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In this study, the effect of NPK fertilization with different nitrogen rates on the dry matter yield and botanical composition of a Festucetum pratense natural grassland was analysed in a 10-year field trial. The experiment was conducted in the period 2011–2020 in central Serbia, 1000 m above sea level. The fertiliser treatments included: control without fertilisers, N60:P40:K40, N100:P40:K40, and N140:P40:K40 kg/ha per year. The mineral fertilisation treatments had a significant effect on the dry matter yield and botanical composition of the grassland, especially in the first cut, resulting in a lower total number of plant species in the grassland. The effect of fertilization on dry matter yield and botanical composition was largely dependent on weather conditions. In the last years of the trial, the dry matter yield gradually decreased under the fertiliser treatments, which is a consequence of the decrease in diversity. Satisfactory results on this grassland can be achieved with low nitrogen fertiliser applications combined with the maintenance of plant diversity as a basis for sustainable grassland management in temperate latitudes., Cilj rada je analiza efekta đubrenja NPK đubrivima sa različitim nivoima azota na prinos suve materije i botanički sastav prirodnog travnjaka Festucetum pratense u 10-godišnjem poljskom ogledu. Eksperiment je sproveden u periodu 20112020. godine u centralnoj Srbiji, 1000 m nadmorske visine. Tretmani đubrenja su obuhvatali: kontrolu – bez đubriva, N60:P40:K40, N100:P40:K40 i N140:P40:K40 kg/ha godišnje. Tretmani mineralnim đubrivima su značajno uticali na prinos suve materije i botanički sastav travnjaka, posebno u prvom otkosu, što je rezultiralo smanjenjem ukupnog broja biljnih vrsta na travnjaku. Uticaj đubrenja na prinos suve materije i botanički sastav je u velikoj meri zavisio od vremenskih uslova. U poslednjih nekoliko godina eksperimenta, prinos suve materije je postepeno opadao u tretmanima đubrenja, što je posledica smanjenja raznovrsnosti. Zadovoljavajući rezultati na ovom travnjaku se mogu postići pri niskim stopama azota u kombinaciji sa održavanjem raznovrsnosti biljaka kao osnove za održivo upravljanje travnjacima umerenog pojasa.

A field trial with four red clover cultivars ('K-39', 'K-17', 'Una' and 'Viola') was conducted on a leached vertisol acid in reaction (pHH2O 4.8) to assess the effect of foliar treatment with phosphorus and potassium on seed yield and seed yield components. A single foliar application of phosphorus and potassium (P52K34) was made at the intensive growth stage during the second growth in the second year of cultivation. Seed yield and seed yield components were analyzed from the second growth in the second year of the experiment. Foliar treatment with phosphorus and potassium had a significant positive effect on seed yield and yield components in some red clover cultivars in some years. The most positive effect was recorded in 'K-17' and 'Viola'. The different effects of foliar-applied mineral fertilizers on the tested cultivars were the result of their phenotypic differences. Foliar treatment gave the best performance in 2011, when the climatic conditions were the most favorable for red clover growth and development. In general, the seed yield of red clover cultivars increased by 105 kg ha-1 under foliar fertilization. The positive effect of the foliar treatment with phosphorus and potassium was attributed to the need for these elements in many plant processes. The results showed that the foliar application of mineral fertilizers in red clover seed production on acid soils can be an acceptable practice under conditions favoring high yields., Poljski ogled sa četiri sorte crvene dateline K-39, K-17, Una i Viola je postavljen na zemljištu tipa lesivirana smonica, kisele reakcije (pHH2O 4.8) sa ciljem da se odredi uticaj folijarnih tretmana fosforom i kalijumom na prinos i komponente prinosa semena. Folijarna primena fosfora i kalijuma (P52K34) je izvršena u fazi intenzivnog rasta tokom drugog porasta u drugoj godini proizvodnje. U periodu od cvetanja do žetve su analizirane najvažnije komponente prinosa i prinos semena. Folijarna primena fosfora i kalijuma je imala značajan pozitivan uticaj na prinos semena i komponente prinosa semena pojedinih sorti crvene deteline u pojedinim godinama. Najpozitivniji uticaj je zabležen kod sorti K-37 i viola. Različit uticaj folijarno primenjenih mineralnih hraniva na sorte je rezultat njihovih fenotipskih razlika. Folijarni tretman mineralnim hranivima je dao najbolje rezultate u 2011. godini, kada su klimatski uslovi za uspevanje crvene deteline bili najpovoljniji. Generalno posmatrano, prinos semena sorti crvene deteline je povećan pod uticajem folijarne prihrane za 105 kg ha-1. Pozitivan uticaj folijarnog tretmana fosforom i kalijumom se pripisuje neophodnosti ovih elemenata u mnogim procesima u biljci. Rezultati ukazuju da folijarna primena mineralnih hraniva u semenskoj proizvodnji crvene deteline na kiselim zemljištima može biti prihvatljiva mera u uslovima kada su obezbeđeni i ostali uslovi za postizanje visokih prinosa.

Rezime: Predmet istraživanja doktorske disertacije je proučavanje uticaja različitih načina gajenja jarog ječma na morfološke, produktivne i osobine kvaliteta zrna. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata utvrđen je najpovoljniji način gajenja za četiri ispitivane sorte jarog dvorednog ječma u agroekološkim uslovima Požarevca (gustina setve i količina azotnog đubriva). Eksperimentalna proučavanja su obavljena u trogodišnjem periodu, od 2012. do 2014. godine, na oglednom polju Poljoprivredne škole sa domom učenika „Sonja Marinković“ Požarevac u Požarevcu. Ogledom je obuhvaćeno četiri sorte jarog dvorednog ječma: Novosadski 448, Novosadski 456, Dunavac i Jadran. U ogledu su primenjene tri gustine setve (350, 450 i 550 klijavih zrna m‒2) i četiri doze azotnog đubriva (45, 45+30, 45+60 i 45+90 kg ha‒1 čistog azota). Tokom trogodišnjeg perioda ispitivanja praćeno je ukupno 17 parametara, koji su grupisani u 3 celine, i to: morfološke osobine (visina biljaka, opšte bokorenje, koeficijent produktivnog bokorenja i broj biljaka m–2), komponente prinosa i prinos zrna (broj klasova m–2, dužina klasa, broj zrna po klasu, masa zrna po klasu, masa 1000 zrna, žetveni indeks i prinos zrna) i osobine kvaliteta zrna (hektolitarska masa zrna, sadržaj zrna debljine ≥2,5 mm, sadržaj zrna debljine od 2,2 do 2,5 mm, energija klijanja, ukupna klijavost zrna i sadržaj proteina u zrnu). Proučavanjem uticaja različitog načina gajenja na morfološke, produktivne i osobine kvaliteta zrna jarog ječma u trogodišnjem periodu, ustanovljen je pozitivan uticaj rastuće gustine setve na povećanje visine biljaka, broja biljaka po jedinici površine, broja klasova po jedinici površine, prinosa zrna, sadržaja zrna debljine od 2,2 do 2,5 mm i sadržaja proteina u zrnu. Povećana gustina setve je imala negativan uticaj na opše bokorenje, koeficijent produktivnog bokorenja, dužinu klasa, broj zrna po klasu, masu zrna po klasu, žetveni indeks, masu 1000 zrna, hektolitarsku masu zrna, sadržaj zrna debljine ≥2,5 mm i neznatn, Summary: The research topic of this doctoral dissertation focuses on the effect of growing method on the morphological characteristics, yield performance and grain quality traits of spring barley. Based on the experimental results, the most favorable growing method was determined for four cultivars of spring two–row barley tested under the agroenvironmental conditions of Požarevac (seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer rate). Experimental research was conducted during a three-year period, from 2012 to 2014, at the trial field of the Sonja Marinković Agricultural Boarding School in Požarevac. The experiment included four cultivars of spring two–row barley: ‘Novosadski 448’, ‘Novosadski 456’, ‘Dunavac’ and ‘Jadran’. Three seeding rates (350, 450 and 550 viable seeds m‒2) and four rates of nitrogen fertilizer (45, 45 + 30, 45 + 60 and 45 + 90 kg ha‒1) were used. During the three-year study period, a total of 17 parameters classified into 3 groups were evaluated, i.e. morphological characteristics (plant height, general tillering, productive tillering coefficient, and number of plants m‒2), yield components and grain yield (number of spikes m–2, spike length, number of kernels per spike, kernel weight per spike, 1000 kernel weight, harvest index, and grain yield) and grain quality traits (test weight, percentage of kernels a thickness ≥2.5 mm, percentage of kernels with a thickness of 2.2 to 2.5 mm, germination energy, total germination, and grain protein content). The evaluation of the effect of growing method on the morphological characteristics, yield performance and grain quality traits of spring barley over the three-year period indicated that increasing seeding rate had a positive effect on plant height, number of plants per unit area, number of spikes per unit area, grain yield, percentage of kernels with a thickness of 2.2 to 2.5 mm, and grain protein content. Increased seeding rate had a negative impact on general tillering, productive tillering coefficient, spi

Savremena poljoprivredana proizvodnja mora da odgovori na sve veće zahteve u pogledu zaštite životne sredine, smanjenja troškova proizvodnje i rasta tražnje za visoko kvalitetnim i zdravstveno bezbednim proizvodima. U takvim uslovima, jedan od odgovora poljoprivrednih proizvođača na postavljene izazove je i gajenje ozimih međuuseva jer oni mogu pružiti različite ekološke i proizvodne prednosti u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Zbog toga, cilj rada je ispitati koje biljne vrste se mogu gajiti kao ozimi međuusevi u našim agroekološkim uslovima, kakav je njihov uticaj na zemljište, kakve su prednosti njihove primene za stočnu hranu ili za zelenišno đubrenje i kakav im je uticaj na sledeći usev. Ogled je postavljen na tri lokaliteta po metodi slučajnog blok sistema u tri ponavljanja. Istraživanja su izvršena u dva proizvodna ciklusa, od oktobra 2011. godine, kada su posejani ozimi međuusevi, do septembra 2013. kada je pokošen kukuruz za silažu. Biljne vrste korišćene za ozime međuuseve su maljava grahorica (Vicia vilosa Roth., sorta NS-Sirmium), ozimi tritikale (x Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus, sorta Odisej) i njihova smeša. Pored varijanti sa ozimim međuusevima u ogled su uključene i varijante sa đubrenjem mineralnim azotom prema N-min metodi do 120 kg/ha azota (N1) i do 160 kg/ha azota (N2), kao i kontrola. Ozimi međuusevi posejani u prvom bloku su korišćeni za krmu, dok su međuusevi posejani u drugom bloku zaorani. U zavisnosti od vremenskih uslova ispitivane biljne vrste i njihove smeše gajene kao ozimi međuusevi, mogu da ostvare visoke prinose. Njihovim zaoravanjem značajno se može popraviti sadržaj mineralnog azota u zemljištu i obezbediti značajno povećanje proizvodnje kabaste stočne hrane na gazdinstvima. Dinamika mineralnog azota u zemljištu visoko je zavisna od ozimih međuuseva i najniži sadržaj azota je posle njihove žetve. Od ispitivanih vrsta, najvišu količinu azota iznosi tritikale, zatim ozima krmna smeša, a najmanje ozima grahorica. Od setve do žetve sil, A modern agricultural production must respond to increasing demands in terms of environmental protection, reduction of production costs and an increased demand for high quality, safe and healthy products. In such conditions, one of the responses of agricultural producers to the challenges posed is also cultivation of winter cover crops, because they can provide different advantages in agricultural production in terms of ecology and production. Therefore, the aim of the research is to examine which plant species can be cultivated as winter cover crops in our agroecological conditions, their impact on the soil, the benefits of their application as animal feed or green fertilizer, and the impact they have on the subsequent crop. The field experiment was conducted on three locations using the random block design with replications. The research was carried out in two production cycles, from October 2011, when the winter cover crops were sown, to September 2013, when corn was reaped for silage. Herbaceous species used for winter cover crops are hairy vetch (Vicia vilosa Roth., variety NS-Sirmium), winter triticale (x Triticosecale Wittm. Ex A. Camus, Odyssey variety) and their mixture. In addition to variants with winter cover crops, variants with fertilization with mineral nitrogen according to the N-min method up to 120 kg/ha of nitrogen (N1) and up to 160 kg/ha of nitrogen (N2), as well as a control, are included in the field experiment. Winter cover crops sown in the first block were used for fodder, while the winter cover crops sown in the second block were ploughed. Depending on weather conditions of the tested plant species and their mixture grown as winter cover crops, they can achieve high yields. Their ploughing can significantly improve the content of mineral nitrogen in soil and provide a significant increase in voluminous fodder production in farms. The dynamics of mineral nitrogen in soil is highly dependent on winter cover crops and the nitrogen content i

Preduslov za unapređenje gajenja crvene deteline (Trifolium pratense L.) je proizvodnja dovoljne količine kvalitetnog semena. Pravilna mineralna ishrana, odnosno sadržaj pojedinih makro i mikroelemenata u biljci mogu uticati na prinos semena crvene deteline, naročito kada se proizvodnja odvija na kiselim zemljištima. Cilj rada je bio da se na takvom zemljištu oceni uticaj folijarne prihrane kobaltom, borom, fosforom i kalijumom na prinos i komponente prinosa semena sorti crvene deteline, kao i na kvalitet dobijenog semena. Ogled je izveden u periodu 20092012. godine u Čačku na zemljištu kisele reakcije (pHH2O 4,8). Za ogled su odabrane sorte crvene deteline: K17, K39, una i viola. Paralelno su postavljana dva ogleda, u gustoj setvi i u kućice (pojedinačne biljke). Analize su vršene na drugom porastu u drugoj godini proizvodnje. Za folijarnu prihranu su upotrebljeni: kobalt (Co(NO3)2 u koncentraciji 0,033g L1), bor (bor etanolamin u koncentraciji od 0,1%) i fosfor i kalijum (P52K34, u koncentraciji 1%). Folijarna primena kobalta je generalno posmatrano imala pozitivan uticaj na vrednosti komponenti prinosa, prinos semena i krme sorti crvene deteline. Bolja snabdevenost biljaka kobaltom je uticala na rast i razvoj, posebno vegetativnih organa. Razlog ovome je bolja snabdevenost biljaka azotom usled pozitivnog uticaja kobalta na proces azotofiksacije, na šta ukazuje i značajno veći broj nodula na korenu biljaka. Folijarni tretman borom generalno posmatrano je takođe uticao na rast i razvoj vegetativnih i generativnih organa. Intenzivniji rast biljnih organa na tretmanu sa borom se takođe može povezati sa intenzivnijom azotofiksacijom. Pozitivan uticaj folijarne primene bora na generativne organe je pre svega rezultat njegovog uticaja na veću vitalnost i intenzitet klijanja polena, kao i veće prisustvo insekata oprašivača usled veće količine nektara. Folijarna primena fosfora i kalijuma u ovom eksperimentu je imala značajan pozitivan uticaj na broj izdanaka i broj cvast, The production of sufficient amounts of high quality seed is a precondition for improvement in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) cultivation. Proper mineral nutrition or the content of some macro and micronutrients in the plant may affect the seed yield of red clover, especially when the production takes place on acid soils. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of foliar treatment with cobalt, boron, phosphorus and potassium on seed yield and its components in red clover cultivars on an acid soil, as well as on the quality of the seed obtained. A field trial was conducted in 20092012 in Čačak on a soil having an acid reaction (pHH2O 4.8). The red clover cultivars selected for the experiment were: ‘K17’, ‘K39’, ‘Una’ and ‘Viola’. Two parallel experiments were established under dense sward and lowdensity (individual plant) conditions. Analyses were performed on the second growth in the second year of production. For foliar nutrition, cobalt (Co(NO3)2 at a concentration of 0.033 g L1), boron (boron ethanolamine at 0.1%) and phosphorus and potassium (P52K34, at 1%) were used. The foliar application of cobalt had a positive effect on the values of yield components, seed yield and forage yield of the red clover cultivars. The improved cobalt supply facilitated plant growth and development, especially of vegetative organs. The underlying reason is a better supply of nitrogen to the plants as the result of a positive influence of cobalt on nitrogen fixation, as evidenced by the significantly higher number of nodules on the roots. The growth and development of vegetative and generative organs were also affected by the foliar boron treatment. The intensive growth of plant organs in the treatment with boron can also be associated with intensive nitrogen fixation. The positive impact of foliarapplied boron on generative organs was primarily the result of its stimulatory impact on pollen vitality and rate of pollen germination, which contributed to the presence of inse

A field trial with four red clover cultivars was established on acid soil in order to evaluate the effect of foliar boron application on seed yield. The crop received foliar boron treatment during the second growth of the second year at two applications. Although seed yield showed a significant increase in boron-treated plants in 2011 compared with control (26.0%), its relative increase was far higher in 2010 (43.2%), which had increased total rainfall amounts during flowering. Sufficient level of boron supply to red clover plants for seed production has a remarkably positive effect under conditions hampering pollination and fertilisation.

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) are important fodder grasses, but in seed production, they are prone to seed shedding and certain yield losses. In practice, seeds are usually harvested at approximately 20-35% moisture content and then are additionally dried to the moisture content of 12% or lower. However, to prevent shedding, seed was harvested at 45% moisture content. The effects of drying temperatures of 70, 60, 50, 40, 30 and 22 degrees C on germination and dormancy of tall fescue, red fescue, cocksfoot seeds, harvested at moisture contents of 45, 35 and 25 %, were observed in the present study. The analysis was done immediately upon seed drying, then three, eight and fourteen months later, which corresponds to the autumn and spring sowing time in the continental part of central and south-eastern Europe. In all the three species, drying temperature of 70 degrees C, regardless of the moisture content, and 60 degrees C in the combination with a seed moisture content of 45%, reduced germination. After three months, the highest germination was detected in tall fescue harvested at seed moisture of 25% and dried at 50 degrees C. Furthermore, the greatest germination in red fescue and cocksfoot was determined in seeds harvested with the moisture content of 35% and dried at 50 degrees C. After eight months, the highest germination in tall and red fescue were determined in seeds harvested with the moisture content of 25% and dried at 40-50 degrees C, while corresponding values in cocksfoot amounted to 25% and 22-30 degrees C, respectively. A positive and significant correlation was established between seed germination and seedling vigour.

A field experiment involving red clover varieties K-39, K-17, Una and Viola was established on an acidic (pH(H2O) 4.8) soil to evaluate the effects of foliar application of cobalt (a beneficial nutrient for efficient nitrogen fixation) on seed yield, and on seed yield components. The foliar spray of the crop was carried out using cobalt nitrate [Co(NO3)(2)] with the treatments: one application at the intensive growth phase during the first growth, while two others during the second growth within the second year of cultivation. Seed yield and yield components were recorded from the second growth within the second year of the study. Regardless of foliar cobalt application, the varieties produced a significantly higher seed yield in 2011, when the rainfall received from the onset of flowering until seed maturation was recorded as lower than that in 2010. The foliar treatment with cobalt was in general accompanied by a positive effect on seed yield and seed yield components in all the varieties. As compared with control, a significant increase in seed yield, in the cobalt applied treatment, was obtained only in Viola, mostly due to the significant increase in flower number i.e. seed number per inflorescence. The more favorable response of Viola to foliar cobalt application may have been attributed to a greater percentage of foliage cover during the treatment, as compared with the other varieties. This suggests that foliar cobalt treatment in future studies should be performed at the early stages of development i.e. during intensive growth throughout the first and second cuts, in order to stimulate nodulation and have greater nitrogen fixation in a needed timely manner.

One of the solutions for the economical use of alfalfa and cocksfoot is making the silage. However, these plant species are difficult to be conserved without appropriate additives. The aim of this study was to determine the impact addition of cornmeal on the quality of silage of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cv. Kruševačka 22, cocksfoot (Dactilys glomerata L.) cv. Kruševačka 40 and their mixture (50% alfalfa, 50% cocksfoot). Mowing both species was carried out at the stage when 1/3 to 1/5 of the plants were in flowering in alfalfa or in stage appearance of inflorescence with cocksfoot. Corn grain is ground at the mill with a sieve ø 2 mm, then mixed with chopped fodder of alfalfa, cocksfoot and the mixture in the following amount: 6% (treatment A2), 3% (treatment A1), and without cornmeal addition (control A0). After six months was determined silage quality. Cornmeal addition, according to the basic indicators of the quality of silage had a significant impact on changing the quality silage of alfalfa, cocksfoot and their mixtures. It is evident that the addition cornmeal addition a significant impact on increasing the energy value (primarily the content inside BEM) of silage in all studied treatments., Jedno od rešenja za ekonomično korišćenje lucerke i ježevice je spravljanje silaže. Međutim ove biljne vrste se teško mogu konzervisati bez odgovarajućih dodataka. Cilj ovih ispitivanja bio je određivanje uticaja kukuruzne prekrupe na kvalitet silaže od lucerke, ježevice i njihove smeše (50% lucerka, 50% ježevica). Ispitivanje je sprovedeno na krmi: lucerke (Medicago sativa L.) sorte Kruševačka 22, ježevice (Dactilys glomerata L.) sorte Kruševačka 40 i njihove smeše (50% lucerka i 50% ježevica). Košenje obe vrste obavljeno je u fazi kada je 1/3 do 1/5 biljaka bilo u cvetu kod lucerke odnosno u klasanju kod ježevice. Kukuruzno zrno je mleveno na mlinu sa sitima ø 2 mm, zatim je mešano sa seckanom krmom lucerke, ježevice i smeše u količini: 6% (tretman A2), 3% (tretman A1), i bez prekrupe (kontrola A0). Nakon šest meseci utvrđen je kvalitet silaže. Dodatak kukuruzne prekrupe je prema osnovnim pokazateljima kvaliteta silaža imao značajan uticaj na promenu kvaliteta silaže lucerke ježevice i smeše. Evidentno je da dodavanje kukuruzne prekrupe značajno utiče na povećanje energetske vrednosti (pre svega sadržaja BEM) u silaži svih ispitivanih vrsta.

During post-harvest maturation, different species vary in the length of dormancy breaking or germination increases. Seed dormancy and slow seedling development often limit establishment of forage grass stands. Seed germination and seedling vigour of Italian ryegrass (Lolium italicum A. Braun, Synonym Lolium multiflorum L.), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) and timothy (Phleum pretense L.) were observed after harvest and storage. After harvest in June, seeds were stored under standard storage conditions and sampled every 30 days after harvest (DAH), up to 270 DAH, and then every 60 days up to 990 DAH. At each date, seeds were tested for final germination percentage and for seedling vigour traits. Timothy seeds had a maximum germination (88%) and the best seedlings vigour at 90 DAH, which implies that early autumn (September-October) is the best sowing period for freshly harvested seeds of timothy. Timothy seed germination was poor from 270 DAH (73%). The best germination and vigour of Italian ryegrass and cocksfoot seedlings were between 270 and 330 DAH, which equates to spring sowing time (March-April) in the succeeding year. Cocksfoot and Italian ryegrass seeds maintained satisfactory germination levels up to 630 DAH (81%) and 810 DAH (81%), respectively. The data can serve for the determination of a proper storage duration management between harvest and sowing of the tested species under ambient conditions of south-eastern Europe.

The objectives of this work were to determine whether and at which seed physiological maturity stage the diquat desiccant affects the tall oat-grass (Arrhenatherum elatius) seed quality and yield, as well as the proper storage period between harvest and sowing. Diquat desiccation was evaluated in applications during milk or dough seed maturation stages. Seeds conventionally produced and stored under traditional storage conditions were used for the analyses. Seed samples were drawn every 30(th) day after harvest (DAH). After the 240(th) DAH, samples were drawn every 90(th) day up the to 690(th) DAH. The highest yield were obtained by desiccation applied at the beginning of the seed dough stage, with a satisfactory seed quality. Both final germination and seedling growth parameters achieved their maximum values between 180(th) and 240(th) DAH. Oat-grass seeds preserved satisfactory level of final germination (75%) up to 420(th) DAH. The application of diquat desiccant at the beginning of seed dough maturity stage can be a good solution for seed production of tall oat-grass. Early spring is the best sowing period for freshly harvested seeds of tall oat-grass regarding germination and seedling growth.