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Sympatric host-associated genetic differentiation is a prominent pattern that could lead to speciation. In insects, there are numerous examples of host-associated differentiation among herbivores that prefer different plants, and parasitoids that prefer different hosts, but few examples for specialist predators. We developed new microsatellite loci for two species of silver fly, Leucotaraxis argenticollis (Zetterstedt) and L. piniperda (Malloch) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), being evaluated as biological control agents for the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), in eastern North America where it is a nonnative pest. We obtained DNA from specimens of both fly species feeding on native A. tsugae in western North America, as well as on other western and eastern adelgid species. We performed population genetic analyses using the new loci and DNA barcode sequences. Our results confirmed east–west allopatric divergence and uncovered nested genetic differentiation associated with different adelgid prey species and their host plants in western North America for both species of silver flies. For both species, there is also evidence for a longer history of diversification in the west, with ancestral specialization of feeding on pine adelgids, which was retained after range expansion to the east. More recently, divergence to feeding on new adelgid prey species occurred in the west. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that host-alternating life cycles in Adelgidae may provide temporary escape from specialist predators. We discuss the implications for biological control efficacy and potential for lineage hybridization as western flies are released in the east to control A. tsugae.

The Neotropical genus Lopesiodinia Prado is represented by two species, L. diversa Prado (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro) and L. alvarengai Prado (Brazil: Pará). The genus is reviewed here, and three new species are described and illustrated: Lopesiodinia marcusi sp. nov. (Brazil: Amazonas, Maranhão), L. argentata sp. nov. (Brazil: Amazonas) and L. pontarolloi sp. nov. (Brazil: Amazonas, Maranhão). A key to identify the subfamilies and extant genera and the species of Traginopinae from the Neotropical Region is presented.

Korneyev, Severyn V., Hancock, David L., Hauser, Martin, Korneyev, Valery A., Gaimari, Stephen D. (2021): A new species of the genus Themarictera Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae: Phytalmiinae: Acanthonevrini) from Madagascar. Zootaxa 4996 (2): 383-391, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4996.2.12

Molecular methods are necessary to diagnose immature life stages of the agricultural pest fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and are useful to corroborate identifications based on adults because morphological variation within the species can overlap with congeners. DNA sequencing of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) has been adopted by the International Plant Protection Convention as an internationally accepted method to distinguish between the 2 pestiferous fruit fly species Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera carambolae (Drew & Hancock). Reported ITS-1 sequences also are distinct and diagnostically informative to distinguish several other Bactrocera species related to B. dorsalis. In this study, we applied DNA sequencing of ITS-1 to a collection of 513 adult flies trapped in California, USA, in the yr 2008 to 2018. Internal transcribed spacer 1 sequences were successfully recovered from 504 (98%) of these flies. One fly had an ITS-1 sequence that matched B. occipitalis (Bezzi) records. Re-examination of that fly using cytochrome c oxidase I, elongation factor 1-alpha, and morphology supports it as the second record of B. occipitalis trapped in California. The other 503 flies had ITS-1 sequences consistent with B. dorsalis. Six unique ITS-1 sequences (or DNA types) were observed in the collection of 503 B. dorsalis. Three of the ITS-1 sequences (types A, B, and C) were present in 84% of the 503 flies and match ITS-1 records reported in prior publications on B. dorsalis. The other 3 sequences (types D, E, and F) observed in 4% of the 503 B. dorsalis have not been reported in publications. Ambiguous nucleotides were observed from 12% of the 503 B. dorsalis flies, precluding designation of a sequence type. Including the 3 new types from the current study, a total of 15 unique ITS-1 sequences now are known for B. dorsalis. The study, therefore, documents additional intraspecific variation of ITS-1 that aids in future applications for species identification.

We present a summary and analysis of the Diptera-related information published in Zootaxa from 2001 to 2020, with a focus on taxonomic papers. Altogether, 2,527 papers on Diptera were published, including 2,032 taxonomic papers and 1,931 papers containing new nomenclatural acts, equivalent to 22% of all publications with new nomenclatural acts for Diptera. The new nomenclatural acts include 7,431 new species, 277 new genera, 2,003 new synonymies, and 1,617 new combinations. A breakdown by family of new taxa and new replacement names proposed in the journal during the last two decades is provided, together with a comparison of Zootaxa’s output to that of all other taxonomic publications on Diptera. Our results show that the journal has contributed to 20% of all biodiversity discovery in this megadiverse insect order over the last 20 years, and to about 31% in the last decade.

A fully annotated catalog of genus- and species-group names of Neotropical Lauxaniidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) is presented, providing details of references to these names in literature, and providing additional details such as distributions, generic combinations, synonymies, misspellings and emendations, information on types, notes on unusual situations, etc. As this catalog is meant to supplement the older Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico, to complete the cataloging of the New World Lauxaniidae, “Neotropical” is herein inclusive of everything south of the United States, and the Nearctic parts of Mexico are not separately distinguished. The catalog is organized alphabetically within each of the three lauxaniid subfamilies, Eurychoromyiinae, Homoneurinae and Lauxaniinae, treating 91 available genus-group names, of which 77 represent valid genera. In the species-group, the catalog treats 441 available species-group names, of which 391 represent valid Neotropical lauxaniid species, 39 are invalid, three are valid but extralimital lauxaniids, five are valid but removed from Lauxaniidae, and two are new replacement names for two homonyms outside Lauxaniidae. The following nine new genera are described, based on previously described species: Elipolambda Gaimari & Silva (type species, Sapromyza lopesi Shewell, 1989), Griphoneuromima Silva & Gaimari (type species, Sapromyza frontalis Macquart, 1844b), Meraina Silva & Gaimari (type species, Lauxania ferdinandi Frey, 1919), Myzaprosa Gaimari & Silva (type species, Myzaprosa mallochi Gaimari & Silva), Paradeceia Silva & Gaimari (type species, Sapromyza sororia Williston, 1896b), Pseudodeceia Silva & Gaimari (type species, Lauxania leptoptera Frey, 1919), Sericominettia Gaimari & Silva (type species, Minettia argentiventris Malloch, 1928), Zamyprosa Gaimari & Silva (type species, Sapromyza semiatra Malloch, 1933), and Zargopsinettia Gaimari & Silva (type species, Minettia verticalis Malloch, 1928). The following four new replacement names in the species-group replace junior homonyms: Myzaprosa mallochi Gaimari & Silva (for Sapromyza spinigera Malloch, 1933, nec Malloch, 1925), Pseudogriphoneura mallochi Silva & Gaimari (for Minettia infuscata Malloch, 1928, nec Sciomyza infuscata Wulp, 1897), Xenochaetina hendeli Silva & Gaimari (for Allogriphoneura robusta Hendel, 1936, nec Helomyza robusta Walker, 1858), Zamyprosa macquarti Gaimari & Silva (for Sciomyza nigripes Blanchard, 1854, nec Sapromyza nigripes Macquart, 1844). The following six genus-group names are new synonyms: Allogriphoneura Hendel, 1925 (= Xenochaetina Malloch, 1923), Bacilloflagellomera Papp & Silva, 1995 (= Stenolauxania Malloch, 1926), Haakonia Curran, 1942 (= Xenochaetina Malloch, 1923), Homoeominettia Broadhead, 1989 (= Allominettia Hendel, 1925), Paraphysoclypeus Papp & Silva, 1995 (= Physoclypeus Hendel, 1907), Tibiominettia Hendel, 1936 (= Allominettia Hendel, 1925). The following 12 species-group names are new synonyms: Chaetocoelia banksi Curran, 1942 (= Chaetocoelia excepta (Walker, 1853)), Chaetocoelia tripunctata Malloch, 1926 (= Chaetocoelia excepta (Walker, 1853)), Minettia semifulva Malloch, 1933 (= Zamyprosa nigriventris (Blanchard, 1854)), Pseudogriphoneura scutellata Curran, 1934a (= Xenochaetina porcaria (Fabricius, 1805)), Sapromyza apta Walker, 1861 (= Chaetominettia mactans (Fabricius, 1787)), Sapromyza brasiliensis Walker, 1853 (= Chaetominettia corollae (Fabricius, 1805)), Sapromyza semiatra subsp. remissa Malloch, 1933 (= Zamyprosa semiatra (Malloch, 1933)), Sapromyza sordida Williston, 1896b (= Neogriphoneura sordida (Wiedemann, 1830)), Setulina geminata subsp. quadripunctata Malloch, 1941, subsp. tripunctata Malloch, 1941 & subsp. verticalis Malloch, 1941 (= Setulina geminata (Fabricius, 1805)), Tibiominettia setitibia Hendel, 1932 (= Allominettia assimilis (Malloch, 1926)). The following 96 lauxaniid species-group names are in new combinations: Allominettia approximata (Malloch, 1928; Deutominettia Hendel, 1925), Allominettia assimilis (Malloch, 1926; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Allominettia rubescens (Macquart, 1844b; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Allominettia woldae (Broadhead, 1989; Homoeominettia Broadhead, 1989), Camptoprosopella sigma (Hendel, 1910; Procrita Hendel, 1908), Camptoprosopella verena (Becker, 1919; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Dryosapromyza pirioni (Malloch, 1933; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Elipolambda duodecimvittata (Frey, 1919; Lauxania Latreille, 1804), Elipolambda lopesi (Shewell, 1989; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Elipolambda picrula (Williston, 1897; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Griphoneuromima frontalis (Macquart, 1844b; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Homoneura maculipennis (Loew, 1847; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Lauxanostegana albispina (Albuquerque, 1959; Steganopsis Meijere 1910), Marmarodeceia claripennis (Curran, 1934a; Pseudogriphoneura Hendel, 1907), Melanomyza nigerrima (Becker, 1919; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Meraina ferdinandi (Frey, 1919; Lauxania Latreille, 1804), Minettia altera (Curran, 1942; Pseudogriphoneura Hendel, 1907), Minettia duplicata (Lynch Arribálzaga, 1893; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Minettia lateritia (Rondani, 1863; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Minettia lupulinoides (Williston, 1897; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Minettia pallens (Blanchard, 1854; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Minettia remota (Thomson, 1869; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Minettia setosa (Thomson, 1869; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Myzaprosa chiloensis (Malloch, 1933; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Myzaprosa emmesa (Malloch, 1933; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Myzaprosa triloba (Malloch, 1933; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Neodecia albovittata (Loew, 1862; Lauxania Latreille, 1804), Neodecia bivittata (Curran, 1928b; Pseudogriphoneura Hendel, 1907), Neodecia flavipennis (Curran, 1928b; Pseudogriphoneura Hendel, 1907), Neodecia vittifacies (Curran, 1931; Pseudogriphoneura Hendel, 1907), Neominettia eronis (Curran, 1934a; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Neominettia lebasii (Macquart, 1844b; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Neominettia melanaspis (Wiedemann, 1830; Sciomyza Fallén, 1820d), Neoxangelina congruens (Hendel, 1910; Physegenua Macquart, 1848a/b), Neoxangelina facialis (Wiedemann, 1830; Sciomyza Fallén, 1820d), Neoxangelina flavipes (Hendel, 1926; Physegenua Macquart, 1848a/b), Paracestrotus albipes (Fabricius, 1805; Scatophaga Fabricius, 1805), Paradeceia incidens (Curran, 1934a; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Paradeceia shannoni (Malloch, 1933; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Paradeceia sororia (Williston, 1896b; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Physegenua annulata (Macquart, 1844b; Ephydra Fallén, 1810), Physoclypeus nigropleura (Papp & Silva, 1995; Paraphysoclypeus Papp & Silva, 1995), Poecilohetaerus suavis (Loew, 1847; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Poecilolycia blanchardi (Malloch, 1933; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Poecilolycia lineatocollis (Blanchard, 1854; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Poecilominettia aibonito (Curran, 1926; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Poecilominettia bipunctata (Say, 1829; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Poecilominettia evittata (Malloch, 1926; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Poecilominettia mona (Curran, 1926; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Poecilominettia nigropunctata (Malloch, 1928; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Poecilominettia plantaris (Thomson, 1869; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Poecilominettia quichuana (Brèthes, 1922; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Poecilominettia schwarzi (Malloch, 1928; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Poecilominettia sonax (Giglio-Tos, 1893; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Poecilominettia thomsonii (Lynch-Arribálzaga, 1893; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Poecilominettia triseriata (Coquillett, 1904a; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Pseudocalliope albomarginata (Malloch, 1933; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Pseudodeceia leptoptera (Frey, 1919; Lauxania Latreille, 1804), Pseudogriphoneura albipes (Wiedemann, 1830; Lauxania Latreille, 1804), Pseudominettia argyrostoma (Wiedemann, 1830; Lauxania Latreille, 1804), Ritaemyia unifasciata (Macquart, 1835; Tephritis Latreille, 1804), Sciosapromyza fuscinervis (Malloch, 1926; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Sciosapromyza limbinerva (Rondani, 1848; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Sciosapromyza scropharia (Fabricius, 1805; Scatophaga Fabricius, 1805), Scutominettia guyanensis (Macquart, 1844b; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Sericominettia argentiventris (Malloch, 1928; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Sericominettia aries (Curran, 1942; Pseudogriphoneura Hendel, 1907), Sericominettia holosericea (Fabricius, 1805; Scatophaga Fabricius, 1805), Sericominettia nigra (Curran, 1934a; Pseudogriphoneura Hendel, 1907), Sericominettia velutina (Walker, 1853; Helomyza Fallén, 1820a), Stenolauxania flava (Silva, 1999a; Bacilloflagellomera Papp & Silva, 1995), Stenolauxania fusca (Silva, 1999a; Bacilloflagellomera Papp & Silva, 1995), Stenolauxania longicornus (Silva, 1999a; Bacilloflagellomera Papp & Silva, 1995), Stenolauxania nigrifemuris (Silva, 1999a; Bacilloflagellomera Papp & Silva, 1995), Stenolauxania pectinicornis (Papp & Silva, 1995; Bacilloflagellomera Papp & Silva, 1995), Trivialia nigrifrontata (Becker, 1919; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Trivialia scutellaris (Williston, 1896b; Phortica Schiner, 1862), Trivialia venusta (Williston, 1896b; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Xenochaetina annuliventris (Hendel, 1926; Allogriphoneura Hendel, 1925), Xenochaetina glabella (Becker, 1895; Lauxania Latreille, 1804), Xenochaetina nigra (Williston, 1896b; Physegenua Macquart, 1848a/b), Xenochaetina phacosoma (Hendel, 1926; Allogriphoneura Hendel, 1925), Xenochaetina porcaria (Fabricius, 1805; Scatophaga Fabricius, 1805), Xenochaetina robusta (Walker, 1858; Helomyza Fallén, 1820a), Zamyprosa dichroa (Malloch, 1933; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Zamyprosa edwardsi (Malloch, 1933; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Zamyprosa ferruginea (Macquart, 1844b; Opomyza Fallén, 1820b), Zamyprosa fulvescens (Blanchard, 1854; Sciomyza Fallén, 1820d), Zamyprosa fulvicornis (Malloch, 1933; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Zamyprosa micropyga (Malloch, 1933; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Zamyprosa nigripes (Macquart, 1844b; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Zamyprosa nigriventris (Blanchard, 1854; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Zamyprosa parvula (Blanchard, 1854; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Zamyprosa semiatra (Malloch, 1933; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Zamyprosa seminigra (Malloch, 1933; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Zargopsinettia verticalis (Malloch, 1928; Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830). The following 42 species have lectotype designations herein: Allogriphoneura nigromaculata Hendel, 1925 (synonym of Xenochaetina porcaria (Fabricius, 1805)), Allogriphoneura robusta Hendel, 1936 (= Xenochaetina hendeli Silva & Gaimari), Allominettia maculifrons Hendel, 1925 (synonym of Allominettia xanthiceps (Williston, 1897)), Blepharolauxania trichocera Hendel, 1925, Chaetocoelia palans Giglio-Tos, 1893, Euminettia zuercheri Hendel, 1933b (Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Griphoneura triangulata Hendel, 1926, Lauxania albovittata Loew, 1862 (Neodecia Malloch, in Malloch & McAtee, 1924), Lauxania imbuta Wiedemann, 1830 (Griphoneura Schiner, 1868), Lauxania lutea Wiedemann, 1830 (Neominettia Hendel, 1925), Lauxania ruficornis Macquart, 1851a (synonym of Xenochaetina flavipennis (Fabricius, 1805)), Neominettia fumosa Hendel, 1926 (synonym of Neominettia costalis (Fabricius, 1805)), Physegenua ferruginea Schiner, 1868, Physegenua vittata Macquart, 1848a/b, Pseudogriphoneura cormoptera Hendel, 1907, Sapromyza angustipennis Williston, 1896b (Chaetocoelia Giglio-Tos, 1893), Sapromyza distinctissima Schiner, 1868 (Chaetocoelia Giglio-Tos, 1893), Sapromyza exul Williston, 1896b (Neodecia Malloch, in Malloch & McAtee, 1924), Sapromyza gigas Schiner, 1868 (Dryosapromyza Hendel, 1933a), Sapromyza ingrata Williston, 1896b (Poecilominettia Hendel, 1932), Sapromyza latelimbata Macquart, 1855a (synonym of Chaetominettia corollae (Fabricius, 1805)), Sapromyza lineatocollis Blanchard, 1854 (Poecilolycia Shewell, 1986), Sapromyza longipennis Blanchard, 1854 (= Minettia duplicata (Lynch Arribálzaga, 1893)), Sapromyza nigerrima Becker, 1919 (Melanomyza Malloch, 1923), Sapromyza nigriventris Blanchard, 1854 (Zamyprosa Gaimari & Silva), Sapromyza octovittata Williston, 1896b (Poecilominettia Hendel, 1932), Sapromyza ornata Schiner, 1868 (Neoxangelina Hendel, 1933a), Sapromyza pallens Blanchard, 1854 (Minettia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), Sapromyza parvula Blanchard, 1854 (Zamyprosa Gaimari & Silva), Sapromyza picrula Williston, 1897 (Elipolambda), Sapromyza puella Williston, 1896b (Trivialia Malloch, 1923), Sapromyza sororia Williston, 1896b (Paradeceia Silva & Gaimari), Sapromyza venusta Williston, 1896b (Trivialia Malloch, 1923), Sapromyza xanthiceps Williston, 1897 (Allominettia Hendel, 1925), Scatophaga scropharia Fabricius, 1805 (Sciosapromyza Hendel, 1933a), Sciomyza fulvescens Blanchard, 1854 (Zamyprosa Gaimari & Silva), Sciomyza melanaspis Wiedemann, 1830 (Neominettia Hendel, 1925), Sciomyza nigripes Blanchard, 1854 (= Zamyprosa macquarti Gaimari & Silva), Sciomyza obscuripennis Bigot, 1857 (Physegenua Macquart, 1848a/b), Scutolauxania piloscutellaris Hendel, 1925, Trigonometopus albifrons Knab, 1914, Trigonometopus rotundicornis Williston, 1896b. The following three species are removed from being recognized as part of the Neotropical fauna: Homoneura americana (Wiedemann, 1830; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Homoneura maculipennis (Loew, 1847; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810), Poecilohetaerus suavis (Loew, 1847; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810). The following four species are removed from the family, three of which are put into the following new combinations: Senopterina cyanea (Fabricius, 1805; Lauxania Latreille, 1804) (Platystomatidae), Dihoplopyga delicatula (Blanchard, 1854; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810) (Heleomyzidae), Pherbellia geniculata (Macquart, 1844b; Sapromyza Fallén, 1810) (Sciomyzidae). The remaining species, Sapromyza fuscipes Macquart, 1844b, is of uncertain family placement within the Muscoidea. The following new replacement names for species of Platystomatidae were necessary due to homonymy: Senopterina gigliotosi Gaimari & Silva (for Bricinniella cyanea Giglio-Tos, 1893, nec Lauxania cyanea Fabricius, 1805), and Rivellia macquarti Gaimari & Silva (for Tephritis unifasciata Macquart, 1843: 381, nec Macquart, 1835: 465).

Two new genera of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) are described and illustrated, including: Chamaethrix gen. nov. (type species Chamaethrix necopina sp. nov.), possibly a predator of Cinara ponderosae (Williams) on Pinus ponderosa in the southwestern United States; and Vitaleucopis gen. nov. (type species Vitaleucopis nidolkah sp. nov.; other included species Vitaleucopis astonea (McAlpine), comb. nov., and Vitaleucopis scopulus sp. nov.), predators of Cinara aphids and possibly adelgids on Pinaceae in western North America. Immature stages are discussed or described and illustrated for some taxa, including the eggs of Chamaethrix necopina and Vitaleucopis nidolkah; and the third instars and puparia of Vitaleucopis nidolkah.

Umbodinia bella gen. nov. et sp. nov. is described and illustrated from specimens collected in the canopy of an ombrophilous Amazonian forest, Manaus, Brazil. The genus is characterized by a unique combination of diagnostic features: body predominantly yellow; frons with two shiny dark brown to black lobules in lower corners, between the lunule and eye margins; lunule high-arched with two subtriangular spots covered with black pubescence; parafacial with tufts of long and strong setae, almost as long and stout as the fronto-orbital setae; and anepisternum with setulae dorsally and posteriorly, in addition to posterior setae.

A new genus of odiniids (Odiniidae: Traginopinae) is described from Brazil, Pauximyia gen. nov., with two species, P. oliveirai sp. nov. (type species) and P. vidali sp. nov. A modified key to the Neotropical genera of the family and for the two Pauximyia gen. nov. species is provided.

The silver flyLeucopis glyphinivoraTanasijtshuk (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) is an aphidophagous predator during its larval stage. Our study describes the life cycle ofL. glyphinivoraand evaluates its potential as a biocontrol agent. The development, survival and longevity ofL. glyphinivorawere observed and compared with those of the aphid gall midgeAphidoletes aphidimyzaRondani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Tests were conducted under laboratory conditions in Petri dishes with the green peach aphidMyzus persicaeSulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on potato leaves.Leucopis glyphinivorahas a 42% longer life cycle thanA. aphidimyza. Larval development was 27% longer inL. glyphinivorathan inA. aphidimyza. Egg hatch rate and pupal emergence rate were similar in both species, but larval survival was 20% lower forL. glyphinivorathan forA. aphidimyza. Sex ratio was approximately 50% in both species. A longer development time forL. glyphinivorain the larval stage could be an advantage for biocontrol by providing more time to exert predation pressure against aphids. However, this may be offset by the lower survival rate found in the silver fly larvae.

A heleomyzid fly Tephrochlamys rufiventris (Meigen, 1830), was reared from a form of blue cheese aging in a refrigerated, dark, aging room of a small northern California creamery. The third-instar larva is redescribed and the puparium is described for the first time.

Exploring genetic diversity within species of biological control agents can expose previously overlooked beneficial genotypes. This may be the case for two species of silver flies, Leucopis argenticollis and L. piniperda, predators of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) in the Pacific Northwest of North America. The same Leucopis species occur in eastern North America, where they feed on other adelgid species, but not on hemlock woolly adelgid, which became a pest in the region after its introduction from Japan earlier this century. We collected DNA sequence data from one mitochondrial and two nuclear genes for 606 Leucopis individuals to examine variation correlated with geographic origin and prey association. Specimens of L. argenticollis and L. piniperda collected from adelgids on hemlock and spruce in the West are phylogenetically divergent from conspecifics collected from adelgids on pine and spruce in the East. These results suggest that within each species, there are distinct lineages that specialize on different adelgid prey on different hosts in western versus eastern North America. The western lineages appear to be strong candidates for enhancing biological control of Japanese hemlock woolly adelgid in the eastern United States, given their widespread occurrence on western hemlock woolly adelgid in the Pacific Northwest, and the absence of these genotypes in the East. We also developed a PCR-RFLP assay based on the mitochondrial COI gene as an inexpensive and reliable way to distinguish the four genetic groups to document establishment and impact following release.

Nomenclatural and taxonomic confusion relating to the genus-group name Neominettia and misapplication of the name Musca contigua Fabricius are identified and resolved by designation of lectotypes and designation of a type species under ICZN Article 70.3.2.

Current hypotheses of relationship among the species of the fruit fly genera Anastrepha and Toxotrypana are tested using sequence data from six DNA regions: the mitochondrial regions 16S, CAD, and COI, and the nuclear regions EF1a, PER, and PGD. DNA sequences were obtained from 146 species of Anastrepha, representing 19 of the 21 species groups as well as five of the six clades of the robusta group, and four species of Toxotrypana in addition to species of Hexachaeta, Pseudophorellia, Alujamyia, and 13 other tephritid genera used as outgroups. The results indicate that Hexachaeta is more closely related to the Molynocoelia group than to Toxotrypana and Anastrepha, and it is removed from the tribe Toxotrypanini. The group Anastrepha+Toxotrypana and the genus Toxotrypana are strongly supported as monophyletic, consistent with previous studies, but Toxotrypana arises within Anastrepha, confirming that Anastrepha as currently defined is paraphyletic. The placement of Toxotrypana within Anastrepha is clearly defined for the first time with high support, as the sister group to the cryptostrepha clade of the robusta group of Anastrepha. Within Anastrepha, the daciformis, dentata, leptozona, raveni, and striata species groups are highly supported clades. The serpentina group is recognized with lower support, and the fraterculus and pseudoparallela groups are supported with minor alterations. The robusta group is resolved as polyphyletic, but four of the six species clades within it are recovered monophyletic (one clade is not represented and another is represented by one species). The punctata and panamensis groups are resolved together in a clade. At least some species of the mucronota group are related, however this group requires further study. The benjamini, grandis, and spatulata groups appear to be polyphyletic. Relationships among the species groups are generally poorly resolved, with the following exceptions: (1) the lineage including Toxotrypana, the cryptostrepha clade, and the tripunctata group; (2) the sister group relationship of the daciformis+dentata groups; (3) a clade comprising the punctata and panamensis groups; and (4) the large clade comprising the pseudoparallela+spatulata+ramosa+grandis+serpentina+striata+fraterculus groups.

The family Odiniidae is newly reported from Iran through the recent discovery of the species Odinia meijerei Collin, 1952 and Turanodinia graciosa Krivosheina & Krivosheina, 1996 in Iran and the Middle East region. The species T. graciosa is here elevated from the rank of subspecies (Turanodinia stackelbergi graciosa Krivosheina & Krivosheina, 1996) to species level. This taxonomical change was based on the comparison of the male genitalia of T. graciosa with T. stackelbergi Krivosheina & Krivosheina. Images of the habitus and male genitalia of O. meijerei and T. graciosa are provided.

Seventeen species of the genus Sapromyza Fallén occurring in Iran are revised. The following new species are described and illustrated: Sapromyza bernhardi, S. damavandensis and S. sabourii. In addition, S. clathrata Shatalkin, S. kabuli Papp and S. quadripunctata (Linnaeus) are recorded for the first time from Iran. Distribution of species in Iran is reviewed, and a key to the species is provided.

Study of all flies (Diptera) collected for one year from a four-hectare (150 x 266 meter) patch of cloud forest at 1,600 meters above sea level at Zurquí de Moravia, San José Province, Costa Rica (hereafter referred to as Zurquí), revealed an astounding 4,332 species. This amounts to more than half the number of named species of flies for all of Central America. Specimens were collected with two Malaise traps running continuously and with a wide array of supplementary collecting methods for three days of each month. All morphospecies from all 73 families recorded were fully curated by technicians before submission to an international team of 59 taxonomic experts for identification. Overall, a Malaise trap on the forest edge captured 1,988 species or 51% of all collected dipteran taxa (other than of Phoridae, subsampled only from this and one other Malaise trap). A Malaise trap in the forest sampled 906 species. Of other sampling methods, the combination of four other Malaise traps and an intercept trap, aerial/hand collecting, 10 emergence traps, and four CDC light traps added the greatest number of species to our inventory. This complement of sampling methods was an effective combination for retrieving substantial numbers of species of Diptera. Comparison of select sampling methods (considering 3,487 species of non-phorid Diptera) provided further details regarding how many species were sampled by various methods. Comparison of species numbers from each of two permanent Malaise traps from Zurquí with those of single Malaise traps at each of Tapantí and Las Alturas, 40 and 180 km distant from Zurquí respectively, suggested significant species turnover. Comparison of the greater number of species collected in all traps from Zurquí did not markedly change the degree of similarity between the three sites, although the actual number of species shared did increase. Comparisons of the total number of named and unnamed species of Diptera from four hectares at Zurquí is equivalent to 51% of all flies named from Central America, greater than all the named fly fauna of Colombia, equivalent to 14% of named Neotropical species and equal to about 2.7% of all named Diptera worldwide. Clearly the number of species of Diptera in tropical regions has been severely underestimated and the actual number may surpass the number of species of Coleoptera. Various published extrapolations from limited data to estimate total numbers of species of larger taxonomic categories (e.g., Hexapoda, Arthropoda, Eukaryota, etc.) are highly questionable, and certainly will remain uncertain until we have more exhaustive surveys of all and diverse taxa (like Diptera) from multiple tropical sites. Morphological characterization of species in inventories provides identifications placed in the context of taxonomy, phylogeny, form, and ecology. DNA barcoding species is a valuable tool to estimate species numbers but used alone fails to provide a broader context for the species identified.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T15:56:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-12-01 Estimations of tropical insect diversity generally suffer from lack of known groups or faunas against which extrapolations can be made, and have seriously underestimated the diversity of some taxa. Here we report the intensive inventory of a four-hectare tropical cloud forest in Costa Rica for one year, which yielded 4332 species of Diptera, providing the first verifiable basis for diversity of a major group of insects at a single site in the tropics. In total 73 families were present, all of which were studied to the species level, providing potentially complete coverage of all families of the order likely to be present at the site. Even so, extrapolations based on our data indicate that with further sampling, the actual total for the site could be closer to 8000 species. Efforts to completely sample a site, although resource-intensive and time-consuming, are needed to better ground estimations of world biodiversity based on limited sampling. Entomology Section Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard Royal British Columbia Museum and the American Museum of Natural History, 691-8th Ave. SE Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences Poole Agricultural Center Clemson University, 130 McGinty Court, E-143 Depto. de Biologia FFCLRP Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900 Great Lakes Forestry Centre Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada, 1219 Queen St. E. Australian Museum, 1 William Street Department of Natural Resource Sciences McGill University Macdonald Campus Canadian National Collection of Insects Invertebrate Biodiversity Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue Department of Biological Sciences Spaulding Hall University of New Hampshire Department of Biological Sciences Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy Instituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro – Campus Uberaba. Rua João Batista Ribeiro 4000 Distrito Industrial II Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Jardim das Américas Mississippi Entomological Museum Mississippi State University, 100 Old Highway 12, P.O. Drawer 9775 Department of Biology Western Kentucky University Integrative Research Center Field Museum of Natural History Independent Investigator California State Collection of Arthropods, 2683 Tam O’ Shanter Dr., El Dorado Hills California Department of Food and Agriculture California State Collection of Arthropods, 3294 Meadowview Rd. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, 1900 Ben Franklin Parkway American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St. Department of Entomology University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave. Zoological Museum Biodiversity Unit FI-20014 University of Turku Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL) Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Col El Haya, Xalapa Station Linné, Ölands Skogsby 161 I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Bogdan Chmielnicki St. 15 Universidad de Panama Department of Natural History University Museum of Bergen University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue School of Environmental Sciences University of Guelph Department of Entomology Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC 169 Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190 Systematic Entomology Laboratory USDA ARS c/o National Museum of Natural History, MRC-168, P.O. Box 37012 Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia CCEN Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Castelo Branco, s/n Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Kliniekstraat 25 Research Group Terrestrial Ecology (TEREC) Ghent University, K.L.Ledeganckstraat 35 Entomology Unit Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences (RBINS), Vautierstraat 29 USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 1648 S. 7th Avenue Department of Biological Sciences Bishop’s University, 2600 College Street UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal; Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n Canadian National Collection of Insects & Canadian Food Inspection Agency OPL-Entomology, K.W. Neatby Bldg., C.E.F., 960 Carling Ave. Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW Finnish Museum of Natural History Zoology Unit University of Helsinki Washington State University, 2533 Inter Avenue Bohart Museum of Entomology University of California, One Shields Avenue Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio) UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal; Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n

Herein we provide information on the morphology and duration of the different stages of development of Syneura cocciphila (Coquillett; Diptera: Phoridae), a phorid-fly predator of the Colombian fluted scale Crypticerya multicicatrices Kondo and Unruh (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae). The time from oviposition to adult emergence was 20.04 d. The duration of the different growth stages was as follows: egg 1.38 (±0.18) d; three larval stages combined 4.5 (±0.19) d; prepupa 1.63 (±0.09) d; and pupa 12.53 (±0.12) d. On average, adult females lived 13.23 (±0.77) d and adult males lived 11.13 (±0.61) d under laboratory conditions. S. cocciphila is a common species in the city of Cali, department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia, and is an effective biological control agent of the scale insect pest C. multicicatrices. This is the first detailed study on the biology of S. cocciphila.

Five species of the genus Tetroxyrhina Hendel from China are described as new to science: Tetr. dashahensis sp. nov., Tetr. dentata sp. nov., Tetr. jinpingensis sp. nov., Tetr. menglunensis sp. nov. and Tetr. tengchongensis sp. nov., and the species Tetr. sauteri (Hendel), also from China, is redescribed. The genitalia of these species are illustrated and described. Trigonometopus alboapicalis Shatalkin, is synonymized under Tetr. sauteri , syn. nov. A key to separate all species of the genus is provided, along with nomenclatural details for all species, and photographs of all primary type specimens.

The therevoid clade represents a group of four families (Apsilocephalidae, Evocoidae, Scenopinidae and Therevidae) of lower brachyceran Diptera in the superfamily Asiloidea. The largest of these families is that of the stiletto flies (Therevidae). A large-scale (i.e. supermatrix) phylogeny of Therevidae is presented based on DNA sequence data from seven genetic loci (16S, 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA and four protein-encoding genes: elongation factor 1-alpha, triose phosphate isomerase, short-wavelength rhodopsin and the CPSase region of carbamoyl-phosphate synthase-aspartate transcarbamoylase-dihydroorotase). Results are presented from Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of approximately 8.7 kb of sequence data for 204 taxa representing all subfamilies and genus groups of Therevidae. Our results strongly support the sister-group relationship between Therevidae and Scenopinidae, with Apsilocephalidae as sister to Evocoidae. Previous estimates of stiletto fly phylogeny based on morphology or DNA sequence data, or supertree analysis, have failed to find significant support for relationships among subfamilies. We report for the first time strong support for the placement of the subfamily Phycinae as sister to the remaining Therevidae, originating during the Mid Cretaceous. As in previous studies, the sister-group relationship between the species-rich subfamilies Agapophytinae and Therevinae is strongly supported. Agapophytinae are recovered as monophyletic, inclusive of the Taenogera group. Therevinae comprise the bulk of the species richness in the family and appear to be a relatively recent and rapid radiation originating in the southern hemisphere (Australia + Antarctica + South America) during the Late Cretaceous. Genus groups are defined for all subfamilies based on these results.

Five species of the subgenus Plesiominettia Shatalkin from the southern China are described as new to science: Minettia (Plesiominettia) flavoscutellata sp. n., Minettia (Plesiominettia) longaciculiformis sp. n., Minettia (Plesiominettia) nigrantennata sp. n., Minettia (Plesiominettia) tridentata sp. n. and Minettia (Plesiominettia) zhejiangica sp. n. One species, Minettia longistylis Sasakawa, is transferred to the subgenus Plesiominettia from Minettia s. str. A key to separate the known species of the subgenus is presented, along with a taxonomic list of species. The type materials of the new species are deposited in the China Agricultural University, Beijing, China (CAUC).

In the course of two field trips to Northern Vietnam during March 2012 and June 2014 the dragonflies and damselflies of three National Parks (Cuc Phuong, Tam Dao, and Ba Be) and one Biodiversity Station (Melinh) were sampled. A total of 90 species of odonates in 60 genera and 15 families was recorded, including two new records for Vietnam: Macromia katae (Macromiidae) and Indothemis carnatica (Libellulidae). Diagnostic illustrations for these two species are provided, as well as the listing of the species recorded from the surveyed areas.

In September 2012, a female parental line in a Yolo Co., California, sunflower seed-production field began displaying external stem symptoms that could not be attributed to any known disease. Symptoms appeared to be associated with tunneling caused by an unidentified insect. Stems were collected, and Rhizopus oryzae (causal agent of Rhizopus head rot) and a minute fly, Melanagromyza splendida, were identified as the causal agent and associated insect, respectively. Further, R. oryzae was isolated from intact fly puparia. All commercial hybrids evaluated in the greenhouse were susceptible to stem infection by R. oryzae isolates. Yield implications and geographic distribution of this novel stem disease are unknown. This is the first report of R. oryzae causing stem disease in sunflowers, and of its association with M. splendida. Accepted for publication 10 January 2015. Published 25 March 2015.

Five species of the genus Tetroxyrhina Hendel from China are described as new to science: Tetr. dashahensis sp. nov., Tetr. dentata sp. nov., Tetr. jinpingensis sp. nov., Tetr. menglunensis sp. nov. and Tetr. tengchongensis sp. nov., and the species Tetr. sauteri (Hendel), also from China, is redescribed. The genitalia of these species are illustrated and described. Trigonometopus alboapicalis Shatalkin, is synonymized under Tetr. sauteri, syn. nov. A key to separate all species of the genus is provided, along with nomenclatural details for all species, and photographs of all primary type specimens.

Population genetic diversity of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), on the Hawaiian islands of Oahu, Maui, Kauai, and Hawaii (the Big Island) was estimated using DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. In total, 932 flies representing 36 sampled sites across the four islands were sequenced for a 1,500-bp fragment of the gene named the C1500 marker. Genetic variation was low on the Hawaiian Islands with >96% of flies having just two haplotypes: C1500-Haplotype 1 (63.2%) or C1500-Haplotype 2 (33.3%). The other 33 flies (3.5%) had haplotypes similar to the two dominant haplotypes. No population structure was detected among the islands or within islands. The two haplotypes were present at similar frequencies at each sample site, suggesting that flies on the various islands can be considered one population. Comparison of the Hawaiian data set to DNA sequences of 165 flies from outbreaks in California between 2006 and 2012 indicates that a single-source introduction pathway of Hawaiian origin cannot explain many of the flies in California. Hawaii, however, could not be excluded as a maternal source for 69 flies. There was no clear geographic association for Hawaiian or non-Hawaiian haplotypes in the Bay Area or Los Angeles Basin over time. This suggests that California experienced multiple, independent introductions from different sources.

Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) is a highly destructive invasive leafminer pest currently causing extensive damage to vegetable and horticultural crops around the world. Liriomyza langei Frick is a leafminer pest native to California that cannot currently be morphologically distinguished from L. huidobrensis. We used a DNA-barcoding approach, a published PCR-RFLP method, and a new multiplex PCR method to analyze 664 flies matching the morphological description of huidobrensis-langei. We found no evidence for the presence of L. huidobrensis in our extensive samples from California. In addition to the new molecular method, this work is important because it provides definitive data that the California "pea leafminer" is currently, and has probably always been, L. langei. These data will also be important in the event that the highly invasive L. huidobrensis ever becomes established.

Little is known about the natural enemies of wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae), but there are frequent anecdotal reports of (usually unnamed) stiletto fly larvae (Diptera: Therevidae) preying on various species. We observed larvae of Thereva nobilitata (Fabricius) feeding on larvae of the dusky wireworm, Agriotes obscurus L., during the summer of 2011, in Agassiz, British Columbia. This finding is of interest as: both the predator and the wireworm are introduced species to this area from Europe; T. nobilitata is uncommon in North America; and this predator has not been associated with any wireworm species previously. We observed that larvae of male and female T. nobilitata will feed on various sizes of A. obscurus larvae, most feeding being carried out by the smallest T. nobilitata larvae. These findings suggest future work should assess the potential for therevid larvae as top-down regulators of Agriotes larvae under field conditions.

The purpose of this application, under Articles 29 and 55.3 of the Code, is to remove homonymy between the family-group names phycinae Swainson, 1838 (Osteichthyes, Gadiformes, phycidae) and phycinae Lyneborg, 1976 (Insecta, Diptera, therevidae). It is proposed that the stem of the genus-group name Phycus Walker, 1850, on which the insect family-group name is based, be emended to change the family-group name to phycusinae, leaving the fish family-group name, based on Phycis Walbaum, 1792, unaltered. An issue regarding the type-species of Phycis Walbaum, 1792, came to light in this process, namely that the previously assumed type species, Tinca marina (attributed to Walbaum (1792) and considered a junior synonym of Blennius phycis Linnaeus, 1766), is a nomen nudum. So, an additional purpose of this application, under Articles 78.1 and 81.1 of the Code, is to maintain the prevailing usage of Blennius phycis Linnaeus, 1766 as the de facto type species of Phycis Walbaum, 1792 by setting aside all previous type species designations and designating Blennius phycis Linnaeus, 1766 as the type species.

The genera and species of New World stiletto flies (Diptera: Therevidae) are listed, with annotated references to nomenclature, synonymies and generic combinations, type localities, the primary type depositories, distribution, and citations for the most recent revisions. The genus Cyclotelus Walker, 1850 (along with its synonyms Furcifera Krober, 1911, and Epomyia Cole, 1923a) is synonymized under Cerocatus Rondani, 1848. Ectinorhynchus fascipennis Krober, 1911 is given the new name Cerocatus rondanii Gaimari, and Phycus rufiventris Krober, 1911 is given the new name Cerocatus raspii Hauser. Phycus analis Krober, 1911 and Phycus bicolor Krober, 1911, are placed as new combinations in Cerocatus Rondani , as are the following species that were previously in combination with Cyclotelus: Furcifera achaeta Malloch, 1932, Cyclotelus badicrusus Irwin and Webb, 1992, Phycus beckeri Krober, 1911, Epomyia bella Cole, 1923a, Furcifera braziliana Cole, 1960a, Cyclotelus colei Irwin and Lyneborg, 1981a, Thereva diversipes Krober, 1911, Thereva fascipennis Macquart, 1846a, Psilocephala femorata Krober, 1911, Furcifera flavipes Krober, 1928b, Furcifera hardyi Cole, 1960a, Furcifera kroeberi Cole, 1960a, Cyclotelus laetus Walker, 1850, Furcifera longicornis Krober, 1911, Cyclotelus nigroflammus Walker, 1850, Psilocephala nigrifrons Krober, 1914a, Thereva pictipennis Wiedemann, 1821, Furcifera polita Krober, 1911, Cyclotelus pruinosus Walker, 1850, Thereva ruficornis Macquart, 1841a, Psilocephala rufiventris Loew, 1869, Thereva scutellaris Walker, 1857, Cyclotelus silacrusus Irwin and Webb, 1992, Cyclotelus socius Walker, 1850 and Psilocephala sumichrasti Bellardi, 1861. Dialineura pallidiventris Malloch, 1932, Melanothereva blackmani Oldroyd, 1968, Thereva maculicornis Jaennicke, 1867 and Thereva notabilis Macquart, 1841a are placed as new combinations in Entesia Oldroyd. Henicomyia amazonica Irwin and Webb, 1992 is a new synonym of Henicomyia flava Lyneborg, 1972. Henicomyia varipes Krober, 1912a is given revised species status from former synonymy with Henicomyia hubbardii Coquillett, 1898.

The new Afrotropical genus and type species Hamecamyia stuckenbergi gen. et sp. n. (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), from KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, are described and figured. Characters are provided to differentiate this new genus from other Afrotropical chamaemyiids. Discussion is provided comparing this new genus to Parochthiphila Czerny, 1904, and an apparently unique (in Chamaemyiidae) set of characteristics of the female terminalia is described, figured and discussed.

The unusual new Neotropical genus Exalla is described and illustrated, along with three new species, E. browni, E. macalpinei, and E. shewelli. A key to the species is provided. The species are known from wet montane rainforest habitats in Colombia and Ecuador at elevations above 1500m.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:19:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-03-14 Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo Chelonian Research Institute Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature Department of Marine Invertebratesn Museum School of Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) Department of Biology University of Washington Universidad de Atacama Copiapó and Programa de Doctorado en Sistemática y Biodiversidad Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas Universidad de Concepción Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Kunigami District Laboratório de Ictiologia Departamento de Zoologia IBB-UNESP Campus de Botucatu FishBase Information and Research Group IRRI Campus Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Department Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Zoologische Staatssammlung München Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns Department of Life Sciences Natural History Museum Australian National Herbarium Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research CSIRO National Research Collections Australian Capital Territory College of Medicine Biology and Environment Research School of Biologyn National Universityn Capital Territory Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Canadian National Collection of Insects Arachnids and Nematodes Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Institut de Systématique Evolution Biodiversité Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Sorbonne Universités Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History Department of Biology Hofstra University Naturalis Biodiversity Center Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Plant Gateway Ltd. Department of Natural Sciences Gardner-Webb University Department of Biology Villanova University Potato Research Center Georgikon Faculty University of Pannonia Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologia 'Charles Darwin' Sapienza Università di Roma Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Johns Hopkins University Department of Environmental Science and Technology University of Maryland Department of Plant Medicine Chungbuk National University Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology University of Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Science University of Auckland Centre for Agricultural Research Hungarian Academy of Sciences Department of Zoology Eszterházy Károly University Herbarium School of Biological Sciences University of Reading Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki Ornithological Nomenclature Expert Green Plant Herbarium Department of Natural History Royal Ontario Museum Nomenclature Specialist CITES Animals Committee; Turtle Conservancy Global Wildlife Conservation Department of Plant Anatomy Institute of Biology Eötvös Loránd University Department of Biosciences (Plant Biology) Viikki Plant Science Centre Illinois Natural History Survey Institute of Biodiversity Science and Sustainability California Academy of Sciences Royal Botanic Gardens Kew NTNU University Museum Norwegian University of Science and Technology Institut de Biologia Evolutiva Universitat Pompeu Fabra Bioveyda Biodiversity Inventories and Research Department of Plant Biology Ecology & Evolution and Herbarium Oklahoma State University Research School of Earth Sciencesn National Universityn Capital Territory Departamento de Biologia Animal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Department of Biology University of Copenhagen Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch California Department of Food and Agriculture PPG Zoologia Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Macleay Museum University of Sydney Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Edinburgh Research Station Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas Instituto Butantan Environmental Management School of Applied and Biomedical Science Federation University PPG Biodiversidade Animal Universidade Federal de Santa Maria National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Department of Terrestrial Zoology Western Australian Museum Museu Nacional da História Natural e da Ciência Universidade de Lisboa The Kyoto University Museum Kyoto University Finnish Museum of Natural History (Botany) University of Helsinki Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh School of Biological Sciences and Environment Institute University of Adelaide Nees Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen Universität Bonn Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology University of Pannonia Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum National University of Singapore Denver Botanic Gardens Department of Biology Earlham College Montana Entomology Collection Montana State University School of Environmental Sciences University of Guelph Instituto de Ambiente de Montaña y Regiones Áridas Universidad Nacional de Chilecito Martha N. and John C. Moser Chair in Arthropod Systematics and Biological Diversity The Ohio State University Department of Biology Victor Valley College Identification and Naming Department Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Natural History Laboratory Faculty of Science Ibaraki University Natural History Museum and Botanical Garden University of Tartu Plant Protection Institute Centre for Agricultural Research Hungarian Academy of Sciences Department of Zoology Denver Museum of Nature & Science Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Universität Wien FishBase Department of Zoology Swedish Museum of Natural History Department of Zoology Museo Civico di Storia Naturale of Verona Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Sezione di Zoologia degli Invertebrati e Idrobiologia MUSE-Museo delle Scienze di Trento Centro de Ciências Agrárias Ambientais e Biológicas Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto Department of Environmental Science and Policy George Mason University Natural History Museum of Geneva Department of Genetics and Evolution University of Geneva Departamento de Zoologia Universidade de Brasília Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State Arthropod Collection Oregon State University Henares 16 Velilla de San Antonio Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution International Committee on Bionomenclature Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Jaboticabal Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária Faculty of Biology Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași Departamento de Biología Universidad de Los Andes Laboratorio de Morfología Animal Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo H.W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology University of Nebraska-Lincoln Robert Bebb Herbarium (OKL) University of Oklahoma Oklahoma Biological Survey Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology Fiocruz Mata Atlântica Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Ehime University Department of Zoology Hungarian Natural History Museum Department of Science Education Hiroshima University Department of Earth Sciences Natural History Museum Kazan Federal University Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions-und Biodiversitätsforschung Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica Integrated Taxonomic Information System National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Natural History Museum of Denmark Department of Botany Szent István University University of Sydney Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University Biodiversity Institute University of Kansas CITES Scientific Authority Finnish Museum of Natural History (Botany) University of Helsinki Instituto de Botânica Department of Entomology Kerala Agricultural University University of Michigan Herbarium EEB Chelonian Research Foundation Turtle Conservancy Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile Kansas Biological Survey and the Biodiversity Institute University of Kansas Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul Sciences Department Museums Victoria Department of Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Biology Portland State University Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics Swedish Museum of Natural History Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Comparada de Insectos Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Global Biodiversity Information Facility Fragile Inheritance Natural History National Focal Point to the Convention on Biological Diversity Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences Department of Biology Pittsburg State University Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo Agricultural Research Council Plant Protection Research Instituten National Collection of Insects Section of Mollusks Carnegie Museum of Natural History Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Charles University Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia National Parks Board Botanic Gardens Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Judicial Commission on Prokaryote Nomenclature Botanische Staatssammlung München and SNSB IT Center Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns Permanent ICN Nomenclature Committee for Fungi International Mycological Association Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi Università di Torino Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante sez. di Torino CNR Department of Environmental Sciences University of Basel Allwetterzoo Münster Department of Biology University of Hawai'i at Manoa UNC Herbarium (NCU) North Carolina Botanical Garden University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Abteilung Morphologie und Systematik der Tiere und Zoologisches Museum Universität Göttingen Unité Mixte de Recherche Peuplements Végétaux et Bioaggresseurs en Milieu Tropical Université de La Réunion Essig Museum of Entomology University of California Berkeley General Committee for Nomenclature [for algae fungi and plants] Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Smithsonian Marine Station Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Lab School of Biological Sciences Bangor University Department of Entomology Entomology Research Museum University of California Australian National Insect Collection CSIRO National Research Collections Australian Capital Territory School of Life Sciences Biodiversity Knowledge Integration Center Hasbrouck Insect Collection Arizona State University Landcare Research School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District Laboratório de Ictiologia Departamento de Zoologia IBB-UNESP Campus de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Jaboticabal Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária

The Chinese fauna of the genus Cestrotus Loew (Diptera: Lauxaniidae) is revised, including the five new species Cestrotus acuticurvus sp. nov., Cestrotus heteropterus sp. nov., Cestrotus liui sp. nov., Cestrotus longinudus sp. nov. and Cestrotus obtusus sp.nov., and the two previously described species Cestrotus apicalis (Hendel) and Cestrotus flavoscutellatus de Meijere. Extralimital records are also given for Cestrotus flavoscutellatus and Cestrotus heteropterus, including paratypes of the latter species from Thailand. A key to the species of Cestrotus from China is presented, and a list of all described species of Cestrotus is provided, with information on type locality, primary type specimen(s) and depository, synonymy, and distribution.

Three new genera of Odiniidae (Diptera) are described from Costa Rica, including Helgreelia gen. nov. (type species, albeto sp. nov.; additional species, parkeri sp. nov.) and the monotypic genera Neoschildomyia gen. nov. (type species, fusca sp. nov.) and Pradomyia gen. nov. (type species, hadromera sp. nov.). A key to the New World genera of the family is provided.

Parasitoids and predatory flies that can attack soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., fields were identified 3 to 4 yr after the aphid was first sighted in the north central United States. We detected 15 species by exposing soybean aphid to ovipositing parasitoids and predatory flies at two locations in southern Michigan. The species detected were (in order of the number of specimens recovered from high to low) Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Allograpta obliqua Say (Diptera: Syrphidae), Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Eupeodes americanus Wiedemann (Diptera: Syrphidae), Leucopis glyphinivora Tanasijtshuk (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), Aphelinus asychis Walker (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), Sphaerophoria contigua Macquart (Diptera: Syrphidae), Binodoxys kelloggensis Pike, Starý & Brewer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Eupeodes volucris Osten Sacken (Diptera: Syrphidae), Paragus hemorrhous Meigen (Diptera: Syrphidae), Toxomerus marginatus Say (Diptera: Syrphidae), Aphelinus albipodus Hayat & Fatima (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), Syrphus rectus Osten Sacken (Diptera: Syrphidae), and Praon sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). These species were capable of finding, attacking, and completing development on soybean aphid in soybean fields. Based on a literature review, host aphid ranges of the species detected varied widely, with a tendency toward broader host ranges. These data add to the existing information on the predatory complex currently known to attack soybean aphid in the north central United States. Implications for biological control of soybean aphid are discussed.

Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) is a highly destructive invasive leafminer pest currently causing extensive damage to vegetable and horticultural crops around the world. Liriomyza langei Frick is a leafminer pest native to California that cannot currently be morphologically distinguished from L. huidobrensis. We used a DNA-barcoding approach, a published PCR-RFLP method, and a new multiplex PCR method to analyze 664 flies matching the morphological description of huidobrensis-langei. We found no evidence for the presence of L. huidobrensis in our extensive samples from California. In addition to the new molecular method, this work is important because it provides definitive data that the California "pea leafminer" is currently, and has probably always been, L. langei. These data will also be important in the event that the highly invasive L. huidobrensis ever becomes established.

The genus Sciasmomyia Hendel is revised. Eight new species are proposed, including Sciasmonzyia decussata sp. nov. (China), S. leishanensis sp. nov. (China), S. longicurvata sp. nov. (China), S. longissimna sp. nov. (China), S. lui sp. nov. (China), S. quadricuspis sp. nov. (China), S. thaii sp. nov. (Vietnam), and S. tubata sp. nov. (China). The two previously known species, Sciasmomyia meijerei Hendel and S. supraorientalis (Papp), are recorded for the first time as occurring in China, with the latter species also newly recorded for India, Nepal and Thailand. A key to separate the 10 species of this genus is presented, and a lectotype is designated for Sciasmomyia meijerei.

Fauna Europaea provides a public web-service with an index of scientific names (including important synonyms) of all extant multicellular European terrestrial and freshwater animals and their geographical distribution at the level of countries and major islands (east of the Urals and excluding the Caucasus region). The Fauna Europaea project comprises about 230,000 taxonomic names, including 130,000 accepted species and 14,000 accepted subspecies, which is much more than the originally projected number of 100,000 species. Fauna Europaea represents a huge effort by more than 400 contributing taxonomic specialists throughout Europe and is a unique (standard) reference suitable for many user communities in science, government, industry, nature conservation and education. The Diptera-Brachycera is one of the 58 Fauna Europaea major taxonomic groups, and data have been compiled by a network of 55 specialists.Within the two-winged insects (Diptera), the Brachycera constitute a monophyletic group, which is generally given rank of suborder. The Brachycera may be classified into the probably paraphyletic 'lower brachyceran grade' and the monophyletic Eremoneura. The latter contains the Empidoidea, the Apystomyioidea with a single Nearctic species, and the Cyclorrhapha, which in turn is divided into the paraphyletic 'aschizan grade' and the monophyletic Schizophora. The latter is traditionally divided into the paraphyletic 'acalyptrate grade' and the monophyletic Calyptratae. Our knowledge of the European fauna of Diptera-Brachycera varies tremendously among families, from the reasonably well known hoverflies (Syrphidae) to the extremely poorly known scuttle flies (Phoridae). There has been a steady growth in our knowledge of European Diptera for the last two centuries, with no apparent slow down, but there is a shift towards a larger fraction of the new species being found among the families of the nematoceran grade (lower Diptera), which due to a larger number of small-sized species may be considered as taxonomically more challenging.Most of Europe is highly industrialised and has a high human population density, and the more fertile habitats are extensively cultivated. This has undoubtedly increased the extinction risk for numerous species of brachyceran flies, yet with the recent re-discovery of Thyreophora cynophila (Panzer), there are no known cases of extinction at a European level. However, few national Red Lists have extensive information on Diptera.For the Diptera-Brachycera, data from 96 families containing 11,751 species are included in this paper.

The species of the genus Drapetis Meigen from China are reviewed, and a key to the species of the genus from China is presented for the first time. The following new species are described and illustrated: D. guangdongensis and D. nanlingensis.

The ommatidial lens surfaces of the compound eyes in several species of files (Insecta: Diptera) and a related order (Mecoptera) were analyzed using a recently developed Raman-atomic force microscope. We demonstrate in this work that the atomic force microscope (AFM) is a potentially useful instrument for gathering phylogenetic data and that the newly developed Raman-AFM may extend this application by revealing nanometer-scale surface chemistry. This is the first demonstration of apertureless near-field Raman spectroscopy on an intact biological surface. For Chrysopilus testaceipes Bigot (Rhagionidae), this reveals unique cerebral cortex-like surface ridges with periodic variation in height and surface chemistry. Most other Brachyceran flies, and the "Nematoceran" Sylvicola fenestralis (Scopoli) (Anisopodidae), displayed the same morphology, while other taxa displayed various other characteristics, such as a nodule-like (Tipula (Triplicitipula) sp. (Tipulidae)) or coalescing nodule-like (Tabanus punctifer Osten Sacken (Tabanidae)) morphology, a smooth morphology with distinct pits and grooves (Dilophus orbatus (Say) (Bibionidae)), or an entirely smooth surface (Bittacus chlorostigma MacLachlan (Mecoptera: Bittacidae)). The variation in submicrometer structure and surface chemistry provides a new information source of potential phylogenetic importance, suggesting the Raman-atomic force microscope could provide a new tool useful to systematic and evolutionary inquiry.

A new genus, Echinoleucopis, is proposed within Chamaemyiidae (Diptera). This leucopine genus clearly differs from other Chamaemyiidae in the high lunule, reduction and fusion of spermathecae in females and rounded form of puparia. Within Echinoleucopis, five new species (bennetti, grioti, iota, macula and nigrolinea) are described, in addition to lectotype designation, redescription and recombination for the type species of the genus, Leucopina ceroplastophaga Blanchard. Phylogenetic relationships among the included taxa are hypothesized. All known species of the genus are from South America and are predators on eggs within an ovisac of wax scales in genus Ceroplastes Gray (Hemiptera: Coccidae).

Twenty-one members of the Laurasian group of Therevinae (Diptera: Therevidae) are compared using 65 adult morphological characters. Cladistic analysis using parsimony on the 17 ingroup and 4 outgroup taxa provides a well-supported hypothesis of relationships among taxa within the Cyclotelini, tribe nov. The Cyclotelini is a monophyletic assemblage of mostly New World genera, including Anolinga, gen. nov., Breviperna Irwin, Coleiana, gen. nov., Crebraseta, gen. nov., Cyclotelus Walker, Nesonana, gen.nov., andOzodiceromyia Bigot. In addition, three Old World genera, Ammothereva Lyneborg, Bugulaverpa, gen. nov., and Procyclotelus Nagatomi & Lyneborg, are included in the tribe. These ten genera are divided into two monophyletic genus-groups, the Breviperna -group and the Cyclotelus -group. Keys are provided for the genera of Cyclotelini. The tribe, the two informal genus-groups, and all genera are diagnosed; five new genera and six new species are proposed. The biogeographical histories of the genera are discussed in terms of their cladistic relationships using methods of cladistic biogeography. Two major vicariant events account for the current distribution of the tribe. The first relates to the Beringian land bridge connecting western North America and eastern Asia. Second, New World cyclotelines were profoundly affected by the Early Eocene breakup of the archipelagic bridge between North and South America, and the distributions support the hypotheses favouring the continental origin of the Greater Antilles.