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De setembro a dezembro de 2017, quatro alunos da Universidade de Michigan treinados pelo Prison Creative Arts Project facilitaram um workshop de redação criativa na G. Ronald Cotton Correctional Facility em Jackson, Michigan, EUA. Doze homens encarcerados juntaram-se aos quatro alunos facilitadores para reuniões semanais de workshops que culminaram em uma apresentação de escrita criativa original. Este artigo descreve a estrutura do workshop e o treinamento fornecido pelo Prison Creative Arts Project, apresenta os indivíduos que participam deste workshop de redação criativa do outono de 2017 e descreve como seus processos criativos evoluíram para incluir discurso político e crítica. O artigo demonstra como a escrita criativa e o teatro fornecem à população encarcerada a oportunidade única de expressar plenamente as opiniões e atitudes políticas dentro dos muros da prisão e destaca paralelos entre os eventos atuais e a política de 2017 e os de 2020. Para completar este artigo, os alunos facilitadores escreveram uma carta descrevendo o projeto e pedindo interesse em coautoria e a enviaram aos participantes encarcerados. Os alunos facilitadores compilaram um questionário e o enviaram aos participantes encarcerados que estavam interessados ​​em ser coautores do artigo. Os coautores ainda residentes na prisão continuaram a se corresponder com aqueles que viviam fora da prisão via correio, produzindo seções do artigo e fornecendo redação original do workshop de 2017. De septiembre a diciembre de 2017, cuatro estudiantes de la Universidad de Michigan capacitados por Prison Creative Arts Project facilitaron un taller de escritura creativa en el Centro Correccional G. Ronald Cotton en Jackson, Michigan, EE. UU. Doce hombres encarcelados se unieron a los cuatro facilitadores estudiantiles para las reuniones semanales del taller que culminaron con una presentación de escritura creativa original. Este artículo describe el marco del taller y la capacitación brindada por Prison Creative Arts Project, presenta a las personas que participan en este taller de escritura creativa en particular, otoño de 2017, y describe cómo evolucionaron sus procesos creativos para incluir el discurso político y la crítica. El artículo demuestra cómo la escritura creativa y el teatro brindan a la población encarcelada la oportunidad única de expresar plenamente sus opiniones y actitudes políticas dentro de los muros de la prisión, y destaca los paralelismos entre los acontecimientos actuales y la política de 2017 y los de 2020. Para completar En este artículo, los estudiantes facilitadores escribieron una carta describiendo el proyecto y pidiendo interés en la coautoría y la enviaron por correo a los participantes encarcelados. Los estudiantes facilitadores luego compilaron un cuestionario y lo enviaron por correo a los participantes encarcelados que estaban interesados ​​en ser coautores del artículo. Los coautores que aún residen en prisión continuaron correspondiendo a los que viven fuera de la prisión por correo, produciendo secciones del artículo y proporcionando escritos originales del taller de 2017. From September to December of 2017, four University of Michigan students trained by the Prison Creative Arts Project facilitated a creative writing workshop at G. Ronald Cotton Correctional Facility in Jackson, Michigan, USA. Twelve incarcerated men joined the four student facilitators for weekly workshop meetings which culminated in a performance of original creative writing. This article describes the workshop framework and training provided by the Prison Creative Arts Project, introduces the individuals participating in this particular, fall 2017 creative writing workshop, and describes how their creative processes evolved to include political discourse and critique. In conclusion, the article demonstrates how creative writing and theater provide the incarcerated population with the unique opportunity to fully express political opinions and attitudes within prison walls, and highlights parallels between the current events and politics of 2017 and those of 2020. In order to complete this article, the student facilitators wrote a letter describing the project and asking for interest in co-authorship and mailed it to the incarcerated participants. The student facilitators then compiled a questionnaire and mailed it to the incarcerated participants who were interested in co-authoring the article. The co-authors still residing in prison continued to correspond to those living outside of prison via mail, producing sections of the article and providing original writing from the 2017 workshop.

Although confidence is one of the major contemporary concerns in the psychology of sporting performance, extant study has primarily been concerned with elite and/or individual sports, and a deductive framework has been dominant. Drawing upon the core techniques of Straussian Grounded Theory, the research reported in this paper inductively analyses detailed accounts of confidence-sourcing provided by N=14 seasoned participants in amateur soccer. Results reveal a number of (sometimes eclectic) features of the ways that these individuals interpret and organise their own confidence sources, not least those relating to highly variable temporal and socio-spatial frames within which a potential confidence source might be considered “relevant” or “useful.” These findings contrast significantly with others emanating from research in the elite domain and, it is contended, have direct practical implications for both physical educators and grassroots sport coaches.

Purpose To report two cases of refractory vernal ulcers in which the fitting of a large-diameter (22 mm) hydrogel (Contaflex T75) bandage contact lens (BCL) ameliorated the signs and symptoms of the condition. Methods Two patients with refractory vernal ulcers are described. Mechanisms of the effect of a large-diameter lens across the ocular surface are discussed in this condition. Results The first patient is a 10-year-old boy who had been treated unsuccessfully for a left vernal corneal ulcer with topical prednisolone 0.5% and olopatadine. The vernal ulcer resolved 2 weeks after the fitting of a large-diameter BCL. The second patient is a 4-year-old boy who had been intolerant of all his previous topical medications partly because of his ocular discomfort in association with the right vernal ulcer. A large-diameter BCL was fitted in his right eye. The BCL was removed 2 weeks later with complete healing of the corneal vernal ulcer. Owing to his improved comfort, the patient was able to tolerate topical prednisolone 0.5% drops. Conclusions Large-diameter BCLs may be a useful treatment option in the management of refractory vernal ulcers.

Purpose To investigate the concentration and bioavailability of ciprofloxacin and teicoplanin in the cornea. Methods A biological assay was developed with corneal tissue used as a carrier for the antimicrobial. Concentration and biological activity were determined with a chemical assay and zone of inhibition (ZOI) around corneal samples with epithelial and endothelial surfaces in contact with the indicator organism. Patients undergoing penetrating keratoplasty received ciprofloxacin 0.3% or teicoplanin 1%. Results There were good correlations between antimicrobial concentration and ZOI, when either filter paper or corneal discs were used (R(2) > 92%). Of 33 patients, the mean (median) concentration of ciprofloxacin in the cornea was 1.37 mg/L (0.46 mg/L) and 1.89 mg/L (1.44 mg/L; bioassay) in the epithelial and endothelial orientations, respectively, and 14.87 mg/L (7.41) in the cornea and 0.51 mg/L (0.42) in the aqueous (chemical assay). For teicoplanin, the mean (median) concentration in the cornea was 9.58 mg/L (0 mg/L) in the epithelial and 4.78 mg/L (0 mg/L) in the endothelial orientations (bioassay). In the chemical assay, teicoplanin could not be detected in the cornea or aqueous at the lower limit of detection of 3.6 mg/L. Conclusions The ZOI produced by corneal tissue provides a potential bioassay of antimicrobial activity and concentration. Although in contrast to teicoplanin ciprofloxacin shows good corneal penetration, with high endothelial-to-epithelial levels, only approximately 10% of measured levels in a chemical assay are available, according to a bioassay. Teicoplanin shows relatively poor corneal penetration through intact epithelium. These methods may be useful in evaluating the biological activity across the cornea of antimicrobials introduced into ophthalmic practice to deal with changing bacterial resistance.

Aim: To determine the elimination kinetics of intracameral vancomycin administered as a bolus injection at the end of phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Methods: Vancomycin 1 mg/0.1 ml saline solution was administered to 19 patients by intracameral bolus injection at the end of routine cataract surgery. The aqueous concentration of vancomycin was determined in nine patients 1 minute after administration and in 10 patients 18–24 hours postoperatively. Aqueous samples were obtained by inserting a Rycroft cannula into the anterior chamber via the side port incision. Fluorescence polarisation immunoassay was used to calculate the aqueous vancomycin concentration. Results: The median (interquartile range) vancomycin concentration was 5458 (4756–6389) mg/l at 1 minute and 40.6 (25.9–47.1) mg/l 18 to 24 hours (median 19 hours) postoperatively. The vancomycin concentration exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of endophthalmitis-causing gram-positive bacteria by a factor of 4 for up to 26 hours postoperatively. No adverse event or reaction was noted. Conclusion: Following bolus intracameral injection at the end of cataract surgery the concentration of vancomycin in the anterior chamber vastly exceeds its MIC for at least 24 hours but is predicted to fall below the MIC after 33 hours.