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Head impact measurement devices enable opportunities to collect impact data directly from humans to study topics like concussion biomechanics, head impact exposure and its effects, and concussion risk reduction techniques in sports when paired with other relevant data. With recent advances in head impact measurement devices and cost-effective price points, more and more investigators are using them to study brain health questions. However, as the field's literature grows, the variance in study quality is apparent. This brief paper aims to provide a high-level set of key considerations for the design and analysis of head impact measurement studies that can help avoid flaws introduced by sampling biases, false data, missing data, and confounding factors. We discuss key points through four overarching themes: study design, operational management, data quality, and data analysis.

BackgroundHealthcare organisations have legal and ethical duties to reduce inequalities in access to healthcare services and related outcomes. However, lesbian, gay, bisexual and/or transgender (LGBT+) people continue to experience and anticipate discrimination in health and social care. Skilled communication is vital for quality person-centred care, but there is inconsistent provision of evidence-based clinician education on health needs and experiences of LGBT+ people to support this. This study aimed to identify key stakeholders’ experiences, preferences and best practices for communication regarding sexual orientation, gender identity and gender history in order to reduce inequalities in healthcare.MethodsSemistructured qualitative interviews with LGBT+ patients with serious illness, significant others and clinicians, recruited via UK-wide LGBT+ groups, two hospitals and one hospice in England. We analysed the interview data using reflexive thematic analysis.Results74 stakeholders participated: 34 LGBT+ patients with serious illness, 13 significant others and 27 multiprofessional clinicians. Participants described key communication strategies to promote inclusive practice across three domains: (1) ‘Creating positive first impressions and building rapport’ were central to relationship building and enacted through routine use of inclusive language, avoiding potentially negative non-verbal signals and echoing terminology used by patients and caregivers; (2) ‘Enhancing care by actively exploring and explaining the relevance of sexual orientation and gender identity’, participants described the benefits of clinicians initiating these discussions, pursuing topics guided by the patient’s response or expressed preferences for disclosure. Active involvement of significant others was encouraged to demonstrate recognition of the relationship; these individual level actions are underpinned by a foundation of (3) ‘visible and consistent LGBT+ inclusiveness in care systems’. Although participants expressed hesitance talking about LGBT+ identities with individuals from some sociocultural and religious backgrounds, there was widespread support for institutions to adopt a standardised, LGBT+ inclusive, visibly supportive approach.ConclusionsPerson-centred care can be enhanced by incorporating discussions about sexual orientation and gender identity into routine clinical practice. Inclusive language and sensitive exploration of relationships and identities are core activities. Institutions need to support clinicians through provision of adequate training, resources, inclusive monitoring systems, policies and structures. Ten inclusive communication recommendations are made based on the data.

In this article we suggest a framework for researching the study abroad experiences of English language teachers, and analyze data from a study of higher education English teachers from four Southeast Asian countries who completed graduate studies at a Canadian university. We present data from interviews with 10 participants which took place in their home countries four years after taking the program. Research questions and interview questions relate to the relevance of the program to participants’ professional practice, the challenges they faced when applying knowledge in their local contexts, and the opportunities and benefits that came with completing a Canadian graduate program. In our data analysis, we highlight a combination of local, national, and transnational factors, as well as cultural differences, that affected the application of knowledge learned in Canada. We conclude by considering a number of implications for educators involved in study abroad programs for English language teachers.

Background: Support from social networks is vital after the death of a partner. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and/or transgender (LGBT+) people can face disenfranchisement and isolation in bereavement. The Acceptance-Disclosure Model (of LGBT+ bereavement) posits that experiences are shaped by the extent to which individuals feel able to disclose their bereavement to others, and whether that loss is acknowledged appropriately. Aim: To explore LGBT+ specific experiences of partner bereavement; determine decision-making processes regarding disclosure of relationships/identities; and appraise the Acceptance-Disclosure Model using primary qualitative data. Design: Exploratory in-depth qualitative interview study positioned within a social constructivist paradigm. Data were analysed using inductive and deductive reflexive thematic analysis. Setting/participants: 21 LGBT+ people from across England bereaved of their civil partner/spouse. Results: Participants described LGBT+ specific stressors in bereavement: lack of recognition of their loss; inappropriate questioning; unwanted disclosure of gender history; and fears of discrimination when accessing support. Disclosure of LGBT+ identities varied across social networks. Some participants described hiding their identities and bereavement to preserve relationships, and challenging intersections between LGBT+ identities and other aspects of culture or self. These findings provide primary evidence to support the Acceptance-Disclosure Model. Conclusions: LGBT+ people face additional stressors in bereavement. Not all LGBT+ people want to talk directly about their relationships/identities. Sensitive exploration of support needs, aligned with preferences around disclosure of identities, can help foster trust. Five recommendations for inclusive practice are presented. Further research should consider whether the Acceptance-Disclosure Model has utility to explain bereavement experiences for other isolated or disenfranchised groups.

Background: The voices of children and adolescents have historically been substituted by the perspective of adults. There is growing recognition that children (Aim: To share the strategies employed by two research teams from USA and UK, who have successfully recruited children living with parental life-limiting illness as research participants. Findings: The researchers overcame common challenges when negotiating ethics committees by anticipating the IRB/REC concerns, providing the committees with detailed applications including distress protocols, and offering resources to their ethics committee to learn about conducting research with this population. The researchers navigated recruitment and gatekeeping by clinicians and parents by partnering with clinical agencies and nurturing relationships with practitioners who are supportive of the research, offering to present the findings of the study with continuing education credits, and developing children’s, adolescents’ and parents’ project advisory groups to support recruitment, data collection and analysis. Conclusions: Simple strategies can be used to overcome barriers to recruitment, providing opportunities for children to be research participants and for their unique perspectives to be heard in palliative care research.

Background: Healthcare professionals report challenges in supporting dying patients who have dependent children. These parents are often uncertain how to meet the needs of their children and require appropriate support from professionals. There is limited evidence based guidance for professionals around this issue, which is informed by the views and experiences of children themselves. Aim: To develop an understanding of the perspective of children on living with parental life-limiting illness and inform recommendations for healthcare professionals. Design: Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted, with thematic analysis of the data. Setting/participants: A diverse sample of 32 children aged 6–17, whose parent was living with life-limiting illness, were recruited from across the United Kingdom. Results: Despite the challenges of living with a parent with a life-limiting illness, the children display agency in their response. The children: feel a responsibility to look after their family; negotiate a relationship with healthcare; employ strategies to maintain some normality; and ensure that the inevitable sadness does not become overwhelming. Conclusions: Five recommendations for healthcare professionals were developed from the findings. Clinicians should encourage dying parents to: (1) acknowledge the agency of children; (2) recognise children’s caregiving roles; (3) engender children’s trust in healthcare; (4) maintain some normality; and (5) discuss emotions with their children. Implementing these recommendations will assist parents with a life-limiting illness to provide evidence-based support to their dependent children.

Background Data suggest poorer bereavement outcomes for lesbian, gay and bisexual people, but this has not been estimated in population-based research. This study compared bereavement outcomes for partners of same-gender and different-gender decedents. Methods In this population-based, cross-sectional survey of people bereaved of a civil partner or spouse 6–10 months previously, we used adjusted logistic and linear regression to investigate outcomes of interest: (1) positive screen on Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG), (2) positive screen on General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), (3) grief intensity (ICG) and (4) psychiatric symptoms (GHQ-12). Results Among 233 same-gender partners and 329 of different-gender partners, 66.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 60.0–72.2] and 59.2% [95% CI (53.9–64.6)] respectively screened positive for complicated grief on the ICG, whilst 76.0% [95% CI (70.5–81.5)] and 69.3% [95% CI (64.3–74.3)] respectively screened positive on the GHQ-12. Same-gender bereaved partners were not significantly more likely to screen positive for complicated grief than different-gender partners [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.56, 95% CI (0.98–2.47)], p = 0.059, but same-gender bereaved partners were significantly more likely to screen for psychiatric caseness [aOR 1.67 (1.02, 2.71) p = 0.043]. We similarly found no significant association of partner gender with grief intensity [B = 1.86, 95% CI (−0.91to 4.63), p = 0.188], but significantly greater psychological distress for same-gender partners [B = 1.54, 95% CI (−0.69–2.40), p < 0.001]. Conclusions Same-gender bereaved partners report significantly more psychological distress. In view of their poorer sub-clinical mental health, clinical and bereavement services should refine screening processes to identify those at risk of poor mental health outcomes.

In this Special Issue, we present a series of articles on plurilingual approaches to teaching and learning in two Anglophone higher educational settings, the UK and Anglophone Canada. Universities ...

Background Law enforcement traffic stops are one of the most common entryways to the US justice system. Conventional frameworks suggest traffic stops promote public safety by reducing dangerous driving practices and non-vehicular crime. Law enforcement agencies have wide latitude in enforcement, including prioritization of stop types: (1) safety (e.g. moving violation) stops, (2) investigatory stops, or (3) economic (regulatory and equipment) stops. In order to prevent traffic crash fatalities and reduce racial disparities, the police department of Fayetteville, North Carolina significantly re-prioritized safety stops. Methods Annual traffic stop, motor vehicle crash, and crime data from 2002 to 2016 were combined to examine intervention (2013–2016) effects. Fayetteville was compared against synthetic control agencies built from 8 similar North Carolina agencies by weighted matching on pre-intervention period trends and comparison against post-intervention trends. Results On average over the intervention period as compared to synthetic controls, Fayetteville increased both the number of safety stops + 121% (95% confidence interval + 17%, + 318%) and the relative proportion of safety stops (+ 47%). Traffic crash and injury outcomes were reduced, including traffic fatalities − 28% (− 64%, + 43%), injurious crashes − 23% (− 49%, + 16%), and total crashes − 13% (− 48%, + 21%). Disparity measures were reduced, including Black percent of traffic stops − 7% (− 9%, − 5%) and Black vs. White traffic stop rate ratio − 21% (− 29%, − 13%). In contrast to the Ferguson Effect hypothesis, the relative de-prioritization of investigatory stops was not associated with an increase in non-traffic crime outcomes, which were reduced or unchanged, including index crimes − 10% (− 25%, + 8%) and violent crimes − 2% (− 33%, + 43%). Confidence intervals were estimated using a different technique and, given small samples, may be asymmetrical. Conclusions The re-prioritization of traffic stop types by law enforcement agencies may have positive public health consequences both for motor vehicle injury and racial disparity outcomes while having little impact on non-traffic crime.

I analyze data from a one-year study of plurilingualism across the disciplines in Canadian higher education. I focus on how instructors in different disciplines understand their students’ pluriling...

We present findings from a 1-year study of students’ plurilingualism across the disciplines in Canadian higher education. We analyze how students exercise their plurilingual competence, focusing on the use of Chinese languages as tools for learning at a university in Metro Vancouver, Canada. The following data are presented: field notes taken during classroom observations, transcripts of recordings of students using Chinese languages while working collaboratively, and semistructured interviews with students in which they discuss how they use languages for learning. We weigh the creative and instrumental use of Chinese languages as tools for learning against the dominance of academic English. We suggest that the tension between the use of Chinese languages during the process of learning and academic English for assessment underlies the ambivalence around which student participants perceive and practice plurilingualism in higher education. Nous présentons les conclusions d’une étude d’une durée d’un an sur le plurilinguisme estudiantin à travers les disciplines de l’enseignement supérieur canadien. Nous analysons la façon dont les étudiantes et étudiants exercent leur compétence plurilingue en nous concentrant sur l’utilisation de langues chinoises comme instruments d’apprentissage dans une université du district régional du Grand Vancouver au Canada. Les données suivantes sont présentées : notes prises lors d’observations en classe, transcriptions d’enregistrements d’étudiantes et étudiants communiquant en langues chinoises dans le cadre de travaux en collaboration, et entrevues semi-structurées au cours desquelles ils discutent de la façon dont ils utilisent les langues pour apprendre. Nous établissons une pondération entre l’utilisation créative et instrumentale des langues chinoises comme outils d’apprentissage et la domination de l’anglais académique. Nous suggérons que la tension qui existe entre l’utilisation des langues chinoises en cours d’apprentissage et l’utilisation de l’anglais académique pour l’évaluation souligne l’ambivalence dans laquelle baignent les perceptions et les pratiques plurilingues des étudiantes et étudiants de langues chinoises au niveau de l’enseignement supérieur.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES A lower risk of falls is commonly cited as a reason to treat hypertension conservatively in older individuals. We examined the effect of hypertension treatment and control status and measured blood pressure (BP) level on the risk of falls in older women. DESIGN/SETTING Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 5971 women (mean age 79 years; 50.4% white, 33.1% black, 16.5% Hispanic/Latina) enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative and Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health study. MEASUREMENTS BP was measured by trained nurses, and hypertension treatment was assessed by medication inventory. Participants mailed in monthly calendars to self-report falls for 1 year. RESULTS Overall, 70% of women had hypertension at baseline (53% treated and controlled, 12% treated and uncontrolled, 5% untreated). There were 2582 women (43%) who reported falls in the 1 year of surveillance. Compared with nonhypertensive women, when adjusted for fall risk factors and lower limb physical function, the incidence rate ratio (IRR) for falls was 0.82 (confidence interval [CI] = 0.74-0.92) in women with treated controlled hypertension (p = .0008) and 0.73 (CI = 0.62-0.87) in women with treated uncontrolled hypertension (p = .0004). Neither measured systolic nor diastolic BP was associated with falls in the overall cohort. In women treated with antihypertensive medication, higher diastolic BP was associated with a lower risk of falls in a model adjusted for fall risk factors (IRR = 0.993 per mm Hg; 95% CI = 0.987-1.000; p = .04). The only class of antihypertensive medication associated with an increased risk of falls compared with all other types of antihypertensive drugs was β-blockers. CONCLUSION Women in this long-term research study with treated hypertension had a lower risk of falls compared with nonhypertensive women. Diastolic BP (but not systolic BP) is weakly associated with fall risk in women on antihypertensive treatment (

This article describes the changing linguistic landscape on the North Shore of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, during the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic. I present an account of t...

Doctoral education aims to benefit those who undertake it, but does it exert a wider influence? Professional doctorates are commonly designed to have an impact beyond the individual concerned, but is this influence realised? This paper focuses on a collaborative enquiry by a group of academics and doctoral alumni from non-discipline-specific professional doctorates. The enquiry examined how the professional practice of the graduates changed as a result of their studies and what influence this had on their work and their profession. It found that there was considerable impact on the wider context of the alumni, but that these effects were due more to the capacity-building effect of the doctorate than on the particular outcomes of the study undertaken.\ud \ud Key words: doctoral education, research impact, collaborative enquiry, professional practice

The CarbonNet Project is operated by the state of Victoria, and jointly funded and managed by State and Federal governments. The Pelican storage site is situated in the shallow marine environment, between 1 to 15 km offshore from the iconic Ninety Mile Beach in Victoria, Australia. The site requires careful and diligent appraisal to demonstrate its suitability for safe and environmentally-benign permanent storage of CO2 at commercial scale. A 125 million tonne storage site has now been confirmed using new state-of-the-art high-resolution 3D seismic data covering the P90 probabilistic 3D volume of future plume travel in a wide range of scenarios and sensitivities. A new appraisal well (data well) has recently been completed, confirming pressure isolation across the main seal interval and suitable sandstone lithologies for storage, with excellent multi-layered reservoirs (up to 10 darcy permeability, over 150m net). The open-file petroleum database that is available to CarbonNet consists of over 1,500 exploration and development wells in this basin and “wall-to-wall” 3D seismic data offshore, supplemented by extensive onshore 2D seismic data. In addition, over 20,000 onshore boreholes targeting brown coal allow an excellent onshore-offshore stratigraphic correlation and detailed interpretation of depositional environments and facies geometries. The drilling and seismic acquisition were both successfully completed, and a wide range of data has been acquired which now enables detailed site characterisation to be fully completed and facilities design to commence. CarbonNet is following international codes of recommended practice for CO2 site characterization, and is working under Australian Greenhouse Gas legislation which contains detailed criteria for definition of a secure storage site - described as a Declaration of an Identified Storage Formation, and similar to a Storage Complex as understood in Europe and North America. The Storage Formation has been fully defined on the basis of pre-existing petroleum industry data. The new GHG data acquisition – well and 3D seismic – is aimed at delineating detailed reservoir and seal properties to inform the site development plan and consequent application for an Injection Licence. The topseal at the CarbonNet site is a sequence of intraformational shales with interbedded coals and minor sands/silts. These are proven by nearby hydrocarbon traps and by the pressure and salinity data from numerous local wells, including the recent appraisal well, Gular-1. A comprehensive set of conventional core and wireline log data was collected from the reservoir and overburden sections at Gular-1. This data will be used for detailed geomechanical studies to guide optimum reservoir injection of CO2. The excellent reservoirs are supported by a world-class aquifer with strong pressure buffering and dissipation capacity which will limit any local pressure increase due to injection. Aquifer performance is quantified by basin-wide pressure responses to a 60-year production history in this prolific petroleum basin. Development of the Pelican site will be linked through a multi-user hub to a potential onshore hydrogen production plant, and other industrial facilities. The CarbonNet project has commenced a commercialisation process for interested and capable industrial partners to participate in the whole project or in selected elements, including the pipeline transport system, storage site development and management, and in environmental and storage security monitoring. This shallow-water marine site offers unique monitoring challenges in terms of ecological sensitivity, operational visibility, and a high-energy marine environment. These challenges strongly affect the choices of effective monitoring technologies and the CarbonNet project has participated closely in field trials of a range of surface, water column, atmospheric, and subsurface sensing technologies in a range of projects conducted by the CSIRO, and leading Australian Universities. These projects have been commissioned and managed by ANLEC R&D.

[The CarbonNet Project is investigating the potential for a commercial scale, multi-user CCS network with geological carbon storage in the nearshore Gippsland Basin, Victoria in SE Australia. Sources of CO2 include the potential production of hydrogen from nearby Latrobe Valley coal fields by a consortium that is currently establishing a pilot project to produce and transport clean hydrogen from Victoria to Japan. CarbonNet has been investigating potential storage sites and has identified a preferred site called Pelican in the nearshore. It is a 10 km by 7 km, east-west trending structural closure with excellent injectivity and effective seals comprising laterally extensive tidal/lagoonal shales and seat earths underneath well-mapped coal beds. The process used to select the preferred site for appraisal followed international best practice, aligned to DNV GL Recommended Practice (DNV-RP-J203), and has been previously reported. CarbonNet has now acquired high quality 3D seismic data and undertaken a further range of seal and modelling studies that have confirmed the ability of the storage formation to securely and permanently store at least 125 Mt of CO2 injected at 5 Mtpa over 25 years. In order to progress to injection at the site, the Australian regulatory regime requires that it first be Declared to be an “Identified Greenhouse Gas Storage Formation”. The Regulations set out matters to be addressed including structure and faulting, reservoir, seal, geomechanics, geochemistry well integrity and plume migration. The Pelican site will represent the first site to be evaluated under Australian offshore legislation and as such, there is no precedent for the structure or degree of detail of the application although some general principles can be derived from analogous petroleum documentation. CarbonNet decided that the format of the application for a Declaration would comprise a series of technical modules each addressing a geological element of the application. A Summary Document is laid out to respond to each of the regulations in the form and sequence set out in the Regulations. The Summary Document layout suits evaluation by the regulator, while the supporting technical modules are suited to providing a coherent geological description. In order to build internal, stakeholder, and regulator confidence in the Declaration document, CarbonNet engaged a panel of international experts to review the document against regulatory requirements and international norms. Panel membership was developed with consideration of: • CO2 storage project expertise; • technical expertise (particularly seal); • research reputation; and • regulatory experience. DNV GL was engaged to additionally act as an independent chair/facilitator of the panel and to take advantage of its experience in setting standards for certification of projects. The balance of the membership, particularly their experience with existing projects, was invaluable in making an informed and credible assessment of the documentation. The panel was provided with the draft application for review with topics allocated to subject experts. Initial comments were collated by the chair/facilitator. The panel convened in Melbourne for a two-day meeting of CarbonNet presentations and panel discussion. It held a half day closed discussion to agree an assessment of the documentation. The panel’s assessment was that Pelican is a high-quality storage site compared to many other CO2 storage projects the panel had experience with. It was able to conclude that the documentation provided, and the technical work performed by the CarbonNet team, is of very high quality and, in the opinion of the panel, sufficient to meet all regulatory requirements pertaining to the Declaration for the Pelican storage formation. In particular, the seals for the site were effective to injected CO2 over relevant timescales. CarbonNet has completed a comprehensive study of the Pelican storage site over many years. CarbonNet has assessed the site to have world class reservoirs demonstrate high injectivity and nearby oil and gas fields demonstrate that the seal systems are effective. It has modelled the CO2 plume and is confident that the CO2 will remain safely and securely stored for many thousands of years. This conclusion is supported by the panel of international experts that reviewed the CarbonNet documentation. The support of the panel provides strong, independent support of CarbonNet’s position and confirms the site to compare favourably with other international CO2 storage projects. The panel report will form part of the submission to the regulator in support of its application for a Declaration of Storage at the Pelican site. It will also support the commercialisation process which commenced in late 2019.

Background: Although the death of a parent during childhood is relatively commonplace, the voices of children affected by parental life-limiting illness are under-represented in research evidence. Guidance for healthcare professionals is largely based upon professional opinion rather than the experience of children themselves. Aim: To synthesise and appraise the literature from primary research with children about their experience of having a parent with a life-limiting illness. Design: Integrative review and thematic synthesis. Registered on PROSPERO (CRD42019094581). Data sources: PsychINFO, Medline, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science were searched, supplemented by searches of grey literature and systematic reviews. There were no restrictions on publication date, and study quality was appraised using the Hawker checklist. Studies reporting the findings of primary research with participants under 18, whose parent has a life-limiting illness, were eligible for inclusion. Results: Twenty-one papers met the inclusion criteria ( n = 13 qualitative; n = 8 quantitative), reporting on n = 18 studies from high-income countries. Findings reveal that throughout parental life-limiting illness, children strive for agency, but are often shielded and excluded by adults. The experience of living with a dying parent is emotionally demanding for children and involves significant caregiving responsibilities. However these children are not passive, developing strategies to cope with the situation and wanting to be involved. Conclusions: The review has enabled the voices of children affected by parental life-limiting illness to be heard and will inform the development of guidance for parents and professionals.

By Dr Steve Marshall, Professor Andrew Rowland, Susan Higgins, Christina Woods, Lisa Jones, Professor Sandeep Ranote, Dr Iain Lawrie and Fiona Murphy

Deaths due to COVID-19 are associated with risk factors which can lead to prolonged grief disorder, post-traumatic stress, and other poor bereavement outcomes among relatives, as well as moral injury and distress in frontline staff. Here we review relevant research evidence and provide evidence-based recommendations and resources for hospital clinicians to mitigate poor bereavement outcomes and support staff. For relatives, bereavement risk factors include dying in an intensive care unit, severe breathlessness, patient isolation or restricted access, significant patient and family emotional distress, and disruption to relatives' social support networks. Recommendations include advance care planning; proactive, sensitive, and regular communication with family members alongside accurate information provision; enabling family members to say goodbye in person where possible; supporting virtual communication; providing excellent symptom management and emotional and spiritual support; and providing and/or sign-posting to bereavement services. To mitigate effects of this emotionally challenging work on staff, we recommend an organizational and systemic approach which includes access to informal and professional support.

In this chapter, I analyze data from a one-year ethnographic study of plurilingualism as an asset for learning across the disciplines at West Coast University in Metro Vancouver, Canada. I discuss the extent to which the concepts of plurilingualism and plurilingual pedagogy fit into multiple contexts at the university, and look for factors that allow for or negate the embracing of languages other than English as tools for learning. I begin by reviewing data from previous studies I have carried out in which I analyzed the multi/plurilingual practices of students taking first-year academic literacy courses at institutions in the city, illustrating students’ rich and varied uses of multiple languages in and around their learning. I then consider the applicability of key aspects of plurilingual pedagogy – most notably, the embracing of multiple languages as assets for learning – in three Applied Sciences classes, one technical and two focused on writing. I found that when the learning context changed, in particular the content and purpose of courses, so too did the applicability of plurilingual pedagogy. I conclude by suggesting that advocates of plurilingual practices in education need to respect differences, tread carefully, avoid idealization, and look for nuanced representations of plurilingualism in their collaborations with colleagues across the disciplines as they aim to help students to succeed academically.

As the need to address climate change grows more urgent, policymakers, businesses, and others are seeking innovative approaches to remove carbon dioxide emissions from the atmosphere and decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors. Forests can play a role in reducing atmospheric carbon. However, there is disagreement over whether forests are most effective in reducing carbon emissions when left alone versus managed for sustainable harvesting and wood product production. Cross-laminated timber is at the forefront of the mass timber movement, which is enabling designers, engineers, and other stakeholders to build taller wood buildings. Several recent studies have shown that substituting mass timber for steel and concrete in mid-rise buildings can reduce the emissions associated with manufacturing, transporting, and installing building materials by 13%-26.5%. However, the prospect of increased utilization of wood products as a climate solution also raises questions about the impact of increased demand for wood on forest carbon stocks, on forest condition, and on the provision of the many other critical social and environmental benefits that healthy forests can provide. A holistic assessment of the total climate impact of forest product demand across product substitution, carbon storage in materials, current and future forest carbon stock, and forest area and condition is challenging, but it is important to understand the impact of increased mass timber utilization on forests and climate, and therefore also on which safeguards might be necessary to ensure positive outcomes. To thus assess the potential impacts, both positive and negative, of greater mass timber utilization on forests ecosystems and emissions associated with the built environment, The Nature Conservancy (TNC) initiated a global mass timber impact assessment (GMTIA), a five-part, highly collaborative research program focused on understanding the potential benefits and risks of increased demand for mass timber products on forests and identifying appropriate safeguards to ensure positive outcomes.

In this article, we attempt to bring new analytic lenses (Canadian, European, from applied linguistics and sociolinguistics) to the fields of composition and second language writing in North America. Specifically, we focus on the challenges that linguistic diversity poses to instructors teaching Writing Intensive (WI) classes at West Coast University (WCU) in Vancouver, Canada. First, we highlight aspects of the rich and varied multi-/plurilingualism of students at the university. We then look at how writing to learn, a cornerstone of Writing Intensive Learning, can present particular challenges to multilingual students who write in English as an additional language and who may lack the necessary proficiency in academic literacy to learn through writing. We present excerpts from interviews with eight WI instructors from different disciplines at the university, in which they describe their understandings of multilingualism, pedagogical responses to linguistic diversity in their classes, and perceptions of their roles as WI instructors. In their responses, participants described a number of pedagogical dilemmas, conceptual binaries, and conflicting professional identities. In our conclusion, we highlight an institutional backdrop that challenges the professional identities of WI instructors, and close by considering the implications of our findings at institutional level and in the writing-intensive classroom.

Purpose Although the UK has pioneered the development of specialist adolescent cancer units, the majority of teenagers and young adults (TYAs) continue to be treated at their local hospital or at a cancer centre alongside adults of all ages. This study aimed to elicit young people's views on this experience of having cancer treatment in an adult setting. Methods Seventeen participants who had been treated for cancer in an adult hospital between the ages of 15 and 24 were recruited via cancer charities and social media. Telephone interviews were conducted with the participants and the resulting data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results Already feeling out of sync as a TYA with cancer, participants felt out of place in the adult setting. Four factors contributed to this negative experience: a lack of affinity with older patients; the challenging issues in the adult setting; the absence of empathy towards TYAs by staff; and the unsuitability of the environment for adolescents. Conclusion Staff working with TYAs with cancer in the adult setting should be aware of the potentially detrimental impact of this environment on this cohort of patients, and consider ways of adapting and modifying their approach.

This article describes the use of linguistic landscaping as a pedagogical resource [Sayer, Peter. 2010. “Using the Linguistic Landscape as a Pedagogical Resource.” ELT Journal 64 (2): 143–154] for ...

Future CO 2 storage projects will require Monitoring and Verification (M&V) operations at the CO 2 storage site to understand the behavior of the CO 2 plume, including the assurance that leakage of the CO 2 has not occurred. Current surface based monitoring technologies may be unable to yield sufficient resolution or accuracy. CO2CRC, in conjunction with its Australian partners, is developing the Otway Stage 3 Project to identify and validate sub-surface monitoring techniques and configurations as a key element of a risk-based M&V program in large scale CCS projects. Subsurface monitoring approaches will be tested on a plume of CO 2 from an array of monitoring wells. Primary monitoring methods will be pressure tomography and downhole seismic, although other modalities (gravity, electromagnetic) are also being considered.

Roberge defines the 1.5 Generation as “those who immigrate as young children and have life experiences that span two or more countries, cultures and languages” (2009, p. 4). In US and Canadian higher education, the term has gained considerable recognition, with the scope of the term broadening among some educators to include bi/multilingual students in general. In this article, we present selected data on students of Chinese ethnicity (322 survey respondents and three interviewees) from a broader two-year study of the languages, literacies, and identities of multilingual undergraduate students in Vancouver, where, in the 2011 census, one in five of the people living in the city reported being of Chinese ethnicity (Statistics Canada, 2011). Our aim was to analyze how key social, cultural, and linguistic defining features of the term Generation 1.5 that we found in the literature were represented in participants’ survey and interview responses to open questions about their languages and identities. Five themes emerged: (a) being foreign-born and finishing secondary school in Canada, (b) being an international student, (c) being somewhere in between here and there, (d) (in)competence and language use, and (e) perceiving deficit in cultural knowledge. Participants’ responses illustrated complex, transnational interweavings of languages, identities, and literacies around these five themes, leading us to question our institutional use of the homogeneous term Generation 1.5 to describe a heterogeneous group of multilingual, transnational students of Chinese ethnicity.

Palliative care professes to take a family-centred approach to patient care.1 However, children under 18 may not feel included when a parent is being cared for in a hospice.2 A systematic literature review of PsychINFO, Medline, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science was conducted, with no restriction on publication date. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria, all reporting primary data from children under 18, whose parent has a life-limiting illness. Findings from the review reveal that: Children and young people often feel excluded when a parent is dying. Communication about prognosis does not routinely happen with children. For children, the terminal period is generally more stressful than after the death. There are discrepancies between the support children would like from professionals and The support they typically receive. Recommendations highlighted by the review: Regular training for all hospice staff in relation to working with children – including recognition of how parental illness may affect children, the importance of communication, and children’s understanding of death at different ages. Consideration of how children can be more routinely involved, for example inclusion in family meetings. Encouraging staff to explore patients’ wishes and feelings in relation to their children. Consideration of whether the hospice environment is ‘child–friendly’. Flexibility around working hours – children are often ‘invisible’ and visit parents in the evening and at weekends. Consideration of creative methods of including children, perhaps by using technology. Hospices are encouraged to consider these recommendations and promote a model of family-centred care which includes children under 18.

Recent decades have witnessed intense research efforts aimed at developing new homogeneous olefin polymerization catalysts, with a primary focus on metal-Cl or metal-hydrocarbyl precursors. Curiously, metal-NR2 precursors have received far less attention. In this contribution, the Zr-amido complex FI2ZrX2 (FI = 2,4-di- tert-butyl-6-((isobutylimino)methyl)phenolate, X = NMe2) is found to exhibit high ethylene polymerization activity and relatively high 1-octene coenchainment selectivity (up to 7.2 mol%) after sequential activation with trimethylaluminum, then Ph3C+B(C6F5)4-. In sharp contrast, catalysts with traditional hydrocarbyl ligands such as benzyl and methyl give low 1-octene incorporation (0-1.0 mol%). This unexpected selectivity persists under scaled/industrial operating conditions and was previously inaccessible with traditional metal-Cl or -hydrocarbyl precursors. NMR, X-ray diffraction, and catalytic control experiments indicate that in this case an FI ligand is abstracted from FI2Zr(NMe2)2 by trimethylaluminum in the activation process to yield a catalytically active cationic mono-FIZr species. Heretofore this process was believed to serve only as a major catalyst deactivation pathway to be avoided. This work demonstrates the importance of investigating diverse precatalyst monodentate σ-ligands in developing new catalyst systems, especially for group 4 olefin polymerization catalysts.

The design and operating philosophy for naval vessels is driven by necessity of strategic capability, including the capability to deploy at any time to any location. A key enabler for this capability is the hydrodynamic stability of the vessel. The Naval Stability Standards Working Group, in conjunction with the Co-operative Research Navies Dynamic Stability Project, have been working to develop a clear understanding of the limitations and range of applicability of stability criteria and methods of assessing dynamic stability. They have investigated the relationship between GZ and form parameters and the probability of capsize, and have performed studies into the nature of the control variables used and the collinearity of the ship specific assessment parameters. This work will lead to a set of rational criteria for the stability of naval frigates, with a future expansion of the methods to other types of naval platforms.

The CO2CRC Otway Project “Stage 3” is planned to be an injection of between 15,000 and 30,000 tonnes, to be carried out at the Otway site in South Western Victoria, Australia. The objective of the project is to test unobtrusive, continuous monitoring methods that would operate with a small environmental footprint and limited impact on other land use activities such as farming. Progress since GHGT13 falls into three broad areas; reservoir characterisation, dynamic modelling, and feasibility and design of the monitoring methods. The appraisal well CRC-3 was successfully drilled and a wide range of core and log data was collected. While only 600-700 metres from existing logged wells, it was crucial to confirm that the injection concept was feasible and that the plume would migrate towards the proposed monitoring wells. In addition, injection tests were performed that confirmed pressure continuity to the existing wells. As there are many small faults in the area this was an important outcome. The geological and dynamical models for the experiment have been updated with the data from CRC-3; and model predictions have benefited from the ongoing performance history match to the stage 2C time-lapse seismic monitoring experiment. Currently the Stage 3 project is in its Define phase, having completed its Opportunity Definition and Evaluate phases. By the time of GHGT14 we expect to be commencing the Execution phase, with designs finalised and the drilling programme imminent.

Today, scholars and students face an array of lingualisms: bilingualism, multilingualism, polylingualism, metrolingualism plurilingualism, codeswitching, codemeshing, and translanguaging, among others. Plurilingualism can be understood as the study of individuals’ repertoires and agency in several languages, in different contexts, in which the individual is the locus and actor of contact; accordingly, a person’s languages and cultures interrelate and change over time, depending on individual biographies, social trajectories, and life paths. The term ‘plurilingual competence’ adds emphasis on learners’ agency, and constraints and opportunities in educational contexts. We discuss where and how plurilingualism fits among the other lingualisms, its similarities and differences, with an example of plurilingual pedagogy and practice from a university in Vancouver, Canada. In doing so, we challenge three common critiques of/misconceptions about plurilingualism: (i) that it is based on an invalid static b...