and public engagement can be altered by various externalities such as climate change, economics, technological developments, and population growth. We use the South River, Virginia, USA, study area and our previous research to illustrate each of these components. In our example, we use the Bayesian Network Relative Risk Model to estimate risks, evaluate remediation options, and provide lists of monitoring priorities. The research, engineering, risk assessment, and management loop also provides a structure in which data and the records of what worked and what did not, the learning process, can be stored. The learning process is a central part of adaptive management. We conclude that risk assessment can and should become an integral part of the adaptive management process. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:115-126. © 2016 SETAC., (© 2016 SETAC.)

We have conducted a series of regional scale risk assessments using the Bayesian Network Relative Risk Model (BN-RRM) to evaluate the efficacy of 2 remediation options in the reduction of risks to the South River and upper Shenandoah River study area. The 2 remediation options were 1) bank stabilization (BST) and 2) the implementation of best management practices for agriculture (AgBMPs) to reduce Hg input in to the river. Eight endpoints were chosen to be part of the risk assessment, based on stakeholder input. Although Hg contamination was the original impetus for the site being remediated, multiple chemical and physical stressors were evaluated in this analysis. Specific models were built that incorporated the changes expected from AgBMP and BST and were based on our previous research. Changes in risk were calculated, and sensitivity and influence analyses were conducted on the models. The assessments indicated that AgBMP would only slightly change risk in the study area but that negative impacts were also unlikely. Bank stabilization would reduce risk to Hg for the smallmouth bass and belted kingfisher and increase risk to abiotic water quality endpoints. However, if care were not taken to prevent loss of nesting habitat to belted kingfisher, an increase in risk to that species would occur. Because Hg was only one of several stressors contributing to risk, the change in risk depended on the specific endpoint. Sensitivity analysis provided a list of variables to be measured as part of a monitoring program. Influence analysis provided the range of maximum and minimum risk values for each endpoint and remediation option. This research demonstrates the applicability of ecological risk assessment and specifically the BN-RRM as part of a long-term adaptive management scheme for managing contaminated sites. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:100-114. © 2016 SETAC., (© 2016 SETAC.)

The psychosocial toll of caring for an individual with dementia is an important, if understudied, concept. For practitioners and researchers alike, understanding the relation between patient characteristics and different facets of caregiver burden is important for guiding treatment and prevention efforts. The current study analyzed the dimensions of caregiver burden and the relation between caregiver burden and results of neuropsychological testing. Participants included 243 dyads of caregivers and Veterans referred for neuropsychological evaluation. Caregivers completed the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) to assess caregiver burden. Patients completed a battery of neuropsychological tests measuring the domains of attention/processing speed, memory, language, and executive functioning. A principal components analysis of the ZBI revealed a three-factor structure: psychosocial burden, dependency burden, and guilt. Correlations with neuropsychological test performance by Veteran patients suggested that test performance in the memory, attention, processing speed, executive functioning, and emotional functioning domains were solely related to the caregiver dependency burden factor of the ZBI. Additional analyses suggested severity of dementia and number of tests in the impaired range further influenced reported caregiver burden. The current study is one of the few studies examining caregiver burden in relation to neuropsychological functioning in a mixed clinical sample and has important implications for clinical practice.

Using a randomized, between-subjects experimental design, we tested hypotheses that self-critical perfectionism would moderate the effects of subtle stereotype threat (ST) for women and students in underrepresented racial/ethnic groups who are pursuing traditional degrees in science, technology, engineering, or math (STEM). A diverse sample of freshmen students (N = 294) was recruited from 2 major universities. Students were blocked by gender and race/ethnicity and randomly assigned to experience subtle ST or no ST. Participants in the subtle ST condition were primed to consider their gender, race, and ethnicity prior to completing measures of science self-efficacy. Those in the control condition completed the measures without such priming. Controlling for prior academic performance and university context, ST priming significantly interacted (a) with self-critical perfectionism to predict coping self-efficacy scores and (b) with race/ethnicity to predict end-of-semester STEM grades. A 3-way interaction of ST priming, sex, and self-critical perfectionism also predicted students' grades in courses wherein women and men were more proportionally represented. The Sex × Self-Critical Perfectionism interaction was not significant for those in the ST group but was for those in the control group. Men in the control group had higher grade-point averages (GPAs) at low levels of self-critical perfectionism than they had at higher levels of perfectionism. In contrast, women had lower GPAs when self-critical perfectionism was low, but their GPAs were higher when self-critical perfectionism was high. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for self-efficacy and performance in the pursuit of a STEM major.

Forced expiratory spirometric studies were performed on 512 nonsmoking black adult men and women with negative cardiorespiratory histories. Regression equations were calculated for forced vital capacity (FVC), percent vital capacity in 1 second (% FEV(1)), and forced midexpiratory flow rate FEF(25-75)%), using height and age. These equations resulted in predicted values 3.5 to 23 percent lower than commonly used standards. The wide range of variation means that a single correction factor is inadequate when considering ethnic differences. In contrast, FEV(1)/FVC was within the accepted range of normal for all ethnic groups. In the 30 percent of subjects in whom sitting height was measured, it was not significantly different from one half the standing height; thus, sitting height is also an inadequate correction factor. Tables of predicted values were constructed for easy reference, with the hope that use of racespecific standards for pulmonary function testing will become widespread.

Patients with sickle cell anemia have a restrictive ventilatory pattern, with reduction in diffusion capacity of the lung (DLco) and lung volumes. Diffusion capacity and lung volumes are reported as either normal or reduced in subjects with sickle cell trait. Thirteen subjects with sickle cell trait, age range 25 to 79 years, were compared with 13 normal subjects matched for age, sex, height, and smoking patterns. There was no significant difference in mean values of DLco or lung volume for the two groups. Neither was there a consistent difference for age-matched individuals. Normal lung function in sickle cell trait as opposed to sickle cell disease is probably related to the fact that the former have fewer, if any, pulmonary infectious and infarctive episodes.

A 64-year-old woman presented in severe respiratory failure along with congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive lung disease, and hypothyroidism. Any of the latter may lead to acute respiratory failure, and all may have played a role in the patient reported here.

Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed in 46 patients in the evaluation of pulmonary lesions. Twenty-five of the patients had lung cancer; the remainder had benign lesions. Definitive diagnosis was established in all patients by a combination of forceps biopsy, brush biopsy, bronchial aspiration, and post-bronchoscopy sputum studies. All endoscopically visible lesions were diagnosed by forceps biopsy. Fluoroscopic localization of biopsy forceps and brush made the yield in peripheral, nonvisualized lesions almost equal to that of more central lesions. Fluoroscopic control markedly increases the diagnostic yield in fiberoptic bronchoscopy.

The renal microvasculature was studied in normotensive rats and in rats with spontaneous hypertension. The microvascular pattern was normal in both groups of animals, suggesting normal renin secretion. This may or may not indicate a role for renin in the cause of spontaneous hypertension.

Tests of small airway function (closing volume, forced expiratory flow in the middle half of the vital capacity, specific airway conductance, and peak expiratory flow) and routine spirometric tests (forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, and residual volume) were performed in 848 adult black subjects of both sexes. The group included 422 smokers and 426 nonsmokers. No significant difference was found between smokers and nonsmokers for any of the tests, although some values were higher for men than for women. These findings suggest that reported abnormalities in small airway function in smokers in the general population may not be applicable to black smokers. This may be an important finding in ethnic variability in the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

The fungus Histoplasma capsulatum produces a spectrum of disease forms ranging from a benign self-limited illness to progressive disseminated disease with a 50 percent mortality rate. The drug of choice, amphotericin B, must be given intravenously over a prolonged course and carries a high incidence of toxicity. Thus, optimal managment of serious forms of histoplasmosis requires considerable clinical judgment.

Blastomycosis is a fungal disease with an endemic area identical to that of histoplasmosis in the United States. Disease states range from a subclinical pulmonary illness to a rapidly progressive and fatal disease. Cutaneous lesions are common although the lung is the portal of entry for blastomyces. The organisms are easily demonstrated with potassium hydroxide preparations of fresh sputum, pus from skin lesions, or other biologic material. Skin and serologic tests are unreliable, largely because of cross-reactivity with antigens of histoplasmosis. Because of the ever present potential for milder forms of illness to progress to severe disease, it is recommended that all patients with symptomatic or culture proven disease be treated with amphotericin B.

A case is presented of a 28-year-old woman with right upper lobe atelectasis secondary to sarcoid adenopathy. As most chest surgeons and physicians would currently remove the offending lymph nodes for lung reexpansion and more definitive diagnosis, the case is considered primarily for its historical interest.

Although endobronchial tuberculosis has been thought to be a common childhood illness, this report is of endobronchial tuberculosis in an adult, who presented with chronic cough, a normal chest radiograph, and tuberculin conversion. The lesions were discovered at bronchoscopy, which showed complete resolution when repeated after six months of antituberculous therapy.

A patient presented with wheezing, evidence of vascular congestion on physical examination, and leukocytosis. A chest x-ray film suggested pneumonia. When unilateral pulmonary edema was revealed on a repeat chest film, the patient was given diuretic therapy and responded favorably. This case thus differs from the usual pattern of symmetrical homogeneous density on the chest roentgenogram in pulmonary edema of cardiac origin.

1. The effects of coronary artery ligation on renal vascular resistance were determined with and without pretreatment with methylprednisolone succinate or atropine in anaesthetized dogs. 2. With coronary artery ligation alone renal blood flow is maintained constant in spite of a reduction in arterial blood pressure, indicating renal vasodilation. 3. Pretreatment with methylprednisolone succinate prevents the fall in arterial blood pressure. 4. After pretreatment with atropine, renal blood flow falls in response to the reduction in arterial blood pressure, suggesting inhibition of cholinergic renal vasodilatation.