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Background: Prior to 1970, women authored or co-authored a variety of eponymously named psychometric tests predominately in children and young adults with developmental and behavioral disorders. Gaps remain in understanding and appreciating the extent of their contributions to these psychometric tests. Methods: Two authors adjudicated psychometric tests in the text, Tests in Print, to identify those eponymously named after women. To be eligible for this study, the psychometric test title must contain the name of a woman and be published prior to 1970. If a woman published more than one eponymously named test, the earliest one, if available, was chosen to be included in this study. A search for individual and a combination of related Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) keywords of the “name of the women author” and “name of the test” was performed using the Google web browser, PubMed, APA PsycNet, and APA PsycInfo from inception to August 1, 2021. Further papers were identified using bibliographic search from source papers and reference books. Results: Three hundred eighty-six eponymously named psychometric tests were identified, with 124 (32%) of them named in whole or in part by or for a woman. Of these 124 psychometric tests, 93 represent unique women’s names. Before 1970, there were twenty-three (19%) eponymously named psychometric tests with women, with twenty-one (17%) representing unique women’s names. Conclusion: These tests were published by women whereby they served either as a single author or in collaboration with others or their spouse. In the latter case, the woman’s name universally appeared after their husband’s name. In only a few cases, are these women’s names well-referenced in biographical source materials. These women made essential contributions to the development and revision of psychometric tests and the field of psychology in general.

Introduction There are limited educational studies on effective ways to teach and learn medical eponyms. While there is no consensus on how to best address this issue, developing novel strategies to teach medical eponyms has become critical in many branches of medicine, including ophthalmology. Materials & Methods An ophthalmologic eponymic database was created using eight source texts (e.g., books, encyclopedias, and dictionaries) and included the year the eponym was introduced, related name, nationality, specialty, and the eponym’s description. PubMed database with a Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) keyword for “eponym” and “eye” and “ophthalmology” and a Google search for a combination of related keywords was also performed. A careful biographical search was conducted for each name in the second phase to obtain further biographical details. Inclusion criteria for eponyms in the dataset were: i) named after at least one person, ii) identified as a specific medical term in the literature, iii) related to any field of medicine. Names derived from art, history, mythology, patient, family, chemistry, botany (or other fields outside of medicine) were excluded. The three authors independently screened to eliminate duplicated names and ensure eligible names met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results A total of 1,257 unique ophthalmologic eponyms representing 8.8% of 14,332 medical eponyms were identified. Three-hundred fifty-one of 743 (47.2%) eponyms were named after ophthalmologists representing 36 countries. The United States of America and Germany comprised the largest fraction of nationalities (40.2%), not necessarily representing their birthplace. Signs, syndromes, and diseases composed the largest category (45.8%) of eponymous ophthalmologic names. Discussion The current volume of eponymous names impedes the ability of a learner to retain this information. Classifying eponyms based on form, intention, or function, provides a more refined method for placing eponyms in their respective categories. Teaching eponyms by enumerating their historical content, demonstrating the correct performance of the eponym, assessing the technique, and providing feedback, affords the learner a more fruitful and meaningful learning experience. Understanding the context of the signs, syndrome, or techniques further allows the learner to gain insights into the clinical application of eponyms in diagnostic decision-making. Conclusion The teaching model proposed incorporates key aspects that may facilitate retention and recall of the eponymous name. The model includes imparting historical knowledge about the person who described the sign, technique, or process; demonstrating the correct procedure as originally reported; and coaching to ensure that the appropriate skill is mastered. Before abandoning eponyms, it is first necessary to understand their efficacy, effectiveness, usefulness, and role in clinical medicine.

Eponyms are honorific terms ascribed to individuals who discovered a sign, test, syndrome, technique, or instrument. Despite some contentions, eponyms continue to be widely ingrained and incorporated into the medical literature and contemporary language. Physical signs are considered unreliable methods alone for detecting deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The accuracy of the majority of these signs is unknown. For those signs that have been studied, there are a number of methodological limitations hindering the ability to draw meaningful conclusions about their accuracy and validity in clinical practice. Nevertheless, some findings when present and used in conjunction with other key signs, symptoms, and aspects of the patients history may be useful in further supporting the clinical suspicion and likelihood of DVT and/or pulmonary embolism (PE) or venothromboembolism (VTE). These signs also provide the means to better recognize the relationship between clinical findings and VTE. The acquisition of historical knowledge about these signs is important as it further enhances our understanding and appreciation of the diagnostic acumen that physicians were required to employ and to diagnose VTE prior to the advent of advanced imaging methods. Described in this paper is a brief overview of thrombosis as enumerated by Rudolf Virchow, and eponymous signs described in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Background Percussion is derived from the Latin word to hear and to touch. Percussion of the abdomen is used to detect areas of tenderness, dullness within an area of tenderness suggestive of a mass, shifting dullness representing fluid or blood, splenic, hepatic and bladder enlargement, and free air in the peritoneum. Covered are abdominal signs of percussion attributed as medical eponyms from the time-period beginning in the mid-late nineteenth century. Described is historical information behind the sign, descriptions of the sign, and implication in modern clinical practice. Data sources PubMed, Medline, online Internet word searches, textbooks, and references from other source text. PubMed was searched using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) of the name of the eponyms and text words associated with the sign. Conclusion Percussion signs defined as medical eponyms were important discoveries adopted by physicians prior to the advent of radiographs and other imaging and diagnostic techniques. The signs perfected during this time-period provided important clinical cues as to the presence of air within the peritoneum or rupture of the spleen.

Background An eponym in clinical medicine is an honorific term ascribed to a person(s) who may have initially discovered or described a device, procedure, anatomical part, treatment, disease, symptom, syndrome, or sign found on physical examination. Signs, although often lacking sufficient sensitivity and specificity, assist in some cases to differentiate and diagnose disease. With the advent of advanced technological tools in radiological imaging and diagnostic testing, the importance of inspection, the initial steps taught during the physical examination, is often overlooked or given only cursory attention. Nevertheless, in the era of evidence-based and cost-effective medicine, it becomes compelling, and we contend that a meticulously performed history and physical examination, applying the basic tenets of inspection, remains paramount prior to obtaining appropriate diagnostic tests. Data sources PubMed, Medline, online Internet word searches and bibliographies from source text and textbooks. PubMed was searched using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) of the name of the eponyms and text words associated with the sign. Conclusions We describe the historical aspect, clinical application, and performance of medical eponymous signs of inspection found on physical examination during the 18th to 20th centuries.

BACKGROUND: This paper describes medical eponyms associated with abdominal palpation from the period 1926–1976. Despite opposition by some, eponyms are a long standing tradition and widely used in medicine. The techniques may still be useful in some cases, assisting in the selection of an appropriate and cost-effective approach to patient care. In this piece, we cover signs named in honor of physicians who contributed to medicine by developing new palpatory techniques in an attempt to better diagnose disease of the abdominal wall, umbilicus, gallbladder, pancreas, and appendix. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Medline, online Internet word searches, textbooks, and references from other source texts. PubMed was searched using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) of the name of the eponyms and text words associated with the sign. CONCLUSION: We describe brief historical background information about the physician who reported the sign, original description of the sign, and its clinical application and implication into today’s medical practice.

There is no recent comprehensive overview of contemporary clinical trials assessing short and long-term outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This paper reviews factors from recent clinical trials that influenced prognosis in patients with ACS. Cochrane and PubMed databases were screened systematically for clinical trials published in the English literature reporting on ACS prognosis. Two authors independently screened titles, abstracts, and full text. Studies meeting inclusion criteria evaluated the impact of modern practice on prognosis. In vitro and animal models studies, conference abstracts, imaging studies, and review articles were excluded. Disagreement in inclusion criteria was resolved by consensus. A large study of 8,859 patients showed no difference in all-cause mortality between 31 days and 2 years in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) compared to those with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) or stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD). Other studies showed a significant increase in all-cause mortality in patients with STEMI within the first 30 days, with NSTEMI patients exhibiting a higher mortality rate compared to those with SIHD during the 2-year follow-up period. Our review found that women have a poorer short-term prognosis compared to men. Additionally, reports from patients receiving comprehensive and coordinated care showed longer survival rates. In view of the improved prognosis demonstrated for patients suffering from ACS, assessing prognosis in patients represents a formidable task in modern practice. Our review highlights the need for further evidence-based studies evaluating long-term outcomes on diagnostic and treatment strategies.

We read with interest the case reported by Robustell-Test et al. titled "A blinking knee: Quincke's sign as a reaction to insect bite in a chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patient".1 A variety of cutaneous lesions including plaques, bullae, dermatitis, and keratoderma have been described as causing Quincke, Quincke-like, and pseudo-Quincke signs with a blanching and/or pulsatile appearance.

Purpose Lack of physical activity (PA) is an important risk for heart failure (HF). The objective of this study was to examine PA trends in HF and non-HF participants from a nationally representative sample of US adults from 2007 to 2016. Methods Work-related/recreational activities (min/wk) were calculated on the basis of the reported frequency, intensity, and duration, respectively. Multivariable analyses were performed using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Results Among 28 824 participants, younger (aged 18-64 yr) HF participants reported less PA time than non-HF groups, especially vigorous PA. Differences were found to be smaller in older (≥ 65 yr) participants. Overall, the percentage of younger participants who met PA guidelines was significantly lower in the HF individuals in work-related PA and total PA from 2007 to 2016 than in the non-HF participants (OR = 0.55: 95% CI, 0.39-0.59 for total PA, 0.45, 0.28-0.75 for vigorous work-related PA, and 0.68, 0.47-0.97 for moderate work-related PA, respectively). In older participants, only when considering total PA, the prevalence of meeting PA guidelines was significantly different between HF and non-HF groups (0.78, 0.62-0.98). Conclusions Self-reported PA, especially vigorous activities, is much lower in older HF participants. However, the disparity in meeting PA guidelines between those with HF and without HF is remarkable in younger individuals. Future research should focus on better understanding the psychological and physical barriers to engaging in PA among HF patients.

Historical information about Carl Jakob Christian Adolph Gerhardt (1833–1902) has been previously discussed under the section pericarditis, where he described another sign which bears his namesake. Gerhardt found in 96 autopsies in children, thrombosis of the cerebral sinus in 7, all occurring in children less than 6 months of age. In his paper “Ueber Hirnsinusthrombosis bei Kindern” (about cerebral sinus thrombosis in children), he described in detail his observations in three of these children (Table 1, Fig. 1): Gerhardt also found that the external jugular vein on the thrombosed side is less prominent during inspiration [1]. Thus, Gerhardt sign refers to a collapsed internal jugular vein in cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.

Signs of aortic and tricuspid insufficiency murmurs are covered in Chapters “ Aortic Regurgitation Murmurs” and “ Tricuspid Insufficiency Murmurs.” Herein are reviewed those remaining signs detected through auscultation, maneuvers, sphygmomanometer, or radiographic techniques. Auscultatory signs include murmurs caused by a ventricular septal defect (Roger) or sounds identified in mitral stenosis (Fraentzel). Other findings include methods used to differentiate radiating aortic murmur from those arising in carotid stenosis (Riesman), distinguishing functional from organic aortic insufficiency murmurs (Loewenberg), and determining which phase of the cardiac cycle a murmur is present (Farfel). Suzman described a maneuver to accentuate the superficial collateral veins in patients with coarctation of aorta. Goetz, through an intravenous contrast technique, radiographically visualized a patent ductus arteriosus. Some of these findings remain clinically relevant as bedside techniques. Recognized are physicians and their honorary signs as told through historical information regarding their character, contributions, and accomplishments to medicine and beyond. The signs are reported sequentially based on the date of their original publication.

Atherosclerosis is the pathological process caused by a variety of factors leading to the progressive accumulation of plaque within the arterial wall. Through observation, palpation, percussion, maneuvers, and instruments (sphygmomanometer, thermometer, and electrocardiogram), physicians identified signs, eponymously named to honor their contributions, to detect atherosclerosis and its consequences—angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. Determination of electrocardiographic patterns provides the means to assist in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, impeding myocardial infarction involving the left anterior descending artery, and myocardial infarction in patients with preexisting left bundle branch block. Clarified are misconceptions regarding when and by whom the gestures of myocardial ischemia and infarct were described and their limited utility in clinical practice. Signs of atherosclerotic heart disease lack sufficient sensitivity to be routinely used in diagnosis. Nevertheless, they are important to understand as they provide an in-depth understanding and insight into the pathophysiology of disease. Reviewed is brief historical information of the person and original description of their sign for atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease.

Auscultation is the most widely utilized skill employed during the physical examination in patients with acute and chronic pericarditis as physicians search to detect a pericardial friction rub, the pathognomonic sign of this disease. Auscultation is derived from the Latin word auscultare to listen or hear with attention. The word “auscultation” was coined by John Forbes (1787–1861) to describe the method of placing the ear directly against the chest wall. Although Rene Laennec (1781–1826) introduced the stethoscope in 1817 as a method of indirect auscultation, he applied this apparatus primarily in the study of lungs and breath sounds coining such terms as “crepitation, pectoriloquy, and aegophony”. Interestingly, it was Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud (1796–1881) in 1824 who is credited for using auscultation as a means for diagnosing diseases of the heart. We begin our discussion on auscultatory sounds of pericarditis by first tracing the origins of the pathognomonic sign of pericarditis, the pericardial friction rub “Skinner, The origin of medical terms. The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, 1949”.

A multitude of cardiac and peripheral phenomena, eponymously ascribed as signs, have been described in aortic regurgitation (AR) to honor physicians’ contributions to medicine. They were identified based on applying the bedside skills of observation, auscultation, palpation, maneuvers, and the sphygmomanometer. These bedside signs have diminished in use since the advent of echocardiographic and other imaging techniques of the heart. With the exception of Corrigan, Duroziez, and Hill signs, they have not been well studied and gaps remain in knowledge regarding evidence of their applicability in clinical practice. In general, for those signs which have been studied, there are a number of limitations with studies such as selection bias, inconsistent case definition and reference standard, and wide ranges of disease severities. Additionally, there is a paucity of data assessing the relationship between a sign and disease severity. Despite these shortcomings, we contend that these signs should be taught since they impart an appreciation for the keen insights applied by physicians in recognizing or eliciting them on physical examination. They also further enhance our understanding about the pathophysiology of disease and provide opportunities for further investigation. Described in this chapter is brief historical information of the person who reported the sign, its original description, and if known, its sensitivity, specificity, and validity in clinical practice. The name for the description of this pathological finding affecting the aortic valve has changed over the years and has encompassed such terms as retroversion of the valves, incompetence, insufficiency, and regurgitation. It is understood that each term is meant to describe the condition by which the aortic valves do not close tightly causing blood to flow back into the left ventricle during diastole.

Prior to the advent of advanced imaging techniques, physicians devised a variety of physical examination maneuvers, described as signs of medical eponyms, as methods to detect lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) or venothromboembolism (VTE). Eponyms are present in the medical literature because they often reflect a simpler and concise way of describing a phenomenon. They are honorific terms ascribed to individuals for their accomplishments, which may include identifying such things as a disease, structure, sign, test, procedure, syndrome, maneuver, medical device, or surgical technique. Eponyms are derived from the name of a person, but not necessarily the first, who reported, described, or significantly contributed to the clinical understanding of the occurrence. The use of eponyms remains controversial and important questions have been raised regarding their appropriateness. Although there have been instances where eponyms were abandoned, the remainder are by and large embedded within the established and contemporary medical literature making their disappearance unlikely.

Described in this section are three signs that may be found on the cardiovascular examination in patients with tuberculosis, malignancy, and in relation to anatomical changes in the right atrium. Of these signs, only the Chiari network has been the most thoroughly studied. In fact, we are unaware of any studies which evaluated the utility of Grossman or Gordon signs, which used percussion of the chest wall to detect heart size in the assessment of patients with tuberculosis or malignancy. We believe that these signs are useful to learn as they provide keen insights into how physicians identified and proposed disease pathogenesis based on key clinical findings.

A variety of signs have since been described from the time of Charcot as methods to diagnose peripheral arterial disease (PAD) or arterial injury. These signs employed the physical examination skills of observation, auscultation, palpation, or passive and active movements. Signs, also referred to in some cases as tests, were designed and described by physicians possessing keen insight and knowledge of disease pathogenesis. They were so named eponymously to honor physicians’ accomplishments. These signs are easy to perform and remain a relevant aspect of the noninvasive bedside assessment of PAD or injury. The accuracy of these signs in clinical practice is either unknown or has not been further studied but, when present, is more commonly identified in patients with more advanced disease. Understanding the historical content behind these signs provides clinicians’ background information of these physicians’ accomplishments and an appreciation of bedside methods devised in diagnosis. Knowledge of these simple bedside maneuvers enhances physicians’ diagnostic acumen, providing clues to the presence of PAD.

The word percussion is derived from the Latin percussio, meaning beating or striking from one (percuterre) who strikes or thrusts [1]. It was Leopold Auenbrugger (1722–1809) who first used this technique in examination of the heart as described in Inventum Novum Ex Percussione Thoracis Humani Ut Signo Abstrusos Interni Pectoris Morbos Detegendi (New Invention to Detect the Diseases Hidden Deep Inside the Chest) in 1761 [2].

© The Author(s) 2020.Born in 1884 in Balıkesir, Turkey, Ömer Seyfettin was a leading figure among modern Turkish short story writers whose death in 1920 at the age of 36 led to long-term speculations about his fatal illness. In order to pay homage to his memory in the centennial of his death and to shed light on his later medical condition, this paper seeks to reexamine his last days from a medico-historical perspective. Our findings indicate that there was a notable decline in his health occurring after 1917 when he was confined to social isolation. A carbuncle was diagnosed in his posterior neck when he was 35-years of age and not satisfactorily treated. In late February 1920, he developed progressive symptoms over two weeks consisting initially of a headache, followed by fever, delirium, hallucinations, and diplopia. These clinical signs and symptoms are clinically suggestive of a septic encephalopathy presumably caused by staphylococcus aureus infection secondary to the carbuncle, or perhaps by one of the myriad causes of viral meningoencephalitis.

BACKGROUND Prior to the advent of modern imaging techniques, maneuvers were performed as part of the physical examination to further assess pathological findings or an acute abdomen and to further improve clinicians' diagnostic acumen to identify the site and cause of disease. Maneuvers such as changing the position of the patient, extremity, or displacing through pressure a particular organ or structure from its original position are typically used to exacerbate or elicit pain. Some of these techniques, also referred to as special tests, are ascribed as medical eponym signs. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Medline, online Internet word searches, textbooks and references from other source text. PubMed was searched using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) of the name of the eponyms and text words associated with the sign. CONCLUSION These active and passive maneuvers of the abdomen, reported as medical signs, have variable performance in medical practice. The lack of diagnostic accuracy may be attributed to confounders such as the position of the organ, modification of the original technique, or lack of performance of the maneuver as originally intended.

Purpose The Healthy Work Place (HWP) study investigated methods to improve clinicians’ dissatisfaction and burnout. The purpose of this paper is to identify factors that influenced study enrollment and completion and assess effects of initial clinic site enrollment rates on clinician outcomes, including satisfaction, burnout, stress and intent to leave practice. Design/methodology/approach In total, 144 primary care clinicians (general internists, family physicians, nurse practitioners and physician assistants) at 14 primary care clinics were analyzed. Findings In total, 72 clinicians enrolled in the study and completed the first survey (50 percent enrollment rate). Of these, 10 did not complete the second survey (86 percent completion rate). Gender, type, burnout, stress and intervention did not significantly affect survey completion. Hence, widespread agreement about most moral/ethical issues (72 percent vs 22 percent; p=0.0060) and general agreement on treatment methods (81 percent vs 50 percent; p=0.0490) were reported by providers that completed both surveys as opposed to just the initial survey. Providers with high initial clinic site enrollment rates (=50 percent providers) obtained better outcomes, including improvements in or no worsening of satisfaction (odds ratio (OR)=19.16; p=0.0217) and burnout (OR=6.24; p=0.0418). Social implications More providers experiencing workplace agreement completed the initial and final surveys, and providers at sites with higher initial enrollment rates obtained better outcomes including a higher rate of improvement or no worsening of job satisfaction and burnout. Originality/value There is limited research on clinicians’ workplace and other factors that influence their participation in survey-based studies. The findings help us to understand how these factors may affect quality of data collecting and outcome. Thus, the study provides us insight for improvement of quality in primary care.

Flushing disorders with involvement of the gastrointestinal tract represent a heterogeneous group of conditions. In part 1 of this review series, neuroendocrine tumors (NET), mast cell activation disorders (MCAD), and hyperbasophilia were discussed. In this section we discuss the remaining flushing disorders which primarily or secondarily involve the gastrointestinal tract. This includes dumping syndrome, mesenteric traction syndrome, rosacea, hyperthyroidism and thyroid storm, anaphylaxis, panic disorders, paroxysmal extreme pain disorder, and food, alcohol and medications. With the exception of paroxysmal pain disorders, panic disorders and some medications, these disorders presents with dry flushing. A detailed and comprehensive family, social, medical and surgical history, as well as recognizing the presence of other systemic symptoms are important in distinguishing the different disease that cause flushing with gastrointestinal symptoms.

To determine the effectiveness of the muscarinic receptor antagonist solifenacin (VESIcare®) in the treatment of postvoid dribbling (PVD). We carried out a multicenter, 12-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel design study. Between 2012 and 2015, a total of 118 women (age 18–89 years) with PVD at least twice/weekly, were randomized to receive solifenacin (5 mg; n = 58) or placebo (n = 60) once daily. The primary outcome was the percentage reduction in PVD episodes. Secondary outcomes included the percentage of patients with ≥50% reduction in PVD episodes and changes in quality of life. There were no differences in either the primary or secondary outcome variables. Subgroup analysis, based on those with more severe disease (>10 PVD episodes/week), showed a greater and significant percentage reduction in the frequency of PVD episodes per day (60.3% vs 32.1%; p = 0.035) and a higher percentage of patients showing ≥50% reduction in the frequency of PVD episodes with solifenacin (68.1% vs 45.8%; p = 0.0476). A significant solifenacin effect occurred at week 2 and continued through week 12 for the subgroup. For solifenacin, PVD reduction was the same for the entire cohort and subgroup, whereas for placebo, it was 10% lower in the subgroup, declining from 42% to 32%. There were no differences in PVD outcomes between the solifenacin and placebo groups. Solifenacin may play a role in treating women with the most severe symptoms. Because of the powerful placebo response seen in this study, behavior-based interventions may be useful for treating PVD.