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1. A process evaluation of a peer education project to improve mental health literacy in secondary school students: study protocol

Author

Emily Widnall, Steve Dodd, Ruth Simmonds, Helen Bohan, Abigail Russell, Mark Limmer, and Judi Kidger

Subjects
Mental health, Peer education, Schools, Adolescents, Process evaluation, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background Emotional disorders in young people are increasing but studies have found that this age group do not always recognise the signs and symptoms of mental health problems in themselves or others. The Mental Health Foundation’s school-based Peer Education Project (PEP) has the potential to improve young people’s understanding of their own mental health at a critical developmental stage (early adolescence) using a peer teaching method. This study is a process evaluation to understand: the mechanisms through which PEP might improve young people’s mental health literacy, any challenges with delivery, how the project can be embedded within wider school life and how it can be improved to be of most benefit to the widest number of young people. We will also validate a bespoke mental health literacy questionnaire, and test the feasibility of using it to measure outcomes in preparation for a future study evaluating effectiveness. Methods All schools recruited to the study will receive the PEP intervention. The process evaluation will be informed by realist evaluation approaches to build understanding regarding key mechanisms of change and the impact of different school contexts. The evaluation will test and revise an existing intervention logic model which has been developed in partnership with the Mental Health Foundation. Process evaluation data will be collected from newly recruited schools (n = 4) as well as current PEP user schools (n = 2) including training and lesson delivery observations, staff interviews and student focus groups. Baseline and follow-up data will be collected in all newly recruited intervention schools (n = 4) from all students in Year 7/8 (who receive the PEP) and recruited peer educators in Year 12 via a self-report survey. Discussion This study will enable us to refine the logic model underpinning the peer education project and identify areas of the intervention that can be improved. Findings will also inform the design of a future effectiveness study which will test out the extent to which PEP improves mental health literacy.

Published
2021
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2. Early detection of cerebrovascular pathology and protective antiviral immunity by MRI

Author

Li Liu, Steve Dodd, Ryan D Hunt, Nikorn Pothayee, Tatjana Atanasijevic, Nadia Bouraoud, Dragan Maric, E Ashley Moseman, Selamawit Gossa, Dorian B McGavern, and Alan P Koretsky

Subjects
MRI cell tracking, antiviral CD8 T cells, microbleeds, brain viral infection, cerebrovascular pathology, single cell imaging, Medicine, Science, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Central nervous system (CNS) infections are a major cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Even patients that survive, CNS infections can have lasting neurological dysfunction resulting from immune and pathogen induced pathology. Developing approaches to noninvasively track pathology and immunity in the infected CNS is crucial for patient management and development of new therapeutics. Here, we develop novel MRI-based approaches to monitor virus-specific CD8+ T cells and their relationship to cerebrovascular pathology in the living brain. We studied a relevant murine model in which a neurotropic virus (vesicular stomatitis virus) was introduced intranasally and then entered the brain via olfactory sensory neurons – a route exploited by many pathogens in humans. Using T2*-weighted high-resolution MRI, we identified small cerebral microbleeds as an early form of pathology associated with viral entry into the brain. Mechanistically, these microbleeds occurred in the absence of peripheral immune cells and were associated with infection of vascular endothelial cells. We monitored the adaptive response to this infection by developing methods to iron label and track individual virus specific CD8+ T cells by MRI. Transferred antiviral T cells were detected in the brain within a day of infection and were able to reduce cerebral microbleeds. These data demonstrate the utility of MRI in detecting the earliest pathological events in the virally infected CNS as well as the therapeutic potential of antiviral T cells in mitigating this pathology.

Published
2022
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4. Stratified analyses refine association between TLR7 rare variants and severe COVID-19

Author

Jannik Boos, Caspar I. van der Made, Gayatri Ramakrishnan, Eamon Coughlan, Rosanna Asselta, Britt-Sabina Löscher, Luca V.C. Valenti, Rafael de Cid, Luis Bujanda, Antonio Julià, Erola Pairo-Castineira, J. Kenneth Baillie, Sandra May, Berina Zametica, Julia Heggemann, Agustín Albillos, Jesus M. Banales, Jordi Barretina, Natalia Blay, Paolo Bonfanti, Maria Buti, Javier Fernandez, Sara Marsal, Daniele Prati, Luisa Ronzoni, Nicoletta Sacchi, Joachim L. Schultze, Olaf Riess, Andre Franke, Konrad Rawlik, David Ellinghaus, Alexander Hoischen, Axel Schmidt, Kerstin U. Ludwig, Valeria Rimoldi, Elvezia M. Paraboschi, Alessandra Bandera, Flora Peyvandi, Giacomo Grasselli, Francesco Blasi, Francesco Malvestiti, Serena Pelusi, Cristiana Bianco, Lorenzo Miano, Angela Lombardi, Pietro Invernizzi, Alessio Gerussi, Giuseppe Citerio, Andrea Biondi, Maria Grazia Valsecchi, Marina Elena Cazzaniga, Giuseppe Foti, Ilaria Beretta, Mariella D'Angiò, Laura Rachele Bettini, Xavier Farré, Susana Iraola-Guzmán, Manolis Kogevinas, Gemma Castaño-Vinyals, Koldo Garcia-Etxebarria, Beatriz Nafria, Mauro D'Amato, Adriana Palom, Colin Begg, Sara Clohisey, Charles Hinds, Peter Horby, Julian Knight, Lowell Ling, David Maslove, Danny McAuley, Johnny Millar, Hugh Montgomery, Alistair Nichol, Peter J.M. Openshaw, Alexandre C. Pereira, Chris P. Ponting, Kathy Rowan, Malcolm G. Semple, Manu Shankar-Hari, Charlotte Summers, Timothy Walsh, Latha Aravindan, Ruth Armstrong, Heather Biggs, Ceilia Boz, Adam Brown, Richard Clark, Audrey Coutts, Judy Coyle, Louise Cullum, Sukamal Das, Nicky Day, Lorna Donnelly, Esther Duncan, Angie Fawkes, Paul Fineran, Max Head Fourman, Anita Furlong, James Furniss, Bernadette Gallagher, Tammy Gilchrist, Ailsa Golightly, Fiona Griffiths, Katarzyna Hafezi, Debbie Hamilton, Ross Hendry, Andy Law, Dawn Law, Rachel Law, Sarah Law, Rebecca Lidstone-Scott, Louise Macgillivray, Alan Maclean, Hanning Mal, Sarah McCafferty, Ellie Mcmaster, Jen Meikle, Shona C. Moore, Kirstie Morrice, Lee Murphy, Sheena Murphy, Mybaya Hellen, Wilna Oosthuyzen, Chenqing Zheng, Jiantao Chen, Nick Parkinson, Trevor Paterson, Katherine Schon, Andrew Stenhouse, Mihaela Das, Maaike Swets, Helen Szoor-McElhinney, Filip Taneski, Lance Turtle, Tony Wackett, Mairi Ward, Jane Weaver, Nicola Wrobel, Marie Zechner, Gill Arbane, Aneta Bociek, Sara Campos, Neus Grau, Tim Owen Jones, Rosario Lim, Martina Marotti, Marlies Ostermann, Christopher Whitton, Zoe Alldis, Raine Astin-Chamberlain, Fatima Bibi, Jack Biddle, Sarah Blow, Matthew Bolton, Catherine Borra, Ruth Bowles, Maudrian Burton, Yasmin Choudhury, David Collier, Amber Cox, Amy Easthope, Patrizia Ebano, Stavros Fotiadis, Jana Gurasashvili, Rosslyn Halls, Pippa Hartridge, Delordson Kallon, Jamila Kassam, Ivone Lancoma-Malcolm, Maninderpal Matharu, Peter May, Oliver Mitchelmore, Tabitha Newman, Mital Patel, Jane Pheby, Irene Pinzuti, Zoe Prime, Oleksandra Prysyazhna, Julian Shiel, Melanie Taylor, Carey Tierney, Suzanne Wood, Anne Zak, Olivier Zongo, Stephen Bonner, Keith Hugill, Jessica Jones, Steven Liggett, Evie Headlam, Nageswar Bandla, Minnie Gellamucho, Michelle Davies, Christopher Thompson, Marwa Abdelrazik, Dhanalakshmi Bakthavatsalam, Munzir Elhassan, Arunkumar Ganesan, Anne Haldeos, Jeronimo Moreno-Cuesta, Dharam Purohit, Rachel Vincent, Kugan Xavier, Kumar Rohit, Frater Alasdair, Malik Saleem, Carter David, Jenkins Samuel, Zoe Lamond, Wall Alanna, Jaime Fernandez-Roman, David O. Hamilton, Emily Johnson, Brian Johnston, Maria Lopez Martinez, Suleman Mulla, David Shaw, Alicia A.C. Waite, Victoria Waugh, Ingeborg D. Welters, Karen Williams, Anna Cavazza, Maeve Cockrell, Eleanor Corcoran, Maria Depante, Clare Finney, Ellen Jerome, Mark McPhail, Monalisa Nayak, Harriet Noble, Kevin O'Reilly, Evita Pappa, Rohit Saha, Sian Saha, John Smith, Abigail Knighton, David Antcliffe, Dorota Banach, Stephen Brett, Phoebe Coghlan, Ziortza Fernandez, Anthony Gordon, Roceld Rojo, Sonia Sousa Arias, Maie Templeton, Megan Meredith, Lucy Morris, Lucy Ryan, Amy Clark, Julia Sampson, Cecilia Peters, Martin Dent, Margaret Langley, Saima Ashraf, Shuying Wei, Angela Andrew, Archana Bashyal, Neil Davidson, Paula Hutton, Stuart McKechnie, Jean Wilson, David Baptista, Rebecca Crowe, Rita Fernandes, Rosaleen Herdman-Grant, Anna Joseph, Denise O'Connor, Meryem Allen, Adam Loveridge, India McKenley, Eriko Morino, Andres Naranjo, Richard Simms, Kathryn Sollesta, Andrew Swain, Harish Venkatesh, Jacyntha Khera, Jonathan Fox, Gillian Andrew, Lucy Barclay, Marie Callaghan, Rachael Campbell, Sarah Clark, Dave Hope, Lucy Marshall, Corrienne McCulloch, Kate Briton, Jo Singleton, Sohphie Birch, Lutece Brimfield, Zoe Daly, David Pogson, Steve Rose, Ceri Battle, Elaine Brinkworth, Rachel Harford, Carl Murphy, Luke Newey, Tabitha Rees, Marie Williams, Sophie Arnold, Petra Polgarova, Katerina Stroud, Eoghan Meaney, Megan Jones, Anthony Ng, Shruti Agrawal, Nazima Pathan, Deborah White, Esther Daubney, Kay Elston, Lina Grauslyte, Musarat Hussain, Mandeep Phull, Tatiana Pogreban, Lace Rosaroso, Erika Salciute, George Franke, Joanna Wong, Aparna George, Laura Ortiz-Ruiz de Gordoa, Emily Peasgood, Claire Phillips, Michelle Bates, Jo Dasgin, Jaspret Gill, Annette Nilsson, James Scriven, Carlos Castro Delgado, Deborah Dawson, Lijun Ding, Georgia Durrant, Obiageri Ezeobu, Sarah Farnell-Ward, Abiola Harrison, Rebecca Kanu, Susannah Leaver, Elena Maccacari, Soumendu Manna, Romina Pepermans Saluzzio, Joana Queiroz, Tinashe Samakomva, Christine Sicat, Joana Texeira, Edna Fernandes Da Gloria, Ana Lisboa, John Rawlins, Jisha Mathew, Ashley Kinch, William James Hurt, Nirav Shah, Victoria Clark, Maria Thanasi, Nikki Yun, Kamal Patel, Sara Bennett, Emma Goodwin, Matthew Jackson, Alissa Kent, Clare Tibke, Wiesia Woodyatt, Ahmed Zaki, Azmerelda Abraheem, Peter Bamford, Kathryn Cawley, Charlie Dunmore, Maria Faulkner, Rumanah Girach, Helen Jeffrey, Rhianna Jones, Emily London, Imrun Nagra, Farah Nasir, Hannah Sainsbury, Clare Smedley, Tahera Patel, Matthew Smith, Srikanth Chukkambotla, Aayesha Kazi, Janice Hartley, Joseph Dykes, Muhammad Hijazi, Sarah Keith, Meherunnisa Khan, Janet Ryan-Smith, Philippa Springle, Jacqueline Thomas, Nick Truman, Samuel Saad, Dabheoc Coleman, Christopher Fine, Roseanna Matt, Bethan Gay, Jack Dalziel, Syamlan Ali, Drew Goodchild, Rhiannan Harling, Ravi Bhatterjee, Wendy Goddard, Chloe Davison, Stephen Duberly, Jeanette Hargreaves, Rachel Bolton, Miriam Davey, David Golden, Rebecca Seaman, Shiney Cherian, Sean Cutler, Anne Emma Heron, Anna Roynon-Reed, Tamas Szakmany, Gemma Williams, Owen Richards, Yusuf Cheema, Hollie Brooke, Sarah Buckley, Jose Cebrian Suarez, Ruth Charlesworth, Karen Hansson, John Norris, Alice Poole, Alastair Rose, Rajdeep Sandhu, Brendan Sloan, Elizabeth Smithson, Muthu Thirumaran, Veronica Wagstaff, Alexandra Metcalfe, Mark Brunton, Jess Caterson, Holly Coles, Matthew Frise, Sabi Gurung Rai, Nicola Jacques, Liza Keating, Emma Tilney, Shauna Bartley, Parminder Bhuie, Sian Gibson, Amanda Lyle, Fiona McNeela, Jayachandran Radhakrishnan, Alistair Hughes, Bryan Yates, Jessica Reynolds, Helen Campbell, Maria Thompsom, Steve Dodds, Stacey Duffy, Sandra Greer, Karen Shuker, Ascanio Tridente, Reena Khade, Ashok Sundar, George Tsinaslanidis, Isobel Birkinshaw, Joseph Carter, Kate Howard, Joanne Ingham, Rosie Joy, Harriet Pearson, Samantha Roche, Zoe Scott, Hollie Bancroft, Mary Bellamy, Margaret Carmody, Jacqueline Daglish, Faye Moore, Joanne Rhodes, Mirriam Sangombe, Salma Kadiri, Maria Croft, Ian White, Victoria Frost, Maia Aquino, Rajeev Jha, Vinodh Krishnamurthy, Lai Lim, Li Lim, Edward Combes, Teishel Joefield, Sonja Monnery, Valerie Beech, Sallyanne Trotman, Christine Almaden-Boyle, Pauline Austin, Louise Cabrelli, Stephen Cole, Matt Casey, Susan Chapman, Clare Whyte, Yolanda Baird, Aaron Butler, Indra Chadbourn, Linda Folkes, Heather Fox, Amy Gardner, Raquel Gomez, Gillian Hobden, Luke Hodgson, Kirsten King, Michael Margarson, Tim Martindale, Emma Meadows, Dana Raynard, Yvette Thirlwall, David Helm, Jordi Margalef, Kristine Criste, Rebecca Cusack, Kim Golder, Hannah Golding, Oliver Jones, Samantha Leggett, Michelle Male, Martyna Marani, Kirsty Prager, Toran Williams, Belinda Roberts, Karen Salmon, Peter Anderson, Katie Archer, Karen Austin, Caroline Davis, Alison Durie, Olivia Kelsall, Jessica Thrush, Charlie Vigurs, Laura Wild, Hannah-Louise Wood, Helen Tranter, Alison Harrison, Nicholas Cowley, Michael McAlindon, Andrew Burtenshaw, Stephen Digby, Emma Low, Aled Morgan, Naiara Cother, Tobias Rankin, Sarah Clayton, Alex McCurdy, Cecilia Ahmed, Balvinder Baines, Sarah Clamp, Julie Colley, Risna Haq, Anne Hayes, Jonathan Hulme, Samia Hussain, Sibet Joseph, Rita Kumar, Zahira Maqsood, Manjit Purewal, Leonie Benham, Zena Bradshaw, Joanna Brown, Melanie Caswell, Jason Cupitt, Sarah Melling, Stephen Preston, Nicola Slawson, Emma Stoddard, Scott Warden, Bethan Deacon, Ceri Lynch, Carla Pothecary, Lisa Roche, Gwenllian Sera Howe, Jayaprakash Singh, Keri Turner, Hannah Ellis, Natalie Stroud, Jodie Hunt, Joy Dearden, Emma Dobson, Andy Drummond, Michelle Mulcahy, Sheila Munt, Grainne O'Connor, Jennifer Philbin, Chloe Rishton, Redmond Tully, Sarah Winnard, Susanne Cathcart, Katharine Duffy, Alex Puxty, Kathryn Puxty, Lynne Turner, Jane Ireland, Gary Semple, Kate Long, Simon Whiteley, Elizabeth Wilby, Bethan Ogg, Amanda Cowton, Andrea Kay, Melanie Kent, Kathryn Potts, Ami Wilkinson, Suzanne Campbell, Ellen Brown, Julie Melville, Jay Naisbitt, Rosane Joseph, Maria Lazo, Olivia Walton, Alan Neal, Peter Alexander, Schvearn Allen, Joanne Bradley-Potts, Craig Brantwood, Jasmine Egan, Timothy Felton, Grace Padden, Luke Ward, Stuart Moss, Susannah Glasgow, Lynn Abel, Michael Brett, Brian Digby, Lisa Gemmell, James Hornsby, Patrick MacGoey, Pauline O'Neil, Richard Price, Natalie Rodden, Kevin Rooney, Radha Sundaram, Nicola Thomson, Bridget Hopkins, Laura Thrasyvoulou, Heather Willis, Martyn Clark, Martina Coulding, Edward Jude, Jacqueline McCormick, Oliver Mercer, Darsh Potla, Hafiz Rehman, Heather Savill, Victoria Turner, Charlotte Downes, Kathleen Holding, Katie Riches, Mary Hilton, Mel Hayman, Deepak Subramanian, Priya Daniel, Oluronke Adanini, Nikhil Bhatia, Maines Msiska, Rebecca Collins, Ian Clement, Bijal Patel, A. Gulati, Carole Hays, K. Webster, Anne Hudson, Andrea Webster, Elaine Stephenson, Louise McCormack, Victoria Slater, Rachel Nixon, Helen Hanson, Maggie Fearby, Sinead Kelly, Victoria Bridgett, Philip Robinson, Julie Camsooksai, Charlotte Humphrey, Sarah Jenkins, Henrik Reschreiter, Beverley Wadams, Yasmin Death, Victoria Bastion, Daphene Clarke, Beena David, Harriet Kent, Rachel Lorusso, Gamu Lubimbi, Sophie Murdoch, Melchizedek Penacerrada, Alastair Thomas, Jennifer Valentine, Ana Vochin, Retno Wulandari, Brice Djeugam, Gillian Bell, Katy English, Amro Katary, Louise Wilcox, Michelle Bruce, Karen Connolly, Tracy Duncan, Helen T-Michael, Gabriella Lindergard, Samuel Hey, Claire Fox, Jordan Alfonso, Laura Jayne Durrans, Jacinta Guerin, Bethan Blackledge, Jade Harris, Martin Hruska, Ayaa Eltayeb, Thomas Lamb, Tracey Hodgkiss, Lisa Cooper, Joanne Rothwell, Angela Allan, Felicity Anderson, Callum Kaye, Jade Liew, Jasmine Medhora, Teresa Scott, Erin Trumper, Adriana Botello, Liana Lankester, Nikitas Nikitas, Colin Wells, Bethan Stowe, Kayleigh Spencer, Craig Brandwood, Lara Smith, Katie Birchall, Laurel Kolakaluri, Deborah Baines, Anila Sukumaran, Elena Apetri, Cathrine Basikolo, Laura Catlow, Bethan Charles, Paul Dark, Reece Doonan, Alice Harvey, Daniel Horner, Karen Knowles, Stephanie Lee, Diane Lomas, Chloe Lyons, Tracy Marsden, Danielle McLaughlan, Liam McMorrow, Jessica Pendlebury, Jane Perez, Maria Poulaka, Nicola Proudfoot, Melanie Slaughter, Kathryn Slevin, Vicky Thomas, Danielle Walker, Angiy Michael, Matthew Collis, Tracey Cosier, Gemma Millen, Neil Richardson, Natasha Schumacher, Heather Weston, James Rand, Nicola Baxter, Steven Henderson, Sophie Kennedy-Hay, Christopher McParland, Laura Rooney, Malcolm Sim, Gordan McCreath, Louise Akeroyd, Shereen Bano, Matt Bromley, Lucy Gurr, Tom Lawton, James Morgan, Kirsten Sellick, Deborah Warren, Brian Wilkinson, Janet McGowan, Camilla Ledgard, Amelia Stacey, Kate Pye, Ruth Bellwood, Michael Bentley, Jeremy Bewley, Zoe Garland, Lisa Grimmer, Bethany Gumbrill, Rebekah Johnson, Katie Sweet, Denise Webster, Georgia Efford, Karen Convery, Deirdre Fottrell-Gould, Lisa Hudig, Jocelyn Keshet-Price, Georgina Randell, Katie Stammers, Maria Bokhari, Vanessa Linnett, Rachael Lucas, Wendy McCormick, Jenny Ritzema, Amanda Sanderson, Helen Wild, Anthony Rostron, Alistair Roy, Lindsey Woods, Sarah Cornell, Fiona Wakinshaw, Kimberley Rogerson, Jordan Jarmain, Robert Parker, Amie Reddy, Ian Turner-Bone, Laura Wilding, Peter Harding, Caroline Abernathy, Louise Foster, Andrew Gratrix, Vicky Martinson, Priyai Parkinson, Elizabeth Stones, Llucia Carbral-Ortega, Georgia Bercades, David Brealey, Ingrid Hass, Niall MacCallum, Gladys Martir, Eamon Raith, Anna Reyes, Deborah Smyth, Letizia Zitter, Sarah Benyon, Suzie Marriott, Linda Park, Samantha Keenan, Elizabeth Gordon, Helen Quinn, Kizzy Baines, Lenka Cagova, Adama Fofano, Lucie Garner, Helen Holcombe, Sue Mepham, Alice Michael Mitchell, Lucy Mwaura, Krithivasan Praman, Alain Vuylsteke, Julie Zamikula, Bally Purewal, Vanessa Rivers, Stephanie Bell, Hayley Blakemore, Borislava Borislavova, Beverley Faulkner, Emma Gendall, Elizabeth Goff, Kati Hayes, Matt Thomas, Ruth Worner, Kerry Smith, Deanna Stephens, Louise Mew, Esther Mwaura, Richard Stewart, Felicity Williams, Lynn Wren, Sara-Beth Sutherland, Emily Bevan, Jane Martin, Dawn Trodd, Geoff Watson, Caroline Wrey Brown, Amy Collins, Waqas Khaliq, Estefania Treus Gude, Olugbenga Akinkugbe, Alasdair Bamford, Emily Beech, Holly Belfield, Michael Bell, Charlene Davies, Gareth A.L. Jones, Tara McHugh, Hamza Meghari, Lauran O'Neill, Mark J. Peters, Samiran Ray, Ana Luisa Tomas, Iona Burn, Geraldine Hambrook, Katarina Manso, Ruth Penn, Pradeep Shanmugasundaram, Julie Tebbutt, Danielle Thornton, Jade Cole, Rhys Davies, Donna Duffin, Helen Hill, Ben Player, Emma Thomas, Angharad Williams, Denise Griffin, Nycola Muchenje, Mcdonald Mupudzi, Richard Partridge, Jo-Anna Conyngham, Rachel Thomas, Mary Wright, Maria Alvarez Corral, Reni Jacob, Cathy Jones, Craig Denmade, Sarah Beavis, Katie Dale, Rachel Gascoyne, Joanne Hawes, Kelly Pritchard, Lesley Stevenson, Amanda Whileman, Patricia Doble, Joanne Hutter, Corinne Pawley, Charmaine Shovelton, Marius Vaida, Deborah Butcher, Susie O'Sullivan, Nicola Butterworth-Cowin, Norfaizan Ahmad, Joann Barker, Kris Bauchmuller, Sarah Bird, Kay Cawthron, Kate Harrington, Yvonne Jackson, Faith Kibutu, Becky Lenagh, Shamiso Masuko, Gary H. Mills, Ajay Raithatha, Matthew Wiles, Jayne Willson, Helen Newell, Alison Lye, Lorenza Nwafor, Claire Jarman, Sarah Rowland-Jones, David Foote, Joby Cole, Roger Thompson, James Watson, Lisa Hesseldon, Irene Macharia, Luke Chetam, Jacqui Smith, Amber Ford, Samantha Anderson, Kathryn Birchall, Kay Housley, Sara Walker, Leanne Milner, Helena Hanratty, Helen Trower, Patrick Phillips, Simon Oxspring, Ben Donne, Catherine Jardine, Dewi Williams, Alasdair Hay, Rebecca Flanagan, Gareth Hughes, Scott Latham, Emma McKenna, Jennifer Anderson, Robert Hull, Kat Rhead, Carina Cruz, Natalie Pattison, Rob Charnock, Denise McFarland, Denise Cosgrove, Ashar Ahmed, Anna Morris, Srinivas Jakkula, Asifa Ali, Megan Brady, Sam Dale, Annalisa Dance, Lisa Gledhill, Jill Greig, Kathryn Hanson, Kelly Holdroyd, Marie Home, Diane Kelly, Ross Kitson, Lear Matapure, Deborah Melia, Samantha Mellor, Tonicha Nortcliffe, Jez Pinnell, Matthew Robinson, Lisa Shaw, Ryan Shaw, Lesley Thomis, Alison Wilson, Tracy Wood, Lee-Ann Bayo, Ekta Merwaha, Tahira Ishaq, Sarah Hanley, Meg Hibbert, Dariusz Tetla, Chrsitopher Woodford, Latha Durga, Gareth Kennard-Holden, Debbie Branney, Jordan Frankham, Sally Pitts, Nigel White, Shondipon Laha, Mark Verlander, Alexandra Williams, Abdelhakim Altabaibeh, Ana Alvaro, Kayleigh Gilbert, Louise Ma, Loreta Mostoles, Chetan Parmar, Kathryn Simpson, Champa Jetha, Lauren Booker, Anezka Pratley, Colene Adams, Anita Agasou, Tracie Arden, Amy Bowes, Pauline Boyle, Mandy Beekes, Heather Button, Nigel Capps, Mandy Carnahan, Anne Carter, Danielle Childs, Denise Donaldson, Kelly Hard, Fran Hurford, Yasmin Hussain, Ayesha Javaid, James Jones, Sanal Jose, Michael Leigh, Terry Martin, Helen Millward, Nichola Motherwell, Rachel Rikunenko, Jo Stickley, Julie Summers, Louise Ting, Helen Tivenan, Louise Tonks, Rebecca Wilcox, Maureen Holland, Natalie Keenan, Marc Lyons, Helen Wassall, Chris Marsh, Mervin Mahenthran, Emma Carter, Thomas Kong, Helen Blackman, Ben Creagh-Brown, Sinead Donlon, Natalia Michalak-Glinska, Sheila Mtuwa, Veronika Pristopan, Armorel Salberg, Eleanor Smith, Sarah Stone, Charles Piercy, Jerik Verula, Dorota Burda, Rugia Montaser, Lesley Harden, Irving Mayangao, Cheryl Marriott, Paul Bradley, Celia Harris, Susan Anderson, Eleanor Andrews, Janine Birch, Emma Collins, Kate Hammerton, Ryan O'Leary, Michele Clark, Sarah Purvis, Russell Barber, Claire Hewitt, Annette Hilldrith, Karen Jackson-Lawrence, Sarah Shepardson, Maryanne Wills, Susan Butler, Silvia Tavares, Amy Cunningham, Julia Hindale, Sarwat Arif, Sarah Bean, Karen Burt, Michael Spivey, Carrie Demetriou, Charlotte Eckbad, Sarah Hierons, Lucy Howie, Sarah Mitchard, Lidia Ramos, Alfredo Serrano-Ruiz, Katie White, Fiona Kelly, Daniele Cristiano, Natalie Dormand, Zohreh Farzad, Mahitha Gummadi, Kamal Liyanage, Brijesh Patel, Sara Salmi, Geraldine Sloane, Vicky Thwaites, Mathew Varghese, Anelise C. Zborowski, John Allan, Tim Geary, Gordon Houston, Alistair Meikle, Peter O'Brien, Miranda Forsey, Agilan Kaliappan, Anne Nicholson, Joanne Riches, Mark Vertue, Elizabeth Allan, Kate Darlington, Ffyon Davies, Jack Easton, Sumit Kumar, Richard Lean, Daniel Menzies, Richard Pugh, Xinyi Qiu, Llinos Davies, Hannah Williams, Jeremy Scanlon, Gwyneth Davies, Callum Mackay, Joannne Lewis, Stephanie Rees, Metod Oblak, Monica Popescu, Mini Thankachen, Andrew Higham, Kerry Simpson, Jayne Craig, Rosie Baruah, Sheila Morris, Susie Ferguson, Amy Shepherd, Luke Stephen Prockter Moore, Marcela Paola Vizcaychipi, Laura Gomes de Almeida Martins, Jaime Carungcong, Inthakab Ali Mohamed Ali, Karen Beaumont, Mark Blunt, Zoe Coton, Hollie Curgenven, Mohamed Elsaadany, Kay Fernandes, Sameena Mohamed Ally, Harini Rangarajan, Varun Sarathy, Sivarupan Selvanayagam, Dave Vedage, Matthew White, Mandy Gill, Paul Paul, Valli Ratnam, Sarah Shelton, Inez Wynter, Siobhain Carmody, Valerie Joan Page, Claire Marie Beith, Karen Black, Suzanne Clements, Alan Morrison, Dominic Strachan, Margaret Taylor, Michelle Clarkson, Stuart D'Sylva, Kathryn Norman, Fiona Auld, Joanne Donnachie, Ian Edmond, Lynn Prentice, Nikole Runciman, Dario Salutous, Lesley Symon, Anne Todd, Patricia Turner, Abigail Short, Laura Sweeney, Euan Murdoch, Dhaneesha Senaratne, Michaela Hill, Thogulava Kannan, Wild Laura, Rikki Crawley, Abigail Crew, Mishell Cunningham, Allison Daniels, Laura Harrison, Susan Hope, Ken Inweregbu, Sian Jones, Nicola Lancaster, Jamie Matthews, Alice Nicholson, Gemma Wray, Helen Langton, Rachel Prout, Malcolm Watters, Catherine Novis, Anthony Barron, Ciara Collins, Sundeep Kaul, Heather Passmore, Claire Prendergast, Anna Reed, Paula Rogers, Rajvinder Shokkar, Meriel Woodruff, Hayley Middleton, Oliver Polgar, Claire Nolan, Kanta Mahay, Dawn Collier, Anil Hormis, Victoria Maynard, Cheryl Graham, Rachel Walker, Ellen Knights, Alicia Price, Alice Thomas, Chris Thorpe, Teresa Behan, Caroline Burnett, Jonathan Hatton, Elaine Heeney, Atideb Mitra, Maria Newton, Rachel Pollard, Rachael Stead, Vishal Amin, Elena Anastasescu, Vikram Anumakonda, Komala Karthik, Rizwana Kausar, Karen Reid, Jacqueline Smith, Janet Imeson-Wood, Denise Skinner, Jane Gaylard, Dee Mullan, Julie Newman, Alison Brown, Vikki Crickmore, Gabor Debreceni, Joy Wilkins, Liz Nicol, Rosie Reece-Anthony, Mark Birt, Alison Ghosh, Emma Williams, Louise Allen, Eva Beranova, Nikki Crisp, Joanne Deery, Tracy Hazelton, Alicia Knight, Carly Price, Sorrell Tilbey, Salah Turki, Sharon Turney, Joshua Cooper, Cheryl Finch, Sarah Liderth, Alison Quinn, Natalia Waddington, Tina Coventry, Susan Fowler, Michael MacMahon, Amanda McGregor, Anne Cowley, Judith Highgate, Jane Gregory, Susan O'Connell, Tim Smith, Luigi Barberis, Shameer Gopal, Nichola Harris, Victoria Lake, Stella Metherell, Elizabeth Radford, Amelia Daniel, Joanne Finn, Rajnish Saha, Nikki White, Phil Donnison, Fiona Trim, Beena Eapen, Jenny Birch, Laura Bough, Josie Goodsell, Rebecca Tutton, Patricia Williams, Sarah Williams, Barbara Winter-Goodwin, Ailstair Nichol, Kathy Brickell, Michelle Smyth, Lorna Murphy, Samantha Coetzee, Alistair Gales, Igor Otahal, Meena Raj, Craig Sell, Paula Hilltout, Jayne Evitts, Amanda Tyler, Joanne Waldron, Kate Beesley, Sarah Board, Agnieszka Kubisz-Pudelko, Alison Lewis, Jess Perry, Lucy Pippard, Di Wood, Clare Buckley, Peter Barry, Neil Flint, Patel Rekha, Dawn Hales, Lara Bunni, Claire Jennings, Monica Latif, Rebecca Marshall, Gayathri Subramanian, Peter J. McGuigan, Christopher Wasson, Stephanie Finn, Jackie Green, Erin Collins, Bernadette King, Andy Campbell, Sara Smuts, Joseph Duffield, Oliver Smith, Lewis Mallon, Watkins Claire, Liam Botfield, Joanna Butler, Catherine Dexter, Jo Fletcher, Atul Garg, Aditya Kuravi, Poonam Ranga, Emma Virgilio, Zakaula Belagodu, Bridget Fuller, Anca Gherman, Olumide Olufuwa, Remi Paramsothy, Carmel Stuart, Naomi Oakley, Charlotte Kamundi, David Tyl, Katy Collins, Pedro Silva, June Taylor, Laura King, Charlotte Coates, Maria Crowley, Phillipa Wakefield, Jane Beadle, Laura Johnson, Janet Sargeant, Madeleine Anderson, Ailbhe Brady, Rebekah Chan, Jeff Little, Shane McIvor, Helena Prady, Helen Whittle, Bijoy Mathew, Ben Attwood, Penny Parsons, Geraldine Ward, Pamela Bremmer, West Joe, Baird Tracy, Ruddy Jim, Ellie Davies, Sonia Sathe, Catherine Dennis, Alastair McGregor, Victoria Parris, Sinduya Srikaran, Anisha Sukha, Noreen Clarke, Jonathan Whiteside, Mairi Mascarenhas, Avril Donaldson, Joanna Matheson, Fiona Barrett, Marianne O'Hara, Laura Okeefe, Clare Bradley, Christine Eastgate-Jackson, Helder Filipe, Daniel Martin, Amitaa Maharajh, Sara Mingo Garcia, Glykeria Pakou, Mark De Neef, Kathy Dent, Elizabeth Horsley, Muhmmad Nauman Akhtar, Sandra Pearson, Dorota Potoczna, Sue Spencer, Melanie Clapham, Rosemary Harper, Una Poultney, Polly Rice, Rachel Mutch, Lisa Armstrong, Hayley Bates, Emma Dooks, Fiona Farquhar, Brigid Hairsine, Chantal McParland, Sophie Packham, Rehana Bi, Barney Scholefield, Lydia Ashton, Linsha George, Sophie Twiss, David Wright, Manish Chablani, Amy Kirkby, Kimberley Netherton, Kim Davies, Linda O'Brien, Zohra Omar, Emma Perkins, Tracy Lewis, Isobel Sutherland, Karen Burns, Dr Ben Chandler, Kerry Elliott, Janine Mallinson, Alison Turnbull, Prisca Gondo, Bernard Hadebe, Abdul Kayani, Bridgett Masunda, Taya Anderson, Dan Hawcutt, Laura O'Malley, Laura Rad, Naomi Rogers, Paula Saunderson, Kathryn Sian Allison, Deborah Afolabi, Jennifer Whitbread, Dawn Jones, Rachael Dore, Matthew Halkes, Pauline Mercer, Lorraine Thornton, Joy Dawson, Sweyn Garrioch, Melanie Tolson, Jonathan Aldridge, Ritoo Kapoor, David Loader, Karen Castle, Sally Humphreys, Ruth Tampsett, Katherine Mackintosh, Amanda Ayers, Wendy Harrison, Julie North, Suzanne Allibone, Roman Genetu, Vidya Kasipandian, Amit Patel, Ainhi Mac, Anthony Murphy, Parisa Mahjoob, Roonak Nazari, Lucy Worsley, Andrew Fagan, Thomas Bemand, Ethel Black, Arnold Dela Rosa, Ryan Howle, Shaman Jhanji, Ravishankar Rao Baikady, Kate Colette Tatham, Benjamin Thomas, Dina Bell, Rosalind Boyle, Katie Douglas, Lynn Glass, Emma Lee, Liz Lennon, Austin Rattray, Abigail Taylor, Rachel Anne Hughes, Helen Thomas, Alun Rees, Michaela Duskova, Janet Phipps, Suzanne Brooks, Michelle Edwards, Sheena Quaid, Ekaterina Watson, Adam Brayne, Emma Fisher, Jane Hunt, Peter Jackson, Duncan Kaye, Nicholas Love, Juliet Parkin, Victoria Tuckey, Lynne Van Koutrik, Sasha Carter, Benedict Andrew, Louise Findlay, Katie Adams, Jen Service, Alison Williams, Claire Cheyne, Anne Saunderson, Sam Moultrie, Miranda Odam, Kathryn Hall, Isheunesu Mapfunde, Charlotte Willis, Alex Lyon, Chunda Sri-Chandana, Joslan Scherewode, Lorraine Stephenson, Sarah Marsh, John Hardy, Henry Houlden, Eleanor Moncur, Ambreen Tariq, Arianna Tucci, Maria Hobrok, Ronda Loosley, Heather McGuinness, Helen Tench, Rebecca Wolf-Roberts, Val Irvine, Benjamin Shelley, Claire Gorman, Abhinav Gupta, Elizabeth Timlick, Rebecca Brady, Barry Milligan, Arianna Bellini, Jade Bryant, Anton Mayer, Amy Pickard, Nicholas Roe, Jason Sowter, Alex Howlett, Katy Fidler, Emma Tagliavini, and Kevin Donnelly

Subjects
SARS-CoV-2, host genetics, toll-like receptor 7, targeted sequencing, rare variants, variant collapsing analysis, Genetics, QH426-470
Abstract

Summary: Despite extensive global research into genetic predisposition for severe COVID-19, knowledge on the role of rare host genetic variants and their relation to other risk factors remains limited. Here, 52 genes with prior etiological evidence were sequenced in 1,772 severe COVID-19 cases and 5,347 population-based controls from Spain/Italy. Rare deleterious TLR7 variants were present in 2.4% of young (

Published
2024
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5. From seeds to plasma: Confirmed exposure of multiple farmland bird species to clothianidin during sowing of winter cereals

Author

M. Glória Pereira, Steve Dodd, Richard F. Shore, Darren Sleep, Jenny C. Dunn, Rosie J. Lennon, Will J. Peach, Colin D. Brown, Kathryn E. Arnold, and Christopher J. Wheatley

Subjects
Insecticides, Farms, Environmental Engineering, Winter cereal, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Future risk, D447 Environmental Conservation, Soil surface, 010501 environmental sciences, Biology, Guanidines, 01 natural sciences, Ecology and Environment, Birds, Crop, Neonicotinoids, chemistry.chemical_compound, D325 Animal Toxicology, Animals, Environmental Chemistry, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, C150 Environmental Biology, business.industry, D700 Agricultural Sciences, C110 Applied Biology, D400 Agriculture, Neonicotinoid, food and beverages, Clothianidin, Sowing, Nitro Compounds, Pollution, Thiazoles, chemistry, Agronomy, Agriculture, Seeds, C910 Applied Biological Sciences, D441 Farm Management, C180 Ecology, Edible Grain, business
Abstract

Neonicotinoids are the largest group of systemic insecticides worldwide and are most commonly applied as agricultural seed treatments. However, little is known about the extent to which farmland birds are exposed to these compounds during standard agricultural practices. This study uses winter cereal, treated with the neonicotinoid clothianidin, as a test system to examine patterns of exposure in farmland birds during a typical sowing period. The availability of neonicotinoid-treated seed was recorded post-sowing at 39 fields (25 farms), and camera traps were used to monitor seed consumption by wild birds in situ. The concentration of clothianidin in treated seeds and crop seedlings was measured via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and avian blood samples were collected from 11 species of farmland bird from a further six capture sites to quantify the prevalence and level of clothianidin exposure associated with seed treatments. Neonicotinoid-treated seeds were found on the soil surface at all but one of the fields surveyed at an average density of 2.8 seeds/m2. The concentration of clothianidin in seeds varied around the target application rate, whilst crop seedlings contained on average 5.9% of the clothianidin measured in seeds. Exposure was confirmed in 32% of bird species observed in treated fields and 50% of individual birds post-sowing; the median concentration recorded in positive samples was 12 ng/mL. Results here provide clear evidence that a variety of farmland birds are subject to neonicotinoid exposure following normal agricultural sowing of neonicotinoid-treated cereal seed. Furthermore, the widespread availability of seeds at the soil surface was identified as a primary source of exposure. Overall, these data are likely to have global implications for bird species and current agricultural policies where neonicotinoids are in use, and may be pertinent to any future risk assessments for systemic insecticide seed treatments.

Published
2020
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6. Seeded ryegrass fills the late winter ‘hungry gap’ but fails to enhance local population size of seed-eating farmland birds

Author

Steve Dodd, Ian Johnstone, and Will J. Peach

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Ecology, biology, Perennial plant, Foraging, Bunting, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Yellowhammer, music.producer, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Emberiza citrinella, Lolium, Habitat, Agronomy, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Temperate climate, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Animal Science and Zoology, music, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract

The abundance of many seed-eating birds in lowland temperate agricultural landscapes is thought to be limited by the availability of seed-rich habitats that can sustain birds through the winter. Late winter is a period of food shortage for seed-eating farmland birds, when established conservation measures such as sown mixes of seed-bearing plants are often exhausted of seed. Previous work has shown that ryegrass (Lolium) can provide abundant late-winter seed when protected from defoliation from mid-summer. Here we report an experimental study that assessed the utility to seed-eating farmland birds of unharvested cereal crops and seeded ryegrass in a grassland-dominated agricultural landscape that lacked alternative seed-rich habitats. Although both interventions produced abundant autumn seed, cereal plots were depleted by mid-January whereas ryegrass plots retained significant seed and sustained greater bird usage into late winter. Seed yield was higher on Italian L. multiflorum rather than perennial ryegrass L. perenne plots, and on plots that were protected from further defoliation from late May (perennial) or late June (Italian). Despite intervention plots accounting for 60% and 90% of all winter foraging observations of yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) and reed bunting (E. schoeniclus) respectively, and yellowhammer body condition being positively related to the proportion of ryegrass in the diet, provision of cereal crops with or without seeded ryegrass had no effect on local population size of either species. Seeded ryegrass constitutes a practical and widely available means of feeding granivorous birds during late winter but filling that ‘hungry gap’ may not always have the predicted impacts on farmland bird populations.

Published
2019
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7. 197 Improving Wait-Times for Radiation Oncology Intra-Treatment Visits

Author

Tania Sasson, Jessica Gluszko, Steve Dodd, Sonia Skamene, John Kildea, Melissa Lam Shang Leen, Carolyn R. Freeman, Estela Li, and Tarek Hijal

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Oncology, business.industry, Radiation oncology, Medicine, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Medical physics, Hematology, business
Published
2019
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8. Drivers of low breeding success in the Lesser Spotted WoodpeckerDendrocopos minorin England: testing hypotheses for the decline

Author

Steve Dodd, Ian A. Dillon, Richard D. Gregory, Elisabeth C. Charman, Derek J. Gruar, Andrew Cristinacce, Phil V. Grice, and Ken W. Smith

Subjects
Nest, biology, Ecology, Dendrocopos minor, Woodpecker, biology.organism_classification, Paternal care, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Demography
Abstract

Capsule The breeding success of Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers Dendrocopos minor is now lower in England than previously reported and also lower than found in studies elsewhere in Europe. Aims To quantify the breeding success and identify the causes of nest failure. To test the hypotheses that breeding success is related to aspects of food limitation and parental care, and inclement weather during the nesting period, or to interactions with Great Spotted Woodpeckers. Methods Nests were monitored in three regions of England, recording survival and causes of failure. We measured aspects of food limitation and parental care, rainfall and Great Spotted Woodpecker interactions at nests, to explore whether there was any evidence that these factors were related to breeding success. We compared results to other studies from the UK and continental Europe. Results Nest survival was 52%. The average number of chicks produced from successful nests was 2.8. Chick-stage daily nest survival was positively related to provisi...

Published
2012
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9. Seeded ryegrass swards allow granivorous birds to winter in agriculturally improved grassland landscapes

Author

S. Bentley, D.L. Buckingham, Steve Dodd, and Will J. Peach

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Perennial plant, biology, Lolium multiflorum, biology.organism_classification, Lolium perenne, Grassland, Lolium, Crop, Agronomy, Animal Science and Zoology, Arable land, Agronomy and Crop Science, Emberiza
Abstract

We experimentally managed silage fields to provide abundant seed as a conservation measure for wintering birds. Buntings Emberiza strongly selected seeded ryegrass plots, where they fed predominantly on ryegrass Lolium seed and maintained body weights similar to those on high-quality arable wintering habitats. Bunting usage of seeded plots was positively related to Lolium seedhead density, peaking at October seedhead densities above 400 seedheads m−2. Perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne swards could only provide one early silage crop (cut by mid-late May) if sufficient seed was to be produced, while Italian ryegrass Lolium multiflorum was able to provide two silage cuts and a large seed crop. Mats of lodged seedheads ensured the continuity of seed provision, resulting in high bird usage during late winter, when most seed has been depleted from existing wild bird seed measures. The estimated cost of the measure was comparable to small-plot measures in current English agri-environment schemes. A rotational seeded ryegrass measure should constitute an effective, affordable and widely applicable conservation measure for seed-eating farmland birds in grassland-dominated farmland across NW Europe.

Published
2011
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10. Sensitivity Enhancement of an Inductively Coupled Local Detector Using a HEMT-Based Current Amplifier

Author

Chunqi, Qian, Qi, Duan, Steve, Dodd, Alan, Koretsky, and Joe, Murphy-Boesch

Subjects
Mice, Amplifiers, Electronic, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Animals, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Equipment Design, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Article
Abstract

To improve the signal transmission efficiency and sensitivity of a local detection coil that is weakly inductively coupled to a larger receive coil.The resonant detection coil is connected in parallel with the gate of a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) transistor without impedance matching. When the drain of the transistor is capacitively shunted to ground, current amplification occurs in the resonator by feedback that transforms a capacitive impedance on the transistor's source to a negative resistance on its gate.High resolution images were obtained from a mouse brain using a small, 11 mm diameter surface coil that was inductively coupled to a commercial, phased array chest coil. Although the power consumption of the amplifier was only 88 μW, 14 dB gain was obtained with excellent noise performance.An integrated current amplifier based on a HEMT can enhance the sensitivity of inductively coupled local detectors when weakly coupled. This amplifier enables efficient signal transmission between customized user coils and commercial clinical coils, without the need for a specialized signal interface. Magn Reson Med 75:2573-2578, 2016. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Published
2015

11. Wader recruitment indices suggest nesting success is temperature-dependent in Dunlin Calidris alpina

Author

Steve Dodd, Colin M. Beale, and James W. Pearce-Higgins

Subjects
food.ingredient, biology, Ecology, biology.organism_classification, Calidris, food, Arctic, Productivity (ecology), Animal Science and Zoology, Annual variation, Flock, Tringa, Wader, Common redshank, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

Measures of annual breeding success are an important component of species monitoring programmes. It has been suggested that effective monitoring of breeding productivity for arctic breeding waders may be achieved from an analysis of annual variation in the proportion of juveniles in winter flocks. Here, we attempt to generate a recruitment index for Dunlin Calidris alpina caught during the winter in north Wales. This index revealed significant annual variation and we show that this is strongly correlated with summer temperature (but not rainfall) on the breeding grounds. Years with high recruitment were also correlated with increases in the national winter population estimate. In years of intermediate summer temperature, the recruitment index was highest and we discuss the possible implications this has for Dunlin under scenarios of future climate change. We were unable to generate a significant index for Common Redshank Tringa totanus and discuss possible reasons for this.

Published
2006
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13. A process evaluation of a peer education project to improve mental health literacy in secondary school students: Study Protocol

Author

Judi Kidger, Mark Limmer, Abigail Emma Russell, Helen Bohan, Ruth Simmonds, Emily Widnall, and Steve Dodd

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, school, education, Peer education, Adolescents, Process evaluation, Peer Group, Study Protocol, Intervention (counseling), medicine, Humans, adolescents, Students, Mental health literacy, School Health Services, peer education, Medical education, Schools, business.industry, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Mental health, Focus group, process evaluation, Health Literacy, Test (assessment), Mental Health, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Biostatistics, business
Abstract

Background Emotional disorders in young people are increasing but studies have found that this age group do not always recognise the signs and symptoms of mental health problems in themselves or others. The Mental Health Foundation’s school-based Peer Education Project (PEP) has the potential to improve young people’s understanding of their own mental health at a critical developmental stage (early adolescence) using a peer teaching method. This study is a process evaluation to understand: the mechanisms through which PEP might improve young people’s mental health literacy, any challenges with delivery, how the project can be embedded within wider school life and how it can be improved to be of most benefit to the widest number of young people. We will also validate a bespoke mental health literacy questionnaire, and test the feasibility of using it to measure outcomes in preparation for a future study evaluating effectiveness. Methods All schools recruited to the study will receive the PEP intervention. The process evaluation will be informed by realist evaluation approaches to build understanding regarding key mechanisms of change and the impact of different school contexts. The evaluation will test and revise an existing intervention logic model which has been developed in partnership with the Mental Health Foundation. Process evaluation data will be collected from newly recruited schools (n = 4) as well as current PEP user schools (n = 2) including training and lesson delivery observations, staff interviews and student focus groups. Baseline and follow-up data will be collected in all newly recruited intervention schools (n = 4) from all students in Year 7/8 (who receive the PEP) and recruited peer educators in Year 12 via a self-report survey. Discussion This study will enable us to refine the logic model underpinning the peer education project and identify areas of the intervention that can be improved. Findings will also inform the design of a future effectiveness study which will test out the extent to which PEP improves mental health literacy.

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