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Objective: This pilot study aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the changes in facial tissues following the placement of a single dental implant. Method and materials: Patients were scanned with a 3D facial scanner (3dMD) before implant surgery, immediately after surgery (T1), at 7 days postoperatively (T2), and at the impression stage (T3). Acquired images were processed using the 3dMDvultus (3dMD) software program and volume differences and linear depth measurements were calculated to determine the morphometric changes over time. A total of 11 patients were included in the analyses. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the data. Results: The volumetric changes and maximum depth differences indicated an initial increase, followed by a progressive decrease in tissue volume after implant placement in the area of the surgery. The volume change values ranged between 2.5 and 3.9 cm³ for T1, whereas for T2, the volume change decreased to a range of 0.8 to 1.8 cm³. Maximum depth differences ranged between 2.06 and 2.80 mm in the soft tissues immediately after the implant surgery and reduced to around 2.01 to 0.55 mm at the impression stage. The amount of painkiller used was not related to the magnitude of linear depth measurements at any assessed time point. Conclusion: There was a longitudinal decrease in soft tissue volume and depth difference in extraoral soft tissues in the region of implant placement after surgery up to 6 weeks. The use of a facial scanner is a promising noninvasive method to monitor 3D morphometric changes after implant surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate estimates of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) are necessary for the accurate tracking of forest carbon stock. Gaofen-7 (GF-7) is the first civilian sub-meter three-dimensional (3D) mapping satellite from China. It is equipped with a laser altimeter system and a dual-line array stereoscopic mapping camera, which enables it to synchronously generate full-waveform LiDAR data and stereoscopic images. The bulk of existing research has examined how accurate GF-7 is for topographic measurements of bare land or canopy height. The measurement of forest aboveground biomass has not received as much attention as it deserves. This study aimed to assess the GF-7 stereo imaging capability, displayed as topographic features for aboveground biomass estimation in forests. The aboveground biomass model was constructed using the random forest machine learning technique, which was accomplished by combining the use of in situ field measurements, pairs of GF-7 stereo images, and the corresponding generated canopy height model (CHM). Findings showed that the biomass estimation model had an accuracy of R2 = 0.76, RMSE = 7.94 t/ha, which was better than the inclusion of forest canopy height (R2 = 0.30, RMSE = 21.02 t/ha). These results show that GF-7 has considerable application potential in gathering large-scale high-precision forest aboveground biomass using a restricted amount of field data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Trigonocephaly is the most common craniosynostosis involving orbits. Although some degree of agreement has been reached regarding surgical timing and indications for treatment, there is no consensus regarding the ideal operative technique to guarantee an optimal morphological outcome. The purpose of this study is to describe both strategies and to compare morphological outcomes by means of morphological surface analysis obtained from three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry, with two different techniques. Methods: We retrospectively investigated 43 patients with metopic synostosis surgically treated between 2004 and 2020. Two different techniques were applied, addressed as technique A and B. Ten patients undergone postoperative 3d stereophotogrammetry were enrolled, and cephalometric measurements were taken and compared to a cohort of unaffected patients matched by age and gender. Results: Comparison of the groups demonstrated a hypercorrection of the metopic angle of the second technique, associated with a slightly lower correction of the interfrontoparietal diameter. The metopic angle showed to be significantly undercorrected with the first method. Conclusions: Alternated barrel staving technique appears to be a quick and satisfactory method in cranial remodelling for metopic synostosis. It guarantees an optimal aesthetic result in the first years after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Facial asymmetry is gaining an increasing diagnostic interest in many clinical contexts. Several three-dimensional surface-based methods have been proposed for its assessment; however, they might provide non-equivalent data. Since there is a lack of comparative studies in these terms, this study aims to compare three methods for assessing the asymmetry of the face and facial thirds, thus addressing whether the potential differences can be considered clinically acceptable or not. Methods: Two 'maxillofacial' methods based on the trigeminal nerve distribution and one 'orthodontic' method based on reference horizontal planes were used to identify the facial thirds on 3D facial models of 80 Italian healthy adults to calculate the asymmetry of the face, and the upper, middle, and lower thirds of the face differently selected by each method. As a measure of asymmetry, the Root Mean Square value was calculated through a mirroring surface-based registration. Intra- and inter-operator reliability was verified for each method. Differences and interchangeability between the methods were tested, respectively, by two-way repeated measures ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and Bland–Altman and Similarity Percentage model analysis. Additionally, the time required to perform each method was assessed. Results: All methods demonstrated excellent intra- and inter-operator reliability. While the ANOVA analysis found significant differences (p < 0.001) for the majority of facial Regions of Interest between each method, the Bland–Altman analysis revealed that the differences were clinically acceptable (<0.50 mm) for all facial regions between the trigeminal methods, and for the face and the upper third of the face between the orthodontic method, which was revealed to be faster, and the trigeminal ones. The additional similarity percentage model provided visual support for the complete interchangeability of the two trigeminal methods, as evidenced by the lower Coefficient of Variation value. Conclusions: There is no best method for assessing facial asymmetry that applies to all types of clinical settings, as we have shown that different methods may not be completely interchangeable. However, we suggest that the methods based on the trigeminal subdivision can be used interchangeably in contexts where the morpho-functional analysis of maxillofacial regions with different embryological origins is considered. Thus, the clinical setting imposes the choice of one method over another and, as we have pointed out, the consequent comparison of data with those obtained with methods whose interchangeability has been demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To quantitatively assess the periocular asymmetry and investigate its sex and age-related differences in a Caucasian population using three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry. Method: Standardized 3D photos of the periocular region of 301 Caucasians were taken using the VECTRA M3 3D Imaging System. Standardized landmarks were positioned, and data measurements in the periocular region were obtained from these images using VAM software and assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for reliability. Absolute differences and asymmetry index between the right and the left periocular region were calculated with a focus on gender and age-related differences. Result: Fissure height asymmetry was positively correlated with age (p < 0.01). Furthermore, reflex distance asymmetry was positively correlated with age in the elderly group (p < 0.05). Absolute differences of upper eyelid crease were 0.65 ± 0.79 mm for females and 0.90 ± 0.94 mm for males (p < 0.05). In the elderly group, the absolute differences of reflex distance were 0.664 ± 0.471 mm for males and 0.470 ± 0.408 mm for females (p < 0.05), while the absolute differences of fissure height were 0.619 ± 0.469 mm and 0.436 ± 0.372 mm, respectively (p < 0.05). All measurements had an inter-rater ICC and intra-rater ICC between 0.761 and 0.957. Conclusion: Periocular asymmetry is more prominent in older and male people. 3D photogrammetry is a reliable tool to detect periocular asymmetry and might provide an accurate and effective reference for periocular cosmetic, plastic, and reconstructive surgery in the clinical routine. Level of Evidence I: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors. www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Computed tomography (CT) is normally used in evaluation of patients with esthetic and functional nasal deformities. Stereophotogrammetry (SPG) is a measurement device that is an alternative to CT and does not harm human health. In this single-center retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate measurements obtained with CT and SPG. Methods: The measurements of 18 patients who applied to our clinic between January 2022 and August 2022 and planned for septorhinoplasty were performed on both 3D images obtained with paranasal sinus CT and SPG device (SLR type Vectra H1 system). Measurements included that dorsocolumellar length, columella-filtral length, nasal tip projection ratio (dorsocolumellar length/columella-filtral length), columella-labial angle, nasofrontal angle, tip deviation direction, tip deviation angle, tip deviation distance and dorsal nasal hump. Results: Most of patients were male (61.1%). Mean age was 24.5 years. Only columella-labial angle measurements showed a low level of significant difference (p < 0.05). However, there was no significance difference in other measurements (p > 0.05). A significant strong correlation was observed between all Vectra and CT measurements (p = 0.000). Conclusion: SPG device can be applied quickly in polyclinic without giving radiation to patient. Measurements can be taken automatically using a software. Its use in postoperative period does not carry any risk. Disadvantage of SPG is lack of information about internal nasal passage. However, there is a strong correlation between measurements obtained from both measurement devices. Therefore, SPG can be considered as an alternative to CT imaging in operation planning. Level of Evidence IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of 3D facial scans is becoming essential for dental practice. However, traditional scanners require labor-intensive procedures and are expensive, making them less accessible in routine clinical practice. In this context, high-performance smartphones and dedicated apps offer a more accessible alternative. This study aims to validate the accuracy of the EM3D app, which utilizes the iPhone's TrueDepth camera technology, by comparing it to Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Methods: Thirty patients requiring CBCT scans were recruited for the study. Facial scans obtained with the TrueDepth camera of the iPhone 13 Pro in conjunction with EM3D app were automatically superimposed onto the 3D models derived from the CBCTs through the implementation of a deep learning methodology. The approach enabled the automatic identification of fifteen landmarks to perform linear and angular measurements for quantitative assessment. A color map was created to highlight discrepancies between the overlaid meshes, and the overall surface differences between the models were automatically quantified. Results: The overall surface difference between the CBCT and EM3D scans was highly accurate, with a mean discrepancy of 0.387 ± 0.361 mm. The mean discrepancies of most measurements were lower than 1 mm (five out of six; 83.33%) between the groups, with no significant differences (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The combination of the iPhone's TrueDepth camera and the EM3D app exhibited high accuracy for 3D facial modeling. This makes it a cost-effective alternative to professional scanning systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to clarify the applicability of smartphone-based three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging for clinical use in oral and maxillofacial surgery, comparing two smartphone-based approaches to the gold standard. Methods: Facial surface models (SMs) were generated for 30 volunteers (15 men, 15 women) using the Vectra M5 (Canfield Scientific, USA), the TrueDepth camera of the iPhone 14 Pro (Apple Inc., USA), and the iPhone 14 Pro with photogrammetry. Smartphone-based SMs were superimposed onto Vectra-based SMs. Linear measurements and volumetric evaluations were performed to evaluate surface-to-surface deviation. To assess inter-observer reliability, all measurements were performed independently by a second observer. Statistical analyses included Bland–Altman analyses, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired samples, and Intraclass correlation coefficients. Results: Photogrammetry-based SMs exhibited an overall landmark-to-landmark deviation of M = 0.8 mm (SD = ± 0.58 mm, n = 450), while TrueDepth-based SMs displayed a deviation of M = 1.1 mm (SD = ± 0.72 mm, n = 450). The mean volumetric difference for photogrammetry-based SMs was M = 1.8 cc (SD = ± 2.12 cc, n = 90), and M = 3.1 cc (SD = ± 2.64 cc, n = 90) for TrueDepth-based SMs. When comparing the two approaches, most landmark-to-landmark measurements demonstrated 95% Bland–Altman limits of agreement (LoA) of ≤ 2 mm. Volumetric measurements revealed LoA > 2 cc. Photogrammetry-based measurements demonstrated higher inter-observer reliability for overall landmark-to-landmark deviation. Conclusion: Both approaches for smartphone-based 3D surface imaging exhibit potential in capturing the face. Photogrammetry-based SMs demonstrated superior alignment and volumetric accuracy with Vectra-based SMs than TrueDepth-based SMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In edentulous jaws, factors such as the number of implants, cross-arch distribution, and the angle among implants may affect the accuracy of the implant impression. This study explored factors influencing the accuracy of implant abutment-level digital impressions using stereophotogrammetry in edentulous jaws. Methods Two standard all-on-4 and all-on-6 models of edentulous jaws were constructed in vitro. In the stereophotogrammetry group (PG), the implant digital impression was made using stereophotogrammetry and saved as an STL file. In the conventional group (CNV), the impression was made using the open-tray splint impression technique. An electronic and optical 3D measuring instrument was used to scan the standard model and the conventional plaster model to obtain STL files. Using 3D data processing software (GOM Inspect Pro, Zeiss), the distance and angle between the abutments in the CNV impression and the PG impression were measured and compared with the data from the standard model. Results The distance deviation in the PG and the CNV was 145 ± 196 μm and 96 ± 150 μm, respectively, with a significant difference (P

Background: In edentulous jaws, factors such as the number of implants, cross-arch distribution, and the angle among implants may affect the accuracy of the implant impression. This study explored factors influencing the accuracy of implant abutment-level digital impressions using stereophotogrammetry in edentulous jaws. Methods: Two standard all-on-4 and all-on-6 models of edentulous jaws were constructed in vitro. In the stereophotogrammetry group (PG), the implant digital impression was made using stereophotogrammetry and saved as an STL file. In the conventional group (CNV), the impression was made using the open-tray splint impression technique. An electronic and optical 3D measuring instrument was used to scan the standard model and the conventional plaster model to obtain STL files. Using 3D data processing software (GOM Inspect Pro, Zeiss), the distance and angle between the abutments in the CNV impression and the PG impression were measured and compared with the data from the standard model. Results: The distance deviation in the PG and the CNV was 145 ± 196 μm and 96 ± 150 μm, respectively, with a significant difference (P < 0.001). The angle deviation in the PG and the CNV was 0.82 ± 0.88° and 0.74 ± 0.62°, respectively, with no significant difference (P = 0.267). In the PG, the distance deviation was negatively correlated with the distance between implants (r = -0.145, P = 0.028) and positively correlated with the angle of implants (r = 0.205, P = 0.002). The angle deviation was negatively correlated with the distance between implants (r = -0.198, P = 0.003) and positively correlated with the angle of implants (r = 0.172, P = 0.009). In the CNV, the effect of inter-implant distance on impression accuracy was also shown by Spearman correlation analysis: r = 0.347 (P < 0.001) for distance deviation and r = -0.012 (P = 0.859) for angle deviation. The effect of inter-implant angulation on impression accuracy deviation was r = -0.026 (P = 0.698) for distance deviation and r = 0.056 (P = 0.399) for angle deviation. Conclusions: The CNV method is closer to the real value of the original model. The distance between implants and the distribution angle had a weak correlation with the accuracy of digital impressions but no significant correlation with the accuracy of traditional impressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In addition to studying facial anatomy, stereophotogrammetry is an efficient diagnostic tool for assessing facial expressions through 3D video recordings. Current technology produces high‐quality recordings but also generates extremely excessive data. Here, we compare various recording speeds for three standardized movements using the 3dMDface camera system, to assess its accuracy and reliability. Materials and Methods: A linear and two circular movements were performed using a 3D‐printed cube mounted on a robotic arm. All movements were recorded initially at 60 fps (frames/second) and then at 30 and 15 fps. Recording accuracy was tested with best‐fit superimpositions of consecutive frames of the 3D cube and calculation of the Mean Absolute Distance (MAD). The reliability of the recordings were tested with evaluation of the inter‐ and intra‐examiner error. Results: The accuracy of movement recordings was excellent at all speeds (60, 30 and 15 fps), with variability in MAD values consistently being less than 1 mm. The reliability of the camera recordings was excellent at all recording speeds. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that 3D recordings of facial expressions can be performed at 30 or even at 15 fps without significant loss of information. This considerably reduces the amount of produced data facilitating further processing and analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this clinical study was to compare the accuracy of intraoral scan system (IOS) with prefabricated aids and stereophotogrammetry (SPG) compared with open tray implant impression (OI) for complete‐arch implant‐supported fixed dental prostheses (CIFDP). Materials and methods: Patients needing CIFDP were enrolled in this study. OI, reference standard, IOS with prefabricated aids, and SPG were performed for each patient. Distance and angle deviations between all pairs of abutment analogs, root mean square (RMS) errors between the aligned test and reference model, and chairside time were measured. The effect of inter‐abutment distance, jaw (maxilla or mandible), number of implants, and arch length on deviations was analyzed. The mixed effect model was applied to analyze deviations and RMS errors. Results: Fifteen consecutive individuals (6 females and 9 males, 47–77 years old) with 22 arches (9 upper and 13 lower jaws) and 115 implants were included. There was no significant difference in distance deviation comparing SPG and IOS with OI (p >.05). IOS showed a significantly greater angle deviation and RMS errors than SPG (median 0.40° vs. 0.31°, 69 μm vs. 45 μm, p <.01). The inter‐abutment distance was negatively correlated with the accuracy of SPG and IOS (p <.05). The chairside time for IOS, SPG, and OI was 10.49 ± 3.50, 14.71 ± 2.86, and 20.20 ± 3.01 min, respectively (p <.01). Conclusions: The accuracy of SPG and IOS with prefabricated aids was comparable. IOS was the most efficient workflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To compare three-dimensional (3D) facial morphology of various unilateral cleft subphenotypes at 9-years of age to normative data using a general face template and automatic landmarking. The secondary objective is to compare facial morphology of 9-year-old children with unilateral fusion to differentiation defects. Methods 3D facial stereophotogrammetric images of 9-year-old unilateral cleft patients were imported into 3DMedX® for processing. All images of patients with a right sided cleft were mirrored. A regionalized general facial template was used for standardization. This template was pre-aligned to each face using five automatically determined landmarks and fitted using MeshMonk. All cleft patients were compared to an age-and gender matched normative face using distance maps and inter-surface distances (mm). Average faces were created for five groups (unilateral cleft lip, alveolus, and/or palate (UCL/A/P), fusion and differentiation defects). The selected regions for the evaluation of facial morphology were: complete face, nose, upper lip, lower lip, chin, forehead, and cheeks. Results A total of 86 consecutive 3D-stereophotogrammetry images were acquired for examination. No statistically significant differences were observed among the UCL, UCLA, and UCLP groups for the complete face, cheeks, chin, forehead, lower lip, and nose. However, in the upper lip region a significant difference was observed between the UCLP and UCL groups (P = 0.004, CI [−2.93 to −0.48]). Further visual examination of the distance maps indicated that more severe clefts corresponded to increased retrusion in the midface and the tip of the nose, though these differences were not statistically significant across groups. For fusion vs differentiation defects, no statistically significant differences were observed, neither for the complete face nor for any of the individual regions. Conclusion The findings demonstrate statistically significant differences in the upper lip region between children with UCL and those with UCLP, particularly with greater upper lip retrusion in the UCLP group. The use of color-coded distance maps revealed local variations and a trend of asymmetry in the nasal region, with increasing retrusion of the nose tip, upper lip, and cheeks correlating with the severity of the cleft. Although these trends were not statistically significant, they suggest a progressive facial retrusion pattern as cleft severity increases. For the secondary objective, no statistical differences were found between the facial morphology of children with fusion and differentiation defects, although a similar progression of maxillary retrusion was observed in the distance maps.

Background: While effective, DAc injections for submental fat (SMF) reduction carry risks, including vascular damage and skin necrosis when improperly administered. This study presents a novel approach to SMF reduction using blunt microcannulas for DAc injections, coupled with 3D stereophotogrammetry quantification (3D-SQ). Clinical presentation: A 47-year-old female with SMF underwent two DAc applications. 3D-SQ was performed before and after each treatment using a 3D-SQ system. The patient experienced a substantial total volume reduction of 14.81 mL in the submental area after two DAc applications. 3D-SQ analysis showed a gradual reduction in submental volume over time. Importantly, no serious adverse events were reported, with only minor pain and warmth at the treated site. The reduction of SMF through DAc injections involves adipocyte cell lysis, emphasizing the importance of proper injection technique to avoid adverse events. The use of blunt microcannulas offers a safer alternative, minimizing the risk of skin necrosis, ulceration, and intra-arterial injections. Additionally, cannulas reduce bruising due to their blunt design and fan technique, enhancing patient comfort and safety. Conclusion: This case report highlights the efficacy of a novel cannula approach for DAc SMF reduction, assessed by 3D-SQ. Blunt microcannulas may represent a safer option compared to hypodermic needles, reducing the likelihood of severe complications.

Over the preceding five decades, there has been a noticeable surge in the pursuit of achieving voluminous and well-defined lips. This trend has prompted an escalating number of individuals to undergo lip augmentation procedures, aiming for a natural three-dimensional enhancement of lip volume and distinct vermilion borders. Despite the proliferation of lip augmentation techniques, there remains a dearth of comprehensive investigations into their precise effects on the three-dimensional structural integrity of the lips. This research endeavors to address this gap by employing stereophotogrammetry as a quantitative tool to scrutinize lip augmentation outcomes and to appraise the efficacy of lip plumpers. The study methodology involves a comparative analysis of lip dimensions among subjects treated with a commercial lip plumper using multi-spectral imaging for lip dimension assessment, coupled with markerless tracking technology and 3D interpolating surface methodology to analyze lip volume and shape. Additionally, the study evaluated lip youth state, including moisture level, softness, firmness, and tissue density. The demand for lip augmentation procedures is driven by perceived advantages such as quick recovery and minimal risk. Therefore, it is crucial to substantiate their efficacy with robust findings. The investigation suggests that both 3D and 2D stereophotogrammetry techniques are reliable for evaluating lip size before and after augmentation, whether through cosmetic or aesthetic approaches. Overall, the study provides a comprehensive analysis of a lip treatment aimed at enhancing volume and redesigning lip lines. It demonstrates that stereophotogrammetry is effective for assessing 3D lip dimensions and their correlation with internal lip structure. This research could be particularly valuable for evaluating the efficacy and duration of various lip enhancement techniques, including dermal fillers, implants, and topical cosmetic formulations, offering quantitative and reproducible assessments over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to compare facial 3D soft tissue changes in subjects with Class III deformities who underwent bimaxillary clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) rotational orthognathic surgery. Methods: Asian Class III subjects who completed bimaxillary surgical orthodontic treatments were enrolled and categorized into CW and CCW groups based on maxillary occlusal plane alterations. Preoperative and 9-month follow-up cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and 3D stereophotogrammetry were obtained, superimposed, and quantified for skeletal movements and soft tissue changes in six facial regions. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) adjusted for potential confounding factors. Results: Thirty-seven subjects were included (CW group, n = 20; CCW group, n = 17). Postsurgical chin volume significantly reduced in the CW group compared to the CCW group (mean difference 6362 mm3; p = 0.037), and intergonial width significantly decreased in the CW group (mean difference 6.2 mm; p = 0.005). The postoperative alar width increased by 1.04 mm and 1.22 mm in the CW and CCW groups, respectively (p = 0.70). However, these changes were not significantly correlated to the direction of MMC pitch. Conclusion: Clockwise rotation of the bimaxillary complex demonstrated a significant advantage in reducing chin volume and intergonial width compared to counterclockwise rotation, leading to a reduced frontal lower face width among Asian Class III subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates building deformation monitoring using stereophotogrammetry and integrating the Kalman filter to refine the result with conventional geodetic measurements being the baseline. By refining stereophotogrammetric coordinates with the Kalman filter, the study aims to improve measurement precision in the detection of displacement which is a measure of differences in converted stereo-coordinates obtained from the observed points over time. The refined coordinates exhibited higher accuracy compared to raw stereophotogrammetric measurements, highlighting the effectiveness of the proposed approach in reducing observational errors and relatively detected and quantified building deformations with an average rate of displacement of 0.025978169 m/epoch in the x-axis, 0.030498323 m/epoch in the y-axis, and 0.014078842 m/epoch in the z-direction, and a range of 0.000155 m/epoch to 0.593497 m/epoch. Points P03 (0.008 m/epoch), PH04 (0.021 m/epoch), and PH22 (0.037 m/epoch) on the monitored building indicated the highest displacement. This research contributes to the field of knowledge in the area of deformation monitoring by offering an innovative methodology for accurate assessment of building deformation. In the overview, this research demonstrates the potential of a simple, efficient, and cost-effective method of monitoring deformation that can ensure the safety and sustainability of engineering structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the trueness and precision of complete arch implant impressions using conventional impression, intraoral scanning with and without splinting, and stereophotogrammetry. Materials and Methods: An edentulous model with six implants was used in this study. Four implant impression techniques were compared: the conventional impression (CI), intraoral scanning (IOS) without splinting, intraoral scanning with splinting (MIOS), and stereophotogrammetry (SPG). An industrial blue light scanner was used to generate the baseline scan from the model. The CI was captured with a laboratory scanner. The reference best‐fit method was then applied in the computer‐aided design (CAD) software to compute the three‐dimensional, angular, and linear discrepancies among the four impression techniques. The root mean square (RMS) 3D discrepancies in trueness and precision between the four impression groups were analyzed with a Kruskal–Wallis test. Trueness and precision between single analogs were assessed using generalized estimating equations. Results: Significant differences in the overall trueness (p =.017) and precision (p <.001) were observed across four impression groups. The SPG group exhibited significantly smaller RMS 3D deviations than the CI, IOS, and MIOS groups (p <.05), with no significant difference detected among the latter three groups (p >.05). Conclusions: Stereophotogrammetry showed superior trueness and precision, meeting misfit thresholds for implant‐supported complete arch prostheses. Intraoral scanning, while accurate like conventional impressions, exhibited cross‐arch angular and linear deviations. Adding a splint to the scan body did not improve intraoral scanning accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While effective, DAc injections for submental fat (SMF) reduction carry risks, including vascular damage and skin necrosis when improperly administered. This study presents a novel approach to SMF reduction using blunt microcannulas for DAc injections, coupled with 3D stereophotogrammetry quantification (3D-SQ). A 47-year-old female with SMF underwent two DAc applications. 3D-SQ was performed before and after each treatment using a 3D-SQ system. The patient experienced a substantial total volume reduction of 14.81 mL in the submental area after two DAc applications. 3D-SQ analysis showed a gradual reduction in submental volume over time. Importantly, no serious adverse events were reported, with only minor pain and warmth at the treated site. The reduction of SMF through DAc injections involves adipocyte cell lysis, emphasizing the importance of proper injection technique to avoid adverse events. The use of blunt microcannulas offers a safer alternative, minimizing the risk of skin necrosis, ulceration, and intra-arterial injections. Additionally, cannulas reduce bruising due to their blunt design and fan technique, enhancing patient comfort and safety. This case report highlights the efficacy of a novel cannula approach for DAc SMF reduction, assessed by 3D-SQ. Blunt microcannulas may represent a safer option compared to hypodermic needles, reducing the likelihood of severe complications. A) A cannula approach for deoxycholic acid administration to treat submental fullness. B) Volume decrease and C) height difference at 90 days from baseline. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scoping review investigated the evidence on the three-dimensional analysis of a posed smile in adults to discover any research gaps in this research area. Electronic searches of articles written in English were performed using the four databases of Embase, PubMed, Springer, and Web of Science with publications from 2010 to 2023. Reference lists were also manually searched to identify additional studies. The results showed that 13 cross-sectional descriptive studies from Asia, Europe, North and South America met our inclusion criteria. Studies mainly focused on linear and angle measurement for resting and smiling faces and landmark movement from resting to smiling. Most studies conducted analysis of smiles stratified by sex, ethnicity, smile type, dental occlusion, skeletal pattern, and age. Two studies compared smiling with the resting position and one study compared the attractive smiling group with the ordinary group. Our scoping review revealed the insufficiency of some measurement methods, such as those employing area, volume, and soft tissue thickness. Furthermore, few studies were conducted in Asian populations, and comparisons of various smile types, overjet types, horizontal skeletal patterns, and comparisons of smiles between people with untreated normal occlusion and those who had been orthodontically treated were lacking.

Background: The utilization of three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging for facial anthropometry is a significant asset for patients undergoing maxillofacial surgery. Notably, there have been recent advancements in smartphone technology that enable 3D surface imaging.In this study, anthropometric assessments of the face were performed using a smartphone and a sophisticated 3D surface imaging system. Methods: 30 healthy volunteers (15 females and 15 males) were included in the study. An iPhone 14 Pro (Apple Inc., USA) using the application 3D Scanner App (Laan Consulting Corp., USA) and the Vectra M5 (Canfield Scientific, USA) were employed to create 3D surface models. For each participant, 19 anthropometric measurements were conducted on the 3D surface models. Subsequently, the anthropometric measurements generated by the two approaches were compared. The statistical techniques employed included the paired t-test, paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Bland–Altman analysis, and calculation of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: All measurements showed excellent agreement between smartphone-based and Vectra M5-based measurements (ICC between 0.85 and 0.97). Statistical analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in the central tendencies for 17 of the 19 linear measurements. Despite the excellent agreement found, Bland–Altman analysis revealed that the 95% limits of agreement between the two methods exceeded ±3 mm for the majority of measurements. Conclusion: Digital facial anthropometry using smartphones can serve as a valuable supplementary tool for surgeons, enhancing their communication with patients. However, the proposed data suggest that digital facial anthropometry using smartphones may not yet be suitable for certain diagnostic purposes that require high accuracy.

Descriptive clinical tools for characterizing burn scars are limited by between-user variability and unknown sensitivity to change over time. We previously described preclinical assessment of stereophotogrammetry as a valid measure of burn-related scars. Here, we compared the estimated vs. instrumented measurements of maximum height and total positive volume of 26 burn scars. The burn scars were imaged with the QuantifiCare LifeViz Micro 3D camera. Three experienced wound care therapists first estimated, then measured using 3D Track software, the imaged scars’ height and volume. Two-factor analysis without replication was performed to calculate intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) between assessors’ estimated scar height and volume, and measured height and volume. Two-sided Wilcoxon tests were performed comparing the mean estimated height and volume with the estimated and measured outputs. The estimated scar height’s ICC was 0.595, and for volume, it was 0.531. The measured scar height’s ICC was 0.933 and for volume, it was 0.890. The estimated and measured volume were significantly different (z = −2.87, p = 0.041), while the estimated and measured height were not (z = −1.39, p = 0.161). Stereophotogrammic measurement of scar height and volume is more reliable than clinical photograph assessment. Stereophotogrammetry should be utilized when assessing burn scar height and volume, rather than subjective estimates from clinical scar tools.

This scoping review investigated the evidence on the three-dimensional analysis of a posed smile in adults to discover any research gaps in this research area. Electronic searches of articles written in English were performed using the four databases of Embase, PubMed, Springer, and Web of Science with publications from 2010 to 2023. Reference lists were also manually searched to identify additional studies. The results showed that 13 cross-sectional descriptive studies from Asia, Europe, North and South America met our inclusion criteria. Studies mainly focused on linear and angle measurement for resting and smiling faces and landmark movement from resting to smiling. Most studies conducted analysis of smiles stratified by sex, ethnicity, smile type, dental occlusion, skeletal pattern, and age. Two studies compared smiling with the resting position and one study compared the attractive smiling group with the ordinary group. Our scoping review revealed the insufficiency of some measurement methods, such as those employing area, volume, and soft tissue thickness. Furthermore, few studies were conducted in Asian populations, and comparisons of various smile types, overjet types, horizontal skeletal patterns, and comparisons of smiles between people with untreated normal occlusion and those who had been orthodontically treated were lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of 3D facial scans is becoming essential for dental practice. However, traditional scanners require labor-intensive procedures and are expensive, making them less accessible in routine clinical practice. In this context, high-performance smartphones and dedicated apps offer a more accessible alternative. This study aims to validate the accuracy of the EM3D app, which utilizes the iPhone’s TrueDepth camera technology, by comparing it to Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Methods: Thirty patients requiring CBCT scans were recruited for the study. Facial scans obtained with the TrueDepth camera of the iPhone 13 Pro in conjunction with EM3D app were automatically superimposed onto the 3D models derived from the CBCTs through the implementation of a deep learning methodology. The approach enabled the automatic identification of fifteen landmarks to perform linear and angular measurements for quantitative assessment. A color map was created to highlight discrepancies between the overlaid meshes, and the overall surface differences between the models were automatically quantified. Results: The overall surface difference between the CBCT and EM3D scans was highly accurate, with a mean discrepancy of 0.387 ± 0.361 mm. The mean discrepancies of most measurements were lower than 1 mm (five out of six; 83.33%) between the groups, with no significant differences (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The combination of the iPhone’s TrueDepth camera and the EM3D app exhibited high accuracy for 3D facial modeling. This makes it a cost-effective alternative to professional scanning systems.

Abstract Ecologists are now widely utilising video data to quantify the behaviours and interactions of animals in the wild. This process can be facilitated by collecting videos in stereo, which can provide information about animals' positions, movements and behaviours in three‐dimensions (3D). However, there are no published designs that can collect underwater 3D stereo data at high spatial and temporal resolutions for extended periods (days). Here, we present complete hardware and software solutions for a long‐running, open‐source, underwater stereo camera rig, costing £1337. This stereo camera can continuously record aquatic species and their behaviours/interactions in high resolution (1080 p and 30 fps) and in 3D, over multiple days. We provide full design guides for the cameras and a travel‐friendly rig, and include guidance and open‐source code for calibrating the cameras in space and time. We also show how these cameras could be used to track animals' body parts and positions, and how their size, posture and behaviour can be inferred. This stereo camera will facilitate the collection of high‐resolution ecological and behavioural data, such as affiliative, agonistic or trophic interactions between species, which can inform us about the health and structure of ecosystems. These data will assist ecologists and conservationists in monitoring and understanding the impacts of current environmental pressures on ecosystem functioning.

Introduction: Auricular reconstruction is a technically challenging and aesthetically demanding procedure as the ear has a complex anatomy. Anthropometry aids in achieving aesthetic ear reconstruction. We considered that implication of stereophotogrammetric technology will lead to a better understanding of human ear morphology. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in our institutional OPD in a tertiary health care centre in the Northern part of India.400 people were chosen based on selection criteria. facial scans were done for 3D pictures using Canfield VECTRA® H2 3D imaging device. Study variables were assessed after marking landmarks on the 3D-generated auricular image of an individual. Discussion: This study consisted of 55.5% males and 44.5% females belonging to the age group of 5–25 years (30.3%), 26–40 years (38.8%) and>40 yr (31.0%). Out of 400 cases, the majority had; oval shaped auricle, normally rolled helix, square earlobe; knob shaped tragus. The attached type of earlobe attachment was more in the right auricle (37%) and the partial attachment ear lobe was more in the left side auricle (35.5%). Darwin's tubercle showed more proportion in the case of males. The mean length and width of the auricle & attachment length are higher in males compared to females. Ear Angulation is highest among females. Conclusion: Assessment of ear morphology using technologically sound methods like stereophotogrammetry paves the way for a more quick, reliable and easy-to-use method for understanding ear morphology. Precise assessment of ear morphology using stereophotogrammetry helps in providing more cosmetic and acceptable ear restoration.

Purpose: To assess and compare the accuracies of intraoral scanners (IOS) and stereophotogrammetry (SPG) devices for complete-arch digital implant impressions. Methods: A 4-analog model was digitized using a desk scanner to obtain a reference file. Thirty test scans were conducted using the investigated IOS device, while an additional 30 scans were performed using the SPG device. Using the best-fit algorithm, the resulting 60 test files were aligned with the reference file. Linear (ΔX, ΔY, and ΔZ-axis) and angular deviations (ΔANGLE) were evaluated. Three-dimensional (3D) deviation was calculated based on the Euclidean distance (ΔEUC). The analysis was stratified according to the scanning device and implant position. Fisher's F and t-tests were used to compare the variances and expected values of the two scanning systems. Results: IOS expressed a higher 3D (ΔEUC) mean deviation than SPG (52.8 µm vs. 33.4 µm, P < 0.0001), with extreme measurements up to 181.9 µm. A significantly higher standard deviation (SD) was associated with IOS (37.1 µm vs. 17.7 µm, P < 0.0001). Considering angular deviations, the IOS showed slightly higher angular mean deviations (ΔANGLE) than the SPG (0.28° vs. 0.24°, P = 0.0022), with extreme measurements of up to 0.73°. The SPG SD values were significantly lower than the IOS SD values (0.14° vs. 0.04°, P < 0.0001). Conclusions: The SPG showed significantly higher 3D and angular accuracies for complete arch implant impressions, with consistent repeatability. IOS scanning revealed significantly higher extreme deviations exceeding the acceptable threshold value. Despite study limitations, SPG appears more feasible than IOS for complete-arch digital implant impressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immediate loading protocol has become increasingly popular due to the progressive growth in demand for a reduction in treatment times. The possibility of applying this protocol would depend on certain important factors. The application of the digital workflow mentioned in the protocol guarantees rapidity, precision, and esthetics. This report aims to describe a fully digital workflow using a dual scan impression technique to fabricate immediate fixed complete dentures (FCDs) for zygomatic and standard implants. A 58-year-old female patient requested treatment for her severely atrophic maxilla, and four unrehabilitated implants in the mandible. After proper diagnosis and planification, four zygomatic implants and two standard implants were placed. During the surgery, transmucosal abutments were placed on all implants. After suturing, the positions of the implants were recorded using a stereophotogrammetric technique, creating a standard tessellation (STL) file. In the lower arch, the second phase of the surgery was carried out: the transmucosal abutments were placed, and then the implant positions were recorded in the same way. The soft tissues were rescanned after suturing with an intraoral scanner (IOS), and all STL files were aligned to obtain the virtual final models. The pre-design after virtual modifications was aligned with the definitive models. The provisional prostheses were milled and placed after six hours after the surgery, and the definitive prostheses were placed six months after the surgery. The dual scan technique used obtained a precise fit for both the provisional and definitive FCDs. This technique might be an effective and reliable alternative for the fabrication of immediate and definitive screw-retained FCDs in a completely digital workflow. The time taken for scanning and fabrication was reduced, and the clinician's and patient's satisfaction were improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facial palsy can severely compromise quality of life, significantly altering the harmony and symmetry of the face, which can be restored by surgical rehabilitation. The aim of the study was the quantification of facial symmetry following facial reanimation. Fifteen consecutive adult patients were surgically treated through triple innervation for reanimation of flaccid unilateral facial paralysis (contralateral facial nerve, masseteric nerve, and hypoglossal nerve) and fascia lata graft for definition of the nasolabial sulcus. In the preoperative stage and at least 11 months after the surgical treatment, three-dimensional facial images were recorded through stereophotogrammetry in a neutral (rest) position, and with Mona Lisa and full-denture (maximum) smiles. Labial commissure inclination relative to the interpupillary axis, and a surface assessment of local facial asymmetry at rest and while smiling were obtained for the upper, middle, and lower facial thirds. The angle between the interpupillary axis and the labial commissure significantly improved in post-surgical acquisitions, regaining symmetry at rest (t -test; p < 0.001). Facial symmetry increased significantly when passing from pre-to postsurgical facial scans, from the lower to the upper facial third, and from the full smile to the rest position (ANOVA; p < 0.001). After treatment, the full smile recovered more symmetry than the other two expressions. In summary, surgical treatment significantly reduced facial asymmetry, but this reduction differed significantly among the various animations and facial thirds. The results of this study confirmed clinical findings of significant static and dynamic improvements in facial symmetry after triple innervation reanimation surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate accuracy, scanning time, and patient satisfaction of photogrammetry (PG) systems for recording the 3D position of dental implants. Material and Methods: A literature search was completed in five databases: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Embase, World of Science, and Cochrane. A manual search was also conducted. Studies reporting the use of commercially available PG systems were included. Two investigators evaluated the studies independently by applying the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal. A third examiner was consulted to resolve any lack of consensus. Results: A total of 14 articles were included: 3 in vivo, 6 in vitro, and 6 case report manuscripts. One clinical study evaluated trueness, another one tested precision, and the third one assessed impression time and patient and operator satisfaction. All the in vitro studies evaluated the trueness and precision of a PG system. Additionally, all the reviewed studies investigated completely edentulous conditions with multiple implants. The number of placed implants per arch among the reviewed clinical studies varied from 4 to 8 implants, while the number of implants placed on the reference casts included 4, 5, 6, or 8 implants. Not all the studies compared the accuracy of PG systems with conventional impression methods, using intraoral scanners as additional experimental groups. For the PIC system, trueness ranged from 10 to 49 μm and precision ranged from 5 to 65 μm. For the iCam4D system, trueness ranged from 24 to 77 μm and the precision value ranged from 2 to 203 μm. Conclusions: PG systems may provide a reliable alternative for acquiring the 3D position of dental implants. However, this conclusion should be interpreted carefully, as one study reported a mean precision value of one PG system higher than the clinically acceptable discrepancy. Lower scanning time and higher patient and operator satisfaction have been reported when compared with conventional techniques. Further studies are needed to increase the evidence regarding the accuracy, scanning time, and patient and operator satisfaction of the commercially available PG systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses dental compensations in skeletal Class III patients with mandibular asymmetry, categorizing them into roll-, yaw-, and translation-dominant types. Topics include the assessment of dental compensation, variations in maxillary and mandibular tooth positions, and the importance of precise evaluation for successful orthognathic surgery outcomes.

Objectives: Despite the limited validity of the Sunnybrook grading index, it is routinely used for the clinical evaluation of facial palsy. This study aimed to assess the dynamic asymmetry in unilateral facial palsy and mathematically validate a modified version of the Sunnybrook facial grading system. Methods: The Sunnybrook facial grading system was modified to provide more descriptions of the measured parameters of the distorted facial expression in unilateral facial paralysis. This correlation study was conducted on 16 patients with unilateral facial palsy and a matched control group. Three-dimensional video recordings of six facial expressions - rest, maximum smile, cheek puff, lip purse, eyebrow raising, and eye closure - were used for each case in the analysis. Advanced geometric morphometrics were applied to quantify facial asymmetry and morphology throughout the course of each expression. Seven professional assessors graded facial asymmetry for the 16 cases, twice, using the modified Sunnybrook index. Cross-correlations between the objective mathematical measurements and the subjective clinical grades were calculated. Results: The inter- and intra-observer reproducibility of the modified Sunnybrook index was high (r = −0.8). Significant positive correlations were detected between the clinical grading of facial palsy and the mathematical measurements at rest, maximum smile, lip purse, and raising of eyebrows. The correlations between the modified Sunnybrook index and mathematical measurements were poor for cheek puff and forceful eye closure. Conclusions: The modified Sunnybrook grading index proved reproducible and mathematically valid for the grading of unilateral facial paralysis in most facial expressions, except for cheek puff and forceful eye closure.

Background: Facial asymmetries are common in patients with skeletal class III malocclusion and posterior crossbite. Maxillary expansion and protraction (ME&P) and then fixed orthodontic treatment may affect positively on these asymmetries.Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effects of applying ME&P by the rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and face mask and then fixed orthodontic treatment on soft tissue asymmetries in adolescent patients with skeletal class III malocclusion and posterior crossbite. For this purpose, the 3D facial imaging system of stereophotogrammetric (3dMD) recordings was analyzed quantitatively in the pre-treatment (T0), ME&P (T1), and post-fixed orthodontic treatment periods (T2). Materials and methods: The study included 28 (11 females, 17 males) individuals with skeletal class III malocclusion and posterior cross-bite (5 patients with bilateral and 23 patients with unilateral cross-bite) and soft tissue facial convexity angle of 175.11º±1.06º with a mean age of 9.37 ± 0.54 years. Three-dimensional photographs were taken from the individuals before the ME&P (T0), 6 months after the ME&P procedure and before starting fixed orthodontic treatment (T1), and after removing all orthodontic appliances from the mouth at the end of the fixed orthodontic treatment (T2). 3dMD Vultus® software was used to evaluate the data of 34 linear and 16 volumetric as a total of 50 measurements in soft tissue analysis.Results: The right-left volume differences, the Root Mean Square (RMS) values, and linear width measurements in the upper, mid, and lower face regions when evaluated at the T1-T0, T2-T1, and T2-T0 period intervals, were found to a decrease in these values and improvement of asymmetry.Conclusion: The asymmetry in the soft tissue in all face regions was corrected with ME&P and fixed orthodontic treatment. The most obvious asymmetry improvement occurs in the lower face area. It should be taken into consideration that asymmetry will improve with RME and face mask application and fixed orthodontic treatment in adolescents with Class III malocclusion and posterior cross-bite and treatment planning should be done according to that.

Over the preceding five decades, there has been a noticeable surge in the pursuit of achieving voluminous and well-defined lips. This trend has prompted an escalating number of individuals to undergo lip augmentation procedures, aiming for a natural three-dimensional enhancement of lip volume and distinct vermilion borders. Despite the proliferation of lip augmentation techniques, there remains a dearth of comprehensive investigations into their precise effects on the three-dimensional structural integrity of the lips. This research endeavors to address this gap by employing stereophotogrammetry as a quantitative tool to scrutinize lip augmentation outcomes and to appraise the efficacy of lip plumpers. The study methodology involves a comparative analysis of lip dimensions among subjects treated with a commercial lip plumper using multi-spectral imaging for lip dimension assessment, coupled with markerless tracking technology and 3D interpolating surface methodology to analyze lip volume and shape. Additionally, the study evaluated lip youth state, including moisture level, softness, firmness, and tissue density. The demand for lip augmentation procedures is driven by perceived advantages such as quick recovery and minimal risk. Therefore, it is crucial to substantiate their efficacy with robust findings. The investigation suggests that both 3D and 2D stereophotogrammetry techniques are reliable for evaluating lip size before and after augmentation, whether through cosmetic or aesthetic approaches. Overall, the study provides a comprehensive analysis of a lip treatment aimed at enhancing volume and redesigning lip lines. It demonstrates that stereophotogrammetry is effective for assessing 3D lip dimensions and their correlation with internal lip structure. This research could be particularly valuable for evaluating the efficacy and duration of various lip enhancement techniques, including dermal fillers, implants, and topical cosmetic formulations, offering quantitative and reproducible assessments over time.

This longitudinal study aimed to evaluate facial growth and soft tissue changes in infants with complete unilateral cleft lip, alveolus, and palate (CUCLAP) at ages 3, 9, and 12 months. Using 3D images of 22 CUCLAP infants, average faces and distance maps for the entire face and specific regions were created. Color-coded maps highlighted more significant soft tissue changes from 3 to 9 months than from 9 to 12 months. The first interval showed substantial growth in the entire face, particularly in the forehead, eyes, lower lip, chin, and cheeks (p < 0.001), while the second interval exhibited no significant growth. This study provides insights into facial soft tissue growth in CUCLAP infants during critical developmental stages, emphasizing substantial improvements between 3 and 9 months, mainly in the chin, lower lip, and forehead. However, uneven growth occurred in the upper lip, philtrum, and nostrils throughout both intervals, with an overall decline in growth from 9 to 12 months. These findings underscore the dynamic nature of soft tissue growth in CUCLAP patients, highlighting the need to consider these patterns in treatment planning. Future research should explore the underlying factors and develop customized treatment interventions for enhanced facial aesthetics and function in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To assess accuracy of intraoral optical scanning (IOS) and stereophotogrammetry (SPG), complete‐arch digital implant impressions in vivo. Materials and Methods: Consecutive patients needing implant‐supported screw‐retained zirconia complete‐arch fixed‐dental prostheses (ISZ‐FDP) were recruited. For each patient, three impressions were taken: IOS, SPG (tests), and open‐tray plaster (reference). Linear (ΔX, ΔY, and ΔZ), three‐dimensional (ΔEUC), and angular deviations (ΔANGLE) were evaluated and stratified according to scanning technology for each implant. Potential effects of impression device (IOS and SPG), arch (maxilla and mandible), and implant number (4 and 6) were evaluated through multivariable analysis. Significance level was set at.05. Results: A total of 11 complete arches (5 maxillae, 6 mandibles) in 11 patients were rehabilitated with ISZ‐FDPs supported by 4 (n = 8) and 6 implants (n = 3). A total of 50 implants and 100 implant positions were captured by two investigated devices and compared to respective reference (mean ΔEUC IOS 137.2, SPG 87.6 μm; mean ΔANGLE 0.79, 0.38°). Differences between measurements (SPG‐IOS) were computed for each implant, with negative values indicating better SPG accuracy. Significant mean ΔEUC difference of −49.60 μm (p =.0143; SD 138.15) and mean ΔANGLE difference of −0.40° (p <.0001; SD 0.65) were observed in favor of SPG. Multivariable analysis showed significant effect on ΔEUC (p =.0162) and ΔANGLE (p =.0001) only for impression devices, with SPG performing better. Conclusions: SPG experienced significantly higher linear and angular accuracy. No effect of type of arch or implant number was detected. Higher extreme deviations were experienced for IOS. SPG can be feasible for complete‐arch digital impressions with caution, and rigid prototype try‐in is recommended before screw‐retained prosthesis manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this clinical trial was to compare facial expressions (magnitude, shape change, time, and symmetry) before (T0) and after (T1) orthognathic surgery by implementing a novel method of four-dimensional (4D) motion capture analysis, known as videostereophotogrammetry, in orthodontics. Methods: This prospective, single-centre, single-arm trial included a total of 26 adult patients (mean age 28.4 years; skeletal class II: n = 13, skeletal class III: n = 13) with indication for orthodontic-surgical treatment. Two reproducible facial expressions (maximum smile, lip purse) were captured at T0 and T1 by videostereophotogrammetry as 4D face scan. The magnitude, shape change, symmetry, and time of the facial movements were analysed. The motion changes were analysed in dependence of skeletal class and surgical movements. Results: 4D motion capture analysis was feasible in all cases. The magnitude of the expression maximum smile increased from 15.24 to 17.27 mm (p = 0.002), while that of the expression lip purse decreased from 9.34 to 8.31 mm (p = 0.01). Shape change, symmetry, and time of the facial movements did not differ significantly pre- and postsurgical. The changes in facial movements following orthodontic-surgical treatment were observed independently of skeletal class and surgical movements. Conclusions: Orthodontic-surgical treatment not only affects static soft tissue but also soft tissue dynamics while smiling or lip pursing. Clinical relevance: To achieve comprehensive orthodontic treatment plans, the integration of facial dynamics via videostereophotogrammetry provides a promising approach in diagnostics. Trial registration number: DRKS00017206. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Methods in Ecology & Evolution is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Auricular reconstruction is a technically challenging and aesthetically demanding procedure as the ear has a complex anatomy. Anthropometry aids in achieving aesthetic ear reconstruction. We considered that implication of stereophotogrammetric technology will lead to a better understanding of human ear morphology. A cross-sectional study was conducted in our institutional OPD in a tertiary health care centre in the Northern part of India.400 people were chosen based on selection criteria. facial scans were done for 3D pictures using Canfield VECTRA® H2 3D imaging device. Study variables were assessed after marking landmarks on the 3D-generated auricular image of an individual. This study consisted of 55.5% males and 44.5% females belonging to the age group of 5–25 years (30.3%), 26–40 years (38.8%) and>40 yr (31.0%). Out of 400 cases, the majority had; oval shaped auricle, normally rolled helix, square earlobe; knob shaped tragus. The attached type of earlobe attachment was more in the right auricle (37%) and the partial attachment ear lobe was more in the left side auricle (35.5%). Darwin's tubercle showed more proportion in the case of males. The mean length and width of the auricle & attachment length are higher in males compared to females. Ear Angulation is highest among females. Assessment of ear morphology using technologically sound methods like stereophotogrammetry paves the way for a more quick, reliable and easy-to-use method for understanding ear morphology. Precise assessment of ear morphology using stereophotogrammetry helps in providing more cosmetic and acceptable ear restoration. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kieferorthopädie: die Zeitschrift für die Praxis is the property of Quintessenz Verlags GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: To compare the immediate three‐dimensional (3D) perioral soft‐tissue changes and impact on speech induced by clear aligners and fixed appliances. Materials and Methods: In this repeated‐measure experimental study, stereophotogrammetric 3D photographs of 40 participants were recorded before and immediately after the introduction of clear aligners and fixed appliances. The 3D surface meshes were registered to quantify changes in the direction and magnitude of nine soft tissue landmarks located on the upper and lower lips. Self‐reported speech disturbance was evaluated using a questionnaire. Data were analysed using repeated‐measures analysis of variance. Results: In the vertical plane, the clear aligners induced inferior displacement (range 0.4‐1.5 mm) for all nine landmarks (P <.01), whereas fixed appliances induced inferior displacement only of A‐point (0.4 ± 0.9 mm), right crista philtri (0.5 ± 1.1 mm) and left crista philtri (0.7 ± 1.1 mm). The clear aligners induced greater vertical changes than fixed appliances for all landmarks (P <.05). In the sagittal plane, both clear aligners and fixed appliances slightly advanced all perioral landmarks, except subnasale. Fixed appliances caused greater changes than clear aligners for right cheilion (+0.8 mm), left cheilion (+0.8 mm) and labrale inferius (+0.9 mm) (P <.01). Both orthodontic appliances had a significant self‐perceived effect on speech, with clear aligners affecting speech to a greater degree. Conclusion: Clear aligners and fixed appliances produced immediate effects on perioral soft tissues, which are most evident in the vertical plane for clear aligners, and in the sagittal plane for fixed appliances. Speech was affected by both appliances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This in vitro study compared the accuracy between conventional and different intraoral scanner impression methods and stereophotogrammetry term of 3D deviation for a complete mandibular edentulous arch with 5 placed implants. Materials and methods: An edentulous mandibular model was prepared with three straight and two 17° angled screw‐retained abutments screwed on implants. Different impression techniques were compared: one conventional impression, CO (open‐tray splint impression coping, Polyether), three groups of intraoral scanners, TS (Trios 4), IT (iTero Element 2), and PS (Primescan), and one stereophotogrammetry, PIC (Precise Implants Capture). An extraoral scanner (E4 scanner) was used to digitize the reference model as a control group. Scan body positions were compared with 3D deviation by using a 3D analysis software program (Geomagic ControlX 2020.1.1) with the best‐fit alignment technique. The accuracy of the scan bodies' position of each impression technique between each group area was analyzed using one‐way ANOVA followed by Scheffé's comparison test for trueness and precision. (α = 0.05). Results: Statistical 3D deviations of the whole scan body were found among the CO, TS, PS, IT, and PIC groups for both trueness (p < 0.05) and precision (p < 0.05). PIC showed the least 3D deviation of trueness (48.74 ± 1.80 µm) and precision (5.46 ± 1.10 µm), followed by TS, PS, IT, and CO. CO had the highest 3D deviation of trueness (141 ± 5.58 µm) and precision (40.4 ± 1.3.39 µm), which was significantly different from PIC, TS, and PS. Conclusions: For completed‐arch digital implant impressions, stereophotogrammetry has shown better accuracy than other digital and conventional impression techniques, especially in terms of precision. The highest 3D deviation was found in the conventional splint open‐tray impression technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Spine disorders are becoming more prevalent in today’s ageing society. Motion abnormalities have been linked to the prevalence and recurrence of these disorders. Various protocols exist to measure thoracolumbar spine motion, but a standard multi-segmental approach is still missing. This study aims to systematically evaluate the literature on stereophotogrammetric motion analysis approaches to quantify thoracolumbar spine kinematics in terms of measurement reliability, suitability of protocols for clinical application and clinical significance of the resulting functional assessment. Methods Electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus and ScienceDirect) were searched until February 2022. Studies published in English, investigating the intersegmental kinematics of the thoracolumbar spine using stereophotogrammetric motion analysis were identified. All information relating to measurement reliability; measurement suitability and clinical significance was extracted from the studies identified. Results Seventy-four studies met the inclusion criteria. 33% of the studies reported on the repeatability of their measurement. In terms of suitability, only 35% of protocols were deemed suitable for clinical application. The spinous processes of C7, T3, T6, T12, L1, L3 and L5 were the most widely used landmarks. The spine segment definitions were, however, found to be inconsistent among studies. Activities of daily living were the main tasks performed. Comparable results between protocols are however still missing. Conclusion The literature to date offers various stereophotogrammetric protocols to quantify the multi-segmental motion of the thoracolumbar spine, without a standard guideline being followed. From a clinical point of view, the approaches are still limited. Further research is needed to define a precise motion analysis protocol in terms of segment definition and clinical relevance.

Facial morphology is known to be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Scientific evidence regarding facial parameters in patients with posterior crossbite is lacking. This study aimed to investigate the association between posterior crossbite and facial parameters. This cross-sectional study included 34 adolescents with and 34 adolescents without posterior crossbite in the age range from 13 to 15 years. Facial surface scans were acquired with a 3dMD imaging system, and landmark-based analysis was performed. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's correlations. Individuals in the control group had lower face heights (females: p = 0.003, r = 0.45; males: p = 0.005, r = 0.57). The control group females presented with smaller intercanthal width (p = 0.04; r = 0.31) and anatomical nose width (p = 0.004; r = 0.43) compared with the crossbite group females. The males in the control group had wider nostrils. In the control group, significant correlations among different facial parameters were more common, including the correlations between eye width and other transversal face measurements. On the contrary, the facial width was correlated with nasal protrusion (r = 0.657; p < 0.01) and the morphological width of the nose (r = 0.505; p < 0.05) in the crossbite group alone. In both groups, the philtrum width was linked with the anatomical and morphological widths of the nose. Conclusions: Patients with posterior crossbites have increased face height and different patterns of facial proportions compared with individuals without crossbites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]