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In evaluation research, "programs" are often conceptualized as clearly bounded, narrow in scope, focused on specific outcomes, using a well-defined linear causal model, and hence, suitable for standard evaluation methods. The evaluation work reported here was carried out in a more challenging context, where large, complex, interwoven systems were targets for change as a means to influence a diffuse array of outcomes. Our evaluation of an NIH-funded program to improve statewide infrastructure for clinical and translational health research ("Advance-CTR") used qualitative data provided by investigators who used the program's services, were funded awardees, or were members of an internal advisory committee (leadership representatives from partnering institutions). We examined perceived barriers to systemic changes to enhance research, as well as how systems have changed due to the Rhode Island Advance-CTR program's efforts, to what degree, and with what effects. Using the causal logic of our program to connect these more distal systemic outcomes to the services and components of Advance-CTR, we discuss the effects this program has had on researchers and their environments, contributing to the development of sustainable programs of research that ultimately improve the health and well-being of our state's residents.

Interest in beaver-related restoration is growing in the western U.S. but understanding the basic ecology of American beaver and their population dynamics is often overlooked when integrating beaver into stream restoration goals. Our study investigated the spatial-temporal distribution of beaver colonies and their damming activities to better inform stream restoration projects in the West Fork Cow Creek Basin of the Umpqua Watershed in southwestern Oregon. During fall 2017, we conducted beaver activity surveys at 144 randomly selected reaches predicted to be either suitable or unsuitable for damming, but suitable for beaver occupation. We categorized beaver use at each reach using assessments of their activities and time of last use. We recorded dam structure and impoundment characteristics at all identified dams. Evidence of beaver activity was documented at 57% of locations suitable for dam establishment and 48% of unsuitable dam sites. Beaver dams were found only in reaches identified as suitable for damming and were concentrated throughout two tributaries located on private ownership. Our beaver activity observations will be combined with other data collected in the Umpqua Watershed, and used to construct a probability of use model that will identify dam and non-dam habitat associations. This work will provide novel insights into the landscape ecology of beaver, and inform critical decisions involving trade-offs of ecological benefits and human-beaver conflicts in freshwater systems of interest.

During the 1850's and 60's there was increasing discontent regarding the provision of school education as controlled and managed by the Church of Scotland. This led to a number of Parliamentary Bills being brought forward proposing a new national system. The Church opposed these mainly on the grounds that there was no guarantee that Religious Instruction would continue to have a place in the school curriculum. In February 1872 Lord Advocate George Young presented in the Commons an Education Bill 'To extend and amend the provisions of the law of Scotland on the subject of education' in order that 'the means of procuring efficient education … may be furnished and made available to the whole people of Scotland.' This was passed on 2nd August as The Education (Scotland) Act 1872 and transferred the full control of schools from church to state. The Act included a Preamble allowing for Religious Instruction to be taught according to 'use and wont'. The removal of its management of school education may be seen as a major blow for the Church of Scotland, removing a historic contribution to national life. In actual fact, the consequence was the revitalising of the Church enabling it to concentrate its energy on strengthening its influence in the community and in outreach to its parishes with a new sense of social mission. Although the Church had lost its direct control of the school curriculum it continued to support Religious Instruction through its Teacher Training, its Sunday schools and its ministerial representation on school boards.

Externally imposed assessment requirements in higher education call for documented attention to using assessment results for program improvement. Although this systematic process promises to lead to better learning outcomes it has also been challenged as ineffective and even harmful. What can make assessment truly meaningful and move beyond the accountability mandate? Our goal in the work described here has been to advance institutional capacity for a sustained, internally valued system of learning outcomes assessment. Our approach deems faculty engagement to be essential to drive the process and improve educational results. We propose a developmental perspective on assessment capacity, describe our effort to measure and promote a supportive climate for it in our own institution, and draw conclusions about what contributes the most to its advancement. Our results point to central roles for faculty peer attitudes and collaborative institutional leadership.

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Objective: To assess the safety and tolerability of ultra-low dose estradiol and dydrogesterone (E0.5 mg/D2.5 mg) among postmenopausal women. Methods: This pooled analysis of data from three clinical studies assessed the effects of continuous combined ultra-low-dose estradiol and dydrogesterone among postmenopausal women. Participants received E0.5 mg/D2.5 mg or placebo for 13 weeks (double-blind, randomized, European study), E0.5 mg/D2.5 mg or placebo for 12 weeks (double-blind, randomized, Chinese study), or E0.5 mg/D2.5 mg for 52 weeks (open-label, European study). Safety outcomes included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), treatment-emergent serious adverse events (TESAEs), treatment discontinuation due to a TEAE, and adverse events of special interest (AESIs). Results: Overall, 1027 women were included in the pooled analysis (E0.5 mg/D2.5 mg, n = 736; placebo, n = 291). Mean treatment exposure was 288.9 days in the E0.5 mg/D2.5 mg group and 86.6 days in the placebo group. The proportion of women experiencing ≥1 TEAE was similar in the E0.5 mg/D2.5 mg and placebo groups (50.1% vs 49.5%, respectively). TESAEs occurred in 12 (1.6%) women receiving E0.5 mg/D2.5 mg and 9 (3.1%) women receiving placebo. Discontinuation of study treatment was infrequent in both groups (E0.5 mg/D2.5 mg: 1.5%; placebo: 2.4%). The occurrence of breast pain was more common in the E0.5 mg/D2.5 mg group than in the placebo group (2.0% vs 0.3%) as was uterine hemorrhage (6.5% vs 2.4%). The incidence of acne, hypertrichoses and weight increased was similar between groups. Conclusions: Across three studies, ultra-low-dose estradiol plus dydrogesterone was well tolerated among postmenopausal women, with no increase in TEAEs or TESAEs compared with placebo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Among postmenopausal women, oral, ultra-low-dose continuous combined estradiol (E0.5 mg) plus dydrogesterone (D2.5 mg) reduces vasomotor symptoms (VMS). Methods: This study was a post hoc analysis of data from two phase 3, double-blind studies. Postmenopausal women were randomized 2:1:2 to receive E0.5 mg/D2.5 mg, E1 mg/D5 mg (not included in this analysis) or placebo for 13 weeks (European study), or randomized 1:1 to receive E0.5 mg/D2.5 mg or placebo for 12 weeks (Chinese study). Endpoints assessed in ethnicity subgroups (European and Chinese) included changes from baseline in number of hot flushes, number of moderate-to-severe hot flushes and Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) score. Results: Overall, 579 women were included in the analysis (E0.5 mg/D2.5 mg, n = 288; placebo, n = 291). European and Chinese women receiving E0.5 mg/D2.5 mg experienced greater reductions from baseline in mean daily number of hot flushes and mean daily number of moderate-to-severe hot flushes at week 4, week 8 and end of treatment versus those receiving placebo. Significant improvements in the 'hot flushes, sweating' MRS item score were reported in both European and Chinese women. Conclusion: Oral, ultra-low-dose continuous combined 0.5 mg 17β-estradiol and 2.5 mg dydrogesterone improved VMS compared with placebo in European and Chinese postmenopausal women, with a positive impact on health-related quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Best practices in mail survey design advise personalizing correspondence, but most research predates the use of address-based sampling (ABS) in which a householder's name either cannot be matched to an address or may be matched incorrectly. Further, recent evidence casts doubt on the effectiveness of personalization. The current study examines the impact of using a personalized versus a generic salutation on response rates and data quality in an ABS mail survey of the general population. A sample of 2,000 household addresses in Wisconsin was randomly selected from the U.S. Postal Service Delivery Sequence File. For households in the personalized salutation group, all materials used the surname of the household; cases in the generic salutation group referred to the state conducting the survey. While personalization was not related to response rates, it was associated with higher levels of item nonresponse. Findings support current recommendations not to use names in ABS mail surveys.

June Purvis refers in her review of Philippa Gregory's Normal Women (January 5) to the practice of 'wife sales'. Depicted in lurid fashion in Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge as [...]

This paper examines theoretical issues arising from technical and further education and training reforms over the last few decades. It illustrates how these reforms have been dominated by particular knowledge concerns assumed to be central to specific areas of human activity. It then examines the reforms in terms of theoretical relationships among knowledge, skills, activity and meaning, as advanced by Piaget (1980a, 1980b) and Vygotsky (1934/1986); and discusses the implications for this and other sectors of education. The paper concludes that the reforms in technical and further education have pursued an image of relevance, but have mistaken how individuals construct meaning in workplace activities and the relationships among these kinds of meanings and those used in wider individual and social activities. It is also concluded that this mistake has serious implications for the current directions of the sector and its effectiveness in preparing people for their working lives. (Contains 2 tables.)

Many studies rely on traditional web survey methods in which all contacts with sample members are through email and the questionnaire is administered exclusively online. Because it is difficult to effectively administer prepaid incentives via email, researchers frequently employ lotteries or prize draws as incentives even though their influence on survey participation is small. The current study examines whether a prize draw is more effective if it is divided into a few larger amounts versus several smaller amounts and compares prize draws to a small but guaranteed postpaid incentive. Data are from the 2019 Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct. Sample members include 38,434 undergraduate and graduate students at a large Midwestern university who were randomly assigned to receive: a guaranteed $5 Amazon gift card; entry into a high-payout drawing for one of four $500 prizes; or entry into a low-payout drawing for one of twenty $100 prizes. Results indicate the guaranteed incentive increased response rates, with no difference between the prize draws. While results from various data quality outcomes show the guaranteed incentive reduced break-off rates and the high-payout drawing increased item nonresponse, there were no differences across incentive conditions in rates of speeding, reporting of sensitive data, straightlining, or sample representativeness. As expected, the prize draws had much lower overall and per complete costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]