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Introduction: The investigations of angiotropic effects of liraglutide are an issue of significant scientific and practical interest. The successful application of liraglutide has been shown in glycemic control in patients with the type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), but the effect of liraglutide in patients with type 1 DM has not been completely studied yet in clinical practice. Therefore, the present study is aimed to investigate the effect of liraglutide which is agonist of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors, on microcirculation in white outbred rats with the alloxan-induced diabetes., Materials and Methods: The study was performed with 70 white outbred rats, divided into 4 groups: 1) control group (intact animals (Control)); 2) comparison group (diabetes mellitus (DM)) - animals with the alloxan-induced diabetes; 3) experimental group no. 1 (liraglutide low dose (LLD)) - animals with the alloxan-induced diabetes, which were injected by liraglutide at dosage of 0.2 mg/kg of animal weight per a day; 4) experimental group no. 2 (liraglutide high dose (LHD)) - animals with the alloxan-induced diabetes, which were injected by liraglutide at dosage of 0.4 mg/kg of animal weight per a day. The carbohydrate metabolism disorders, the microcirculation of posterior paw skin, as well as the concentration of catecholamines and markers of endothelial alteration in blood were estimated at the 42nd day of the experiment in the comparison and experimental groups., Results: It was found that the correction of carbohydrate metabolism by liraglutide is succeeded by the normalization of skin perfusion of posterior paw skin of the experimental animals. Recovery of microcirculation is associated with a decrease in vascular tone and stimulation of endothelium-dependent vasodilation, caused by simultaneous decrease of catecholamines, endothelin-1 and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) concentrations in blood serum. At the same time, the administration of liraglutide on the background of insulin-deficiency results in decrease of endothelial cell alteration markers concentration in blood, such as sE-selectin, syndecan-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)., Conclusion: Administration of liraglutide leads to the normalization of the carbohydrate metabolism simultaneously with the correction of microcirculation in rats with the absolute insulin deficiency. The demonstrated recovery of microcirculation by liraglutide, which represents an analogue of glucagon-like peptide-1, provides new prospects for its approval as a potential drug for pathogenetic correction of microcirculatory disorders in patients with the type 1 DM., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The medical and social significance of diabetes mellitus is determined by a progressive increase in the incidence of the disease, as well as the development of disabling and reducing the quality of life of macro- and microvascular complications in patients of working age, in particular, with the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN), which develops in one third of patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes. DN is the third leading cause of death after diseases of the cardiovascular system and oncological pathologies. In this regard, the identification of DN at the early stages is an important task both from the standpoint of prevention and a more favorable prognosis of the course of diabetes. This review presents data on the possibilities of early diagnosis of DN using blood and urine biomarkers, as well as information on their diagnostic and prognostic value. The analysis of the interpretation of the indicator of microalbuminuria in type 1 and 2 diabetes was carried out. In addition, the literature data of recent years on the informative value of determining markers of podocyte damage, on the role of oxidative stress products, immune-inflammatory factors, and vascular endothelial growth factor in the process of the onset and development of DN are presented. The possibility of their practical use for the diagnosis of DN in clinical practice is discussed. The literature search for this review was carried out using the databases of the RSCI, CyberLeninka, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, PubMed for the period from 2011 to 2021. using the following keywords: diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, markers of diabetic nephropathy; kidney damage, early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The microvascular changes caused by disorders of host immune response to oral microorganisms resulting in long-lasting inflammation of gums play a critical role in the periodontal lesion in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. Current strategies of non-surgical periodontal therapy are aimed at the attainment of anti-inflammatory effects. We hypothesized that the usage of the microencapsulated form of anti-inflammatory substances with vasoactive effects could enhance the efficiency of the therapy by the prolonged release of active components. The prepared suspension of silver-alginate microcapsules loaded with tannic acid in the hydrogel was applied in vivo to the experimental model of periodontitis in rats induced by a ligature. The effect of this formulation was assessed by monitoring changes in local microcirculation performed by the Laser Doppler Flowmetry (1 and 24 h after application of hydrogel on intact gums and 21-days after the start of periodontitis' modeling). Application of the hydrogel containing multicomponent microcapsules to the affected area of gums allows correction of inflammatory microcirculatory disorders in model periodontitis. Immobilization of tannic acid into microcapsules allows increasing the correction of the following parameters: perfusion disorders, neurogenic tone of arterioles, myogenic tone of precapillary sphincters, as well as a venous outflow in the microvasculature of the gums. The hydrogel containing multicomponent microcapsules reduces the vascular inflammatory response in the model of periodontitis. Loading of silver-alginate microcapsules with tannic acid enhances the efficiency of microvascular disorders' correction in the model of periodontitis that suggests the prospects for application of this drug delivery system for non-surgical treatment of periodontitis., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The vascular endothelium performs many functions. It is a key regulator of vascular homeostasis, maintains a balance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction, inhibition and stimulation of smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, fibrinolysis and thrombosis, and is involved to regulation of platelet adhesion and aggregation. Endothelial dysfunction (ED) plays the critical role in pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM) vascular complications. The purpose of this review was to consider the mechanisms leading to the occurrence of ED in DM. The paper discusses current literature data concerning the role of hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, advanced glycation end products in endothelial alteration. A separate section is devoted to the particularities of the functioning of the antioxidant system and their significance in the development of ED in DM. The analysis of the literature allows to conclude that pathological activation of glucose utilization pathways causes damage of endothelial cells, which is accompanied by disorders of all their basic functions. Metabolic disorders in DM cause a pronounced imbalance of free radical processes and antioxidant defense, accompanied by oxidative stress of endotheliocytes, which contributes to the progression of ED and the development of vascular complications. Many aspects of multicomponent regulatory reactions in the pathogenesis of the development of ED in DM have not been sufficiently studied.

Background: Bovine leukemia causes a significant polyclonal expansion of CD5+, IgM+ B lymphocytes, known as persistent lymphocytosis (PL), in approximately 30% of infected cattle. However, it is not yet clear what happens to this subpopulation of B cells in the early period of infection of animals., Purpose: Quantitative characterization of IgM+ and CD5+ B cells during the immune response, which can provide important information on the mechanisms of lymphocyte priming in BLV infection., Material and Methods: The experiment used BLV-negative calves of black-motley breed at the age of 8 months (n = 11). Animals (n = 8) were intravenously injected with blood of a BLV-positive cow. Control calves (n = 3) were injected with saline. Studies were performed before and after infection on days 5, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 65 of the immune response. The determination of the number of B-lymphocytes in the blood was carried out by the method of immunoperoxidase staining based on monoclonal antibodies to IgM, CD5., Results: As a result of the studies, it was found that the level of CD5+ B cells increases on the 14th day of the primary immune response, characterized by polyclonal proliferation of CD5+ B cells, which are the primary target for BLV. Our research data confirm that in the lymphocytes of experimentally infected cattle, surface aggregation of IgM and CD5 molecules on B-lymphocytes is absent., Discussion: It is known that the wave-like nature of IgM synthesis, which was shown in previous studies, depends on a subpopulation of B1 cells. After 7 days of the immune response, IgM+ and CD5+ cells do not correlate, which shows their functional difference. The increase in CD5+ cells is probably not associated with B cells, but with T cells differentiating under the influence of the virus., Conclusions: A subset of B1 cells is the primary target of cattle leukemia virus. The 65th day of the immune response is characterized by the expansion of IgM+ B cells, a decrease in the number of CD5+ cells and a uniform distribution of receptors around the perimeter of the cells., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Objective: Introduction: According to WHO estimates for the European Region in 2017, Ukraine had the highest proportion of active tuberculosis cases co-infected with HIV - 21.6%, with an average of 12% in the Region, and the absolute number of tuberculosis/HIV co-infection cases in Ukraine was estimated at the level of 8,000. The aim: carry out a comprehensive analysis of the epidemical situation regarding tuberculosis/HIV co-infection in Ukraine according to selected epidemiological and clinical characteristics., Patients and Methods: Materials and methods: The retrospective epidemiological study was based on the data from national reporting forms "Annual Active TB Report", which was being collected by the Center for Health Statistics of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine for period 2008-2017., Results: Review: The incidence of newly diagnosed active tuberculosis associated with HIV in Ukraine increased by 89,4% - from 6,1 per 100,000 population in 2008 to 11,6 per 100,000 population in 2017, against the backdrop of a gradual decrease in the incidence of active tuberculosis by 36.5% over the same period. The rates of comorbidity TB/HIV increased by 2.8 times from 7.9% to 20.3%. The highest rates of incidence tuberculosis/HIV co-infection are observed in person aged 25-44, males, urban residents, and in the southern region of Ukraine., Conclusion: Conclusions: The revealed tendency to increase the rate of the incidence and comorbidity of tuberculosis/HIV causes necessitates reviewing the organizational approaches to healthcare delivery for tuberculosis/HIV co-infection patients.

Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is considered one of the pathogenetic mechanisms of a whole range of diseases. Detection of specific biochemical markers in the blood is an effective way to ED diagnostics that characterize the vascular endothelium state. This review highlights the pathogenetic role of the factors synthesized by endotheliocytes whose level changes in biological fluids reflect violations of the endothelium basic physiological properties: vasomotor function, thromboresistance, angiogenesis regulation, barrier and adhesion functions. In particular, the participation of nitric oxide metabolites, asymmetric dimethylarginine, endothelin-1, metabolic products of arachidonic acid, von Willebrand factor, thrombomodulin, vascular endothelial growth factor, vasohibine-1 and adhesion molecules in the onset and development of ED are reviewed. The diagnostic significances of factors damaging endothelium, such as C-reactive protein, homocysteine and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, are discussed. In addition, the literature data of recent years about the prospects of clinical implication the detection of the above-mentioned factors which indicates structural and functional endothelial cells damage are given. Particular attention is paid to the ED markers detection prognostic significance and the possibility of their practical use for the ED diagnosis. The search of literature for the current review was conducted in RSIC, CyberLeninka, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine and PubMed databases from 2012 to 2018 using the following keywords: endothelial dysfunction, nitric oxide, asymmetric dimethylarginine, endothelin-1, prostacyclin, thromboxane A2, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, von Willebrand factor, thrombomodulin, vascular endothelial growth factor, vasohibin-1, adhesive molecules, C-reactive protein, homocysteine, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Introduction: Bovine leukemia is a widespread infection worldwide, the causative agent of which is the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in structural structure and functional features similar to human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2) and It is considered as an actual medical and social problem. The study of the immune response in experimentally infected calves at an early stage of the disease development, synthesis of specific antibodies of classes G and M (IgG and IgM), diagnostic informativeness of detection of IgM in cattle leukemia is relevant and determines the purpose of this study., Material and Methods: Samples of blood and serum of cattle: animals experimentally infected with VLCRS, patients with cattle leukemia; control negative; specific to heterologous pathogens of cattle diseases. Indirect and sandwich variant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); commercial ELISA kits (IDEXX, USA; Hema LLC, FKP Kursk Biofactory Firm BIOK, Russia) for the detection of specific IgG and IgM for BLV in the agar gel immunodiffusion reaction (RID)., Results: The humoral immune response develops shortly after infection - by 1-8 weeks. IgM are detected starting from the 3 rd day, and IgG from the 7th day after infection. Up to 97% of coincidence of positive results in RID and indirect variant of TF ELISA based on monoclonal antibodies to cattle IgM (IgM bovine ) were found., Discussion: The dynamics of the synthesis of antibodies of classes M and G to the glycoprotein gp 51 BLV has a dosedependent wave-like character, is consistent with the levels of increase / decrease in the absolute and relative number of leukocytes / blood lymphocytes of infected calves., Findings: Serum specific IgM was detected starting 3 days after infection with BLV. Early detection of IgM in serum of cattle can be used as an additional test for the detection of sick animals., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The clinical material obtained surgically in patients with kidney stone disease (KSD) was tested for content of the stone microflora using PCR and standard microbiological methods. It was demonstrated that about 50% of stones in patients with KSD were infected with various infection agents as observed using standard microbiological and molecular genetic methods. The percentage of detection of the Mycoplasma hominis using cultural method is lower than the percentage detected using PCR, which is due to difficult isolation and cultivation, as well as DNA fragments of mycoplasma observed after antibiotic therapy. Studies based on modern microscopy methods showed that microorganisms on the surface of the kidney stone formed multispecies biofilms.

Aim: Study bacterial biofilms in native material (renal calculus) by electron microscopy method and developmeit of biofilm model by isolates in vitro on sterile calculi of various chemical composition., Materials and Methods: Bacterial spectra of microflora of renal calculus lavages were studied, isolated pure cultures were identified up to species. Comparisons of urine microflora obtained before operation in patients with urolithiasis with microflora of removed renal calculi were carried out., Results: Urease activity and genes coding pathogenicity factors were detected, and the ability to form biofilms by isolates was studied. Model of formation of biofilms in vitro on sterile renal calculi was developed and candidate agents reducing the biofilm forming ability were tested., Conclusion: Uropathogenic microorganisms infecting renal calculi and forming biofilms on them not only support chronic infection by increased resistance to therapy but also facilitate novel lithogenesis.

Aim: To select the most susceptible line of mice which allows to conduct comparative studies of infectious process caused by different strains of B. cepacia in order to explore correlation between ability to form biofilms and persistence of bacteria in organs of infected animals., Materials and Methods: Strain B. cenocepacia 370, which is a clinical isolate, and its mutants with modified ability to form biofilms were used. Conditional microbiologic methods and biological models of intraperitoneal and intranasal inoculation of mice belonging to 4 lines: BALB/c, BLACK, I/St, and A/Sn derived in Central Institute of Tuberculosis were employed. Criteria of persistence was duration of isolation of different strains of bacteria from lungs and spleen of inoculated animals as well as number of CFU., Results: The most susceptible line of mice which enables to conduct comparative studies of infectious process caused by Burkholderia species was determined. It was shown that even after intraperitoneal inoculation the agent was better preserved in lungs than in spleen that corresponds to natural localization of this infection. At any time of observation the number of cells of mutant strain, which is a superproducer of biofilms, isolated from organs of inoculated mice was 2 - 10 times higher than number of isolated cells of mutant, which do not produce biofilms., Conclusion: Correlation of more prolonged persistence of B. cenocepacia in organs of inoculated animals in vivo with ability of the agent to form biofilms determined in vitro is experimentally established. The susceptible line of mice which allows to conduct comparative studies of dynamics of infectious process caused by various strains of Burkholderia species was revealed. It was shown that irrespective from method of inoculation B. cepacia are able to continuously persist in organism of susceptible animals with lungs as a predominant localization.

Using the methods of transmission electron microscopy, the structure of the biofilms formed by the bacterium Burkholderia cepacia (clinical isolate and mutants with an increased and decreased ability to produce biofilms) were investigated. The biofilms were obtained on a liquid nutrient medium or on an abiotic surface (polystyrene). It has been demonstrated that the cultures of the studied strains differ in some morphological and functional characteristics. In biofilms, changes in the size and submicroscopic organization of all the components of bacterial cells occur. Staining biofilms with ruthenium red revealed the presence of exopolysaccharides in the intercellular space. The differences in the ultrastructure of bacterial films formed on nutrient medium and abiotic surfaces were demonstrated.

This paper analyzes the data of examination and the results of the treatment of 25 patients aged over 80 years (mean age 68.5+/-7 years) suffering from varicosity with long nonhealing trophic ulcers of the distal limb segments (CVI CMP C6) and 20 patients of the same age groups with CVI CEAP stages 3-5. All patients with CVI underwent either full-scope phlebectomy (64.4%) or partial truncal phlebectomy (35.6%), in which the trunk of the greater saphenous vein was stripped up to the upper third of the leg. A TCM-3 outfit (RADIOmeter, Denmark) was employed to measure oxygen tension in limb tissues. Parameters of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant tissue defence were measured intraoperatively in the capillary blood of the fingers as well as in the venous blood withdrawn from the cubital vein and the greater saphenous vein in the lower third of the leg near ulcer). The data obtained evidenced that lipid peroxidation activity was most pronounced in the soft tissues of the lower third of the leg in the group of patients with remarkable chronic venous insufficiency without trophic venous ulcers (GVI CEAP C3-5) and was significantly depleted after formation of varicose ulcers (CVI CEAP C6) associated with remarkable tissue hypoxia (TepO2 1.7-7.0 mm Hg). In all patients with CVI, the syndrome of lipid peroxidation was associated with the lowering of antioxidant defence activity. Patients with trophic venous ulcers had the signs of active inflammation in the soft tissues of the leg. The data obtained in the course of the study made it possible to optimize the treatment policy for elderly patients with trophic venous ulcers. In addition to the lowering of venous hypertension, the treatment included correction of microcirculatory disorders related to local hypoxia. Of special importance was reperfusion attenuation in the postoperative period.

The results of the study of hospital strains of the B. cepacia complex, isolated in hospitals of Moscow, with the use of phenotypical and molecular-genetic methods are presented. The phenotypical methods made it possible to differentiate Russian strains and classify them with a group of genomovars (I, III, IV). As the result the epidemic importance of the strains with epidemic markers, having specific characteristics for every clinic, was determined. The detection of the collection of genes cepI and cepR in the strains made confirmed the epidemic importance of the stains which had, due to the regulatory "quorum sensing" (QS) system, the potential capacity for inducing infection and persisting in the patient's body. The presence of gene cepR in all strains and the absence of gene cepl in 33% of strains gave evidence to suggest that in some strains the activation of the production of pathogenicity factors required the presence of other bacteria having the fully developed QS system. Thus, the new complex approach with the use of phenotypical and molecular-genetic methods permits more precise identification of the source of hospital infection induced by the bacteria of the B. cepacia complex.

Described in the paper are characteristics of B. cepacia clinical strains isolated from patients at Moscow hospitals. The strains were investigated for the presence of proteolytic, chitinolytic, hemolytic and lipase activities as well as for presence of components of the "Quorum sensing" gene activity regulatory system by using biological test-systems and in the polymerase chain reaction with primers to genes cepI and cepR.

Stress caused by immobilization and acoustic stimulation produces considerable changes in lymph microcirculation. These changes manifested in dilation of microvessels, enhanced phasic contractile activity and its abnormal pattern, accelerated lymph flow, and recruitment of new lymphangions in drainage functions.

Topical application of sodium nitroprusside on rat mesentery has a marked influence on lymph microvessels function. The drug causes a dilation of majority of lymphangions and decrease of the pacemaker activity of the vessel wall structures and valves. These changes do not lead to lymph stasis, and lymph flow velocity does not reduce. The non-selective inhibitor of NO synthase (N-nitro-L-arginine) intensifies vasomotions of lymph microvessels, modulates phasic contractile activity and increases lymph flow velocity. There is a time dependent dynamic of changes in action of N-nitro-L-arginine. During inhibition of endogenous NO synthesis the responses of lymph microvessels on sodium nitroprusside application are modified: the constriction of majority lymphangions and activation of valve work are observed.

The goal of the current work is to determine the role of the TNF-alpha on the activation of the bacterial growth in an in vivo system. In order to reach this goal we studied the dynamics of the reproduction of vegetative forms of Salmonella and the recultivation of non-cultivating forms of Salmonella in infected animals. Experiments have been conducted both on animals that had been injected with exogenous TNF together with bacterial suspension and on animals that had been exposed to gamma-radiation before infection, since it is known that irradiation increases the secretion of TNF. We demonstrate that in all cases the increase in the level of TNF-alpha in animals leads to the activation of the Salmonella growth. Moreover, in this paper we present the data obtained by the method of molecular display on the identification of genes that are highly expressed in the Salmonella cells cultivated in vitro in the presence of TNF.

The growth rate of the vegetative forms and the recultivation rate of the uncultivable forms of Salmonella isogenous strains, one of these strains carrying mutation in gene pqi, were studied. The multiplication rate of the vegetative and uncultivable forms of Salmonella control strain in the spleen of infected animals at the initial stages of the infectious process was shown (in vivo) to be considerably accelerated after the preliminary incubation of the culture with cytokine (tumor necrosis factor). The multiplication rate, in vivo and in vitro, of Salmonella vegetative and uncultivable forms with mutation in gene pqi did not change after the incubation of the cells with cytokine, which is indicative of an important role played by the product of this gene in the process of the interaction of bacteria with cytokines. The full nucleotide sequence Salmonella gene pqi was determined.

Lymph flow as measured with biomicroscopic and speckle-interferometrical techniques was very unstable and its rate did not depend on lymphangion diameter in the rat mesentery. A correlation was found between amount of cells in the lymph flow and other indices of lymphangion functions. All microvessels with phasic contractions and/or working valve were revealed as having a lymph flow. The phasic activity and the valve work correlated with each other. The higher the amplitude and frequency of the phasic activity and the longer the contraction cycle, the higher was the rate of the valve work.

The paper presents the specific features of diagnosis and clinical course of genital tuberculosis under the present conditions. It shows it expedient to make a differential diagnosis of genital tuberculosis in 2 steps: 1) the use of the routine examination and 2) the study of specific antituberculous immunity. Genital tuberculosis risk groups to be obligatorily examined at a specialized tuberculosis control facility are identified. The specific features of the clinical course of genital tuberculosis, such as aptness to exudative processes, a combination with extragenital tuberculosis and hormonally depended gynecological diseases are noted. Indications for and efficiency of endosurgical interventions in genital tuberculosis are shown.

Changes in the arterial pressure (AP), heart rate (HR) and sensitivity of chronotropic baroreceptor reflex (SBR) evoked by i. v. infusion of alpha-ANP, AP-III, AP-II, and AP-I (1 mg/kg/min) were studied in alert Wistar rats. The SBR was tested by infusion of phenylephrine or sodium nitroprusside. All the ANP analogues, except AP-1, were shown to decrease the AP and evoke differential changes in the SBR. The SBR evoked by phenylephrine was increased by 60-80%, whereas SBR evoked by sodium nitroprusside was decreased by 30-60%. The specific changes in tachycardic and bradycardic components of the baroreceptor reflex after ANP analogues infusions seem to reflect participation of the baroreceptor reflex in the mechanism of ANP-induced hypotension.

Bacillus thuringiensis strains forming colonies of the S and R morphology were found to be susceptible to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, neomycin, lincomycin, monomycin, kanamycin, and resistant to ampicillin and polymyxin. The S strains were shown to be susceptible to tetracycline (Tets), whereas the R strains were either susceptible (Tets) or resistant (Tetr). The population of Tetr strains was heterogeneous in its resistance to tetracycline (the frequency of Tetr cells was from 10(-4) to 1). The incubation with a subinhibiting concentration of tetracycline (2 micrograms/ml) caused "induction", which decreased in the presence of chloramphenicol, in the Tetr strains. No "induction" was detected in Tets strains. No significant differences were found in the plasmid composition of the Tets and Tetr strains, and no correlation was established between the presence of plasmids and the resistance to tetracycline. It may be concluded therefore that determinants for the resistance to tetracycline are located in the chromosomes. Possible factors causing the resistance to tetracycline in B. thuringiensis are discussed.

The possibility of interspecies recombination was shown by using protoplast fusion method. The Bacillus thuringiensis var. galleriae strain 48S Thi Nic Gua Rifr Strr and 56R Gua Rifr, and also Bac. cereus carrying the plasmid pBC16 responsible for resistance to tetracycline (150 mcg/ml) were used. Recombinants were selected on the medium containing rifampicin and tetracycline. They were shown to combine the properties of both parents. The majority of recombinants were resistant to phages Tg4 and Td15 and represented the mean level of sensitivity to phages Tg12, Tg13 and Td14. Examination of the plasmid profiles of recombinants revealed that their resistance to tetracycline was due to the plasmid with mobility analogous to pBC16. It was concluded that the protoplast fusion method can be used to obtain recombinants between relatively remote species of microorganisms.

The role of plasmids in regulation of delta-endotoxin synthesis by Bacillus thuringiensis H14 was studied. The derivatives of strain Is-1 H14 containing a 4Md plasmid integrated into the chromosome synthesize small crystals and are not toxic for the gnat larvae. The transceptional transfer into this strain of a plasmid coding for crystal synthesis from the strain 69-6 serotype H5 results in restoration of insecticidal activity to the level of the parental strain Is-1. Transcipients activity is increased 10-15 fold in case of 4Md plasmid excision from the chromosome and autonomous functioning. Evidently, 4Md plasmid from the strain Is-1 as well as a plasmid coding for crystal synthesis from the strain 69-6 contains the regulatory elements participating in the expression of crystalline protein genes localized on other plasmids. The existence of two cellular regulatory groups is supposed to result in the significant increase in crystalline protein synthesis.