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IMPORTANCE: Limited data are available on the long-term effectiveness and safety of dupilumab for atopic dermatitis (AD) in daily practice. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical effectiveness and reasons for discontinuation of dupilumab treatment in children, adults, and older adults with AD with up to 5 years of treatment in daily practice. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This prospective multicenter cohort study was conducted using the BioDay registry (4 academic and 10 nonacademic hospitals in the Netherlands) to identify patients with AD of all ages who were treated with dupilumab between October 2017 and December 2022. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Clinical effectiveness was evaluated by the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI), Investigator Global Assessment (IGA), and numeric rating scale (NRS) for pruritus, stratified by children (<18 years), adults (18-64 years), and older adults (≥65 years). In addition, time to response, treatment responders, EASI subscores, second treatment episodes, and thymus- and activation-related chemokine and eosinophil levels were assessed. For patients who discontinued dupilumab, the reason for discontinuation was evaluated. RESULTS: In total, 1286 patients with AD (median [IQR] age, 38 [26-54] years; 726 [56.6%] male) were treated with dupilumab, including 130 children, 1025 adults, and 131 older adults. The median (IQR) follow-up time was 87.5 (32.0-157.0) weeks. Most patients maintained controlled AD, with EASI of 7 or lower and NRS for pruritus of 4 or lower varying between 78.6% and 92.3% and 72.2% and 88.2% for up to 5 years of treatment, respectively, while up to 70.5% of all patients prolonged the dosing interval to mostly 300 mg every 3 or 4 weeks. Mean EASI and NRS for pruritus were 2.7 (95% CI, 1.2-4.2) and 3.5 (95% CI, 2.7-4.3), respectively, after 5 years of treatment. Statistically significant differences between age groups were found over time for EASI and IGA; however, differences were rather small (week 52: EASI, 0.3-1.6; IGA, 0.12-0.26). No statistically significant differences between age groups were found for NRS for pruritus. Median thymus- and activation-related chemokine levels considerably decreased from 1751 pg/mL (95% CI, 1614-1900 pg/mL) to 390 pg/mL (95% CI, 368-413 pg/mL) after 6 months of treatment and remained low. Median eosinophil levels temporarily increased up to week 16, with a subsequently statistically significant decrease over time. In total, 306 patients (23.8%) discontinued dupilumab after a median (IQR) of 54.0 (29.0-110.00) weeks, with adverse events among 98 patients (7.6%) and ineffectiveness among 85 patients (6.6%) as the most frequently reported reasons. Forty-one patients (3.2%) restarted dupilumab, and most of these patients recaptured response. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cohort study with up to 5 years of follow-up, dupilumab maintained its clinical effectiveness, while two-thirds of patients tapered to a dosing interval of every 3 or 4 weeks. Treatment was discontinued in 23.8% of patients mainly due to adverse events and/or ineffectiveness.