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Second-generation bromodomain and extra terminal (BET) inhibitors, which selectively target one of the two bromodomains in the BET proteins, have begun to emerge in the literature. These inhibitors aim to help determine the roles and functions of each domain and assess whether they can demonstrate an improved safety profile in clinical settings compared to pan-BET inhibitors. Herein, we describe the discovery of a novel BET BD2-selective chemotype using a structure-based drug design from a hit identified by DNA-encoded library technologies, showing a structural differentiation from key previously reported greater than 100-fold BD2-selective chemotypes GSK620, GSK046, and ABBV-744. Following a structure-based hypothesis for the selectivity and optimization of the physicochemical properties of the series, we identified 60 (GSK040), an in vitro ready and in vivo capable BET BD2-inhibitor of unprecedented selectivity (5000-fold) against BET BD1, excellent selectivity against other bromodomains, and good physicochemical properties. This novel chemical probe can be added to the toolbox used in the advancement of epigenetics research.

Domain-specific BET bromodomain ligands represent an attractive target for drug discovery with the potential to unlock the therapeutic benefits of antagonizing these proteins without eliciting the toxicological aspects seen with pan-BET inhibitors. While we have reported several distinct classes of BD2 selective compounds, namely, GSK620, GSK549, and GSK046, only GSK046 shows high aqueous solubility. Herein, we describe the lead optimization of a further class of highly soluble compounds based upon a picolinamide chemotype. Focusing on achieving >1000-fold selectivity for BD2 over BD1 ,while retaining favorable physical chemical properties, compound 36 was identified as being 2000-fold selective for BD2 over BD1 (Brd4 data) with >1 mg/mL solubility in FaSSIF media. 36 represents a valuable new in vivo ready molecule for the exploration of the BD2 phenotype.

A number of reports have recently been published describing the discovery and optimization of bromo and extraterminal inhibitors which are selective for the second bromodomain (BD2); these include our own work toward GSK046 (3) and GSK620 (5). This paper describes our approach to mitigating the genotoxicity risk of GSK046 by replacement of the acetamide functionality with a heterocyclic ring. This was followed by a template-hopping and hybridization approach, guided by structure-based drug design, to incorporate learnings from other BD2-selective series, optimize the vector for the amide region, and explore the ZA cleft, leading to the identification of potent, selective, and bioavailable compounds 28 (GSK452), 39 (GSK737), and 36 (GSK217).

The profound efficacy, yet associated toxicity of pan-BET inhibitors is well documented. The possibility of an ameliorated safety profile driven by significantly selective (>100-fold) inhibition of a subset of the eight bromodomains is enticing, but challenging given the close homology. Herein, we describe the X-ray crystal structure-directed optimization of a novel weak fragment ligand with a pan-second bromodomain (BD2) bias, to potent and highly BD2 selective inhibitors. A template hopping approach, enabled by our parallel research into an orthogonal template (15, GSK046), was the basis for the high selectivity observed. This culminated in two tool molecules, 20 (GSK620) and 56 (GSK549), which showed an anti-inflammatory phenotype in human whole blood, confirming their cellular target engagement. Excellent broad selectivity, developability, and in vivo oral pharmacokinetics characterize these tools, which we hope will be of broad utility to the field of epigenetics research.

Pan-bromodomain and extra terminal domain (BET) inhibitors interact equipotently with the eight bromodomains of the BET family of proteins and have shown profound efficacy in a number of in vitro phenotypic assays and in vivo pre-clinical models in inflammation or oncology. A number of these inhibitors have progressed to the clinic where pharmacology-driven adverse events have been reported. To better understand the contribution of each domain to their efficacy and improve their safety profile, selective inhibitors are required. This article discloses the profile of GSK046, also known as iBET-BD2, a highly selective inhibitor of the second bromodomains of the BET proteins that has undergone extensive pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo characterization.

[Image: see text] Pan-BET inhibitors have shown profound efficacy in a number of in vivo preclinical models and have entered the clinic in oncology trials where adverse events have been reported. These inhibitors interact equipotently with the eight bromodomains of the BET family of proteins. To better understand the contribution of each domain to their efficacy and to improve from their safety profile, selective inhibitors are required. This Letter discloses the profile of GSK973, a highly selective inhibitor of the second bromodomains of the BET proteins that has undergone extensive preclinical in vitro and in vivo characterization.

Herein, a series of 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans have been developed as highly potent bromo and extra-terminal domain (BET) inhibitors with 1000-fold selectivity for the second bromodomain (BD2) over the first bromodomain (BD1). Investment in the development of two orthogonal synthetic routes delivered inhibitors that were potent and selective but had raised in vitro clearance and suboptimal solubility. Insertion of a quaternary center into the 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran core blocked a key site of metabolism and improved the solubility. This led to the development of inhibitor 71 (GSK852): a potent, 1000-fold-selective, highly soluble compound with good in vivo rat and dog pharmacokinetics.

The profound efficacy of pan-BET inhibitors is well documented, but these epigenetic agents have shown pharmacology-driven toxicity in oncology clinical trials. The opportunity to identify inhibitors with an improved safety profile by selective targeting of a subset of the eight bromodomains of the BET family has triggered extensive medicinal chemistry efforts. In this article, we disclose the identification of potent and selective drug-like pan-BD2 inhibitors such as pyrazole 23 (GSK809) and furan 24 (GSK743) that were derived from the pyrrole fragment 6. We transpose the key learnings from a previous pyridone series (GSK620 2 as a representative example) to this novel class of inhibitors, which are characterized by significantly improved solubility relative to our previous research.

Most bromodomain inhibitors mimic the interactions of the natural acetylated lysine (KAc) histone substrate through key interactions with conserved asparagine and tyrosine residues within the binding pocket. Herein we report the optimization of a series of phenyl sulfonamides that exhibit a novel mode of binding to non-bromodomain and extra terminal domain (non-BET) bromodomains through displacement of a normally conserved network of four water molecules. Starting from an initial hit molecule, we report its divergent optimization toward the ATPase family AAA domain containing 2 (ATAD2) and cat eye syndrome chromosome region, candidate 2 (CECR2) domains. This work concludes with the identification of (R)-55 (GSK232), a highly selective, cellularly penetrant CECR2 inhibitor with excellent physicochemical properties.

Bromodomain inhibitors revisited Bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer and immune diseases through their effects on transcriptional regulation. BET proteins contain two nearly identical bromodomains, BD1 and BD2, structural modules that have attracted great interest as targets for drug development. First-generation drugs that inhibited both BD1 and BD2 showed promising therapeutic activity in preclinical models but proved to be less efficacious in clinical trials. Gilan et al. took a different approach and designed drugs that selectively inhibited BD1 or BD2 (see the Perspective by Filippakopoulos and Knapp). They found that BD1 and BD2 inhibitors altered gene expression in different ways and that BD2 inhibitors had greater therapeutic activity than BD1 inhibitors in preclinical models of inflammation and autoimmune disease. Science , this issue p. 387 ; see also p. 367

Treatment of homoallylic N-tosyl amines or allylic N-tosyl hydroxylamines with 1.5 equiv of a malonoyl peroxide provides a stereoselective method to access functionalized pyrrolidines and isoxazolidines. This metal free alkene oxyamination proceeds in 50-85% yield and up to 13:1 trans-selectivity. In addition, the relative stereochemistry of the oxygen and nitrogen substituents can be inverted through an oxidation/reduction sequence or inverting the stereochemistry of the starting alkene. Mechanistic investigations show a higher reactivity for hydroxyl nucleophiles over sulfonamide nucleophiles revealing a preference for dioxygenation over oxyamination.

The Chan-Evans-Lam reaction is a valuable C-N bond forming process. However, aryl boronic acid pinacol (BPin) ester reagents can be difficult coupling partners that often deliver low yields, in particular in reactions with aryl amines. Herein, we report effective reaction conditions for the Chan-Evans-Lam amination of aryl BPin with alkyl and aryl amines. A mixed MeCN/EtOH solvent system was found to enable effective C-N bond formation using aryl amines while EtOH is not required for the coupling of alkyl amines.

The bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) family of proteins bind acetylated lysine residues on histone proteins. The four BET bromodomains—BRD2, BRD3, BRD4, and BRDT—each contain two bromodomain modules. BET bromodomain inhibition is a potential therapy for various cancers and immunoinflammatory diseases, but few reported inhibitors show selectivity within the BET family. Inhibitors with selectivity for the first or second bromodomain are desired to aid investigation of the biological function of these domains. Focused library screening identified a series of tetrahydroquinoxalines with selectivity for the second bromodomains of the BET family (BD2). Structure-guided optimization of the template improved potency, selectivity, and physicochemical properties, culminating in potent BET inhibitors with BD2 selectivity.

Herein we describe the design and synthesis of a dual active histone deacetylase (HDAC)/bromodomain and extra terminal (BET) small molecule tool inhibitor, DUAL946 (1). Exploiting our extensive epigenetic toolbox, we achieved the functionalisation of a BET active tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) core, with a hydroxamic acid HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) motif. Dual inhibition of BET and HDAC proteins was confirmed by in vitro biochemical and biophysical testing and through chemoproteomic competition experiments in cell lysates. This activity was translated into potent cellular activity in both immune and cancer cells.

PAD4 has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune, cardiovascular and oncological diseases through clinical genetics and gene disruption in mice. New selective PAD4 inhibitors binding a calcium-deficient form of the PAD4 enzyme have validated the critical enzymatic role of human and mouse PAD4 in both histone citrullination and neutrophil extracellular trap formation for, to our knowledge, the first time. The therapeutic potential of PAD4 inhibitors can now be explored. Published version

The synthesis of a novel series of potent chiral inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC) is described that contain a heterocyclic capping group and a N-(2-aminophenyl)benzamide unit that binds in the active site. In vitro assays for the inhibition of HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3-NCoR1, and HDAC8 by the N-(2-aminophenyl)benzamide 24a gave respective IC50 values of 930, 85, 12, and 4100 nM, exhibiting class I selectivity and potent inhibition of HDAC3-NCoR1. Both imidazolinone and thiazoline rings are shown to be effective replacements for the pyrimidine ring present in many other 2-(aminophenyl)benzamides previously reported, an example of each ring system at 1 μM causing an increase in histone H3K9 acetylation in the human cell lines Jurkat and HeLa and an increase in cell death consistent with induction of apoptosis. Inhibition of the growth of MCF-7, A549, DU145, and HCT116 cell lines by 24a was observed, with respective IC50 values of 5.4, 5.8, 6.4, and 2.2 mM.

The Chan–Evans–Lam reaction is a valuable C–N bond forming process. However, aryl boronic acid pinacol (BPin) ester reagents can be difficult coupling partners that often deliver low yields, in particular in reactions with aryl amines. Herein, we report effective reaction conditions for the Chan–Evans–Lam amination of aryl BPin with alkyl and aryl amines. A mixed MeCN/EtOH solvent system was found to enable effective C–N bond formation using aryl amines while EtOH is not required for the coupling of alkyl amines.

Replacement of the carboxylic acid group in a series of previously described 1,5-biaryl pyrrole EP 1 receptor antagonists led to the discovery of various novel non-acidic antagonists. Several analogues displayed high binding affinity and high binding efficiency indices.

The preliminary SAR of a series of novel 1,5-biaryl pyrrole EP1 receptor antagonists derived from compound 1 is described. Replacement of the benzyl group of 1 with isosteric groups was investigated. The most effective replacement was found to be the isobutyl group. The cyclopentylmethyl and cyclohexylmethyl groups were also effective benzyl replacements. The cyclohexylmethyl derivative 19 demonstrated the lowest metabolic clearance within this series. In addition, several high affinity substituted benzyl analogues were also identified. Compound 39 was found to have good bioavailability in rats and demonstrated efficacy in the established FCA preclinical model of inflammatory pain with a calculated ED50 of 9.2 mg/kg.