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Abstract: Over recent decades, our understanding of climate change has accelerated greatly, but unfortunately, observable impacts have increased in tandem. Both mitigation and adaptation have not progressed at the level or scale warranted by our collective knowledge on climate change. More effective approaches to engage people on current and future anthropogenic climate change effects are urgently needed. Here, we show how species whose distributions are shifting in response to climate change, that is, ‘species‐on‐the‐move’, present an opportunity to engage people with climate change by linking to human values, and our deep connections with the places in which we live, in a locally relevant yet globally coherent narrative. Species‐on‐the‐move can impact ecosystem structure and function, food security, human health, livelihoods, culture and even the climate itself through feedback to the climate system, presenting a wide variety of potential pathways for people to understand that climate change affects them personally as individuals. Citizen science focussed on documenting changes in biodiversity is one approach to foster a deeper engagement on climate change. However, other possible avenues, which may offer potential to engage people currently unconnected with nature, include arts, games or collaborations with rural agriculture (e.g. new occurrences of pest species) or fisheries organisations (e.g. shifting stocks) or healthcare providers (e.g. changing distributions of disease vectors). Through the importance we place on the aspects of life impacted by the redistribution of species around us, species‐on‐the‐move offer emotional pathways to connect with people on the complex issue of climate change in profound ways that have the potential to engender interest and action on climate change. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

The rapid spread and growing number of dengue cases worldwide, alongside the absence of comprehensive vaccines and medications, highlights the critical need for robust tools to monitor, prevent, and control the disease. This review aims to provide an updated overview of important covariates and quantitative modelling techniques used to predict or forecast dengue and/or its vector Aedes mosquitoes in Africa. A systematic search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCOhost, and Scopus, restricted to studies conducted in Africa and published in English. Data management and extraction process followed the 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses' (PRISMA) framework. The review identified 30 studies, with the majority (two-thirds) focused on models for predicting Aedes mosquito populations dynamics as a proxy for dengue risk. The remainder of the studies utilized human dengue cases, incidence or prevalence data as an outcome. Input data for mosquito and dengue risk models were mainly obtained from entomological studies and cross-sectional surveys, respectively. More than half of the studies (56.7%) incorporated climatic factors, such as rainfall, humidity, and temperature, alongside environmental, demographic, socio-economic, and larval/pupal abundance factors as covariates in their models. Regarding quantitative modelling techniques, traditional statistical regression methods like logistic and linear regression were preferred (60.0%), followed by machine learning models (16.7%) and mixed effects models (13.3%). Notably, only 36.7% of the models disclosed variable selection techniques, and a mere 20.0% conducted model validation, highlighting a significant gap in reporting methodology and assessing model performance. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of potential covariates and methodological approaches currently applied in the African context for modelling dengue and/or its vector, Aedes mosquito. It also underscores the gaps and challenges posed by limited surveillance data availability, which hinder the development of predictive models to be used as early warning systems in Africa.

Trematode infections cause long-term suffering and debilitation, posing a significant threat to global animal health and production and leading to considerable economic losses. Studies on the epidemiology and control of these infections in Tanzania are limited. The few available studies have been conducted in abattoir settings. This study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by determining the prevalence, distribution, and risk factors for trematode infections in domesticated ruminants in two different ecological zones of Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Lake Victoria and the Southern highlands ecological zones of Tanzania. Rectal fecal samples were collected and examined for F. gigantica, Paramphistomidae, and S. bovis infections using the sedimentation technique. A total of 1367 domesticated ruminants were sampled and examined for trematode infections. The overall prevalence of trematode infections was found to be 65.7%. The individual prevalence of F. gigantica, Paramphistomidae, and S. bovis (based on egg morphology only) was 35.1%, 60.2%, and 3.1%, respectively. Adult cattle were more likely to be infected with Paramphistomidae (adjusted odds ratio, (AOR): 1.98; 95% confidence interval, (CI): 1.40–2.78) and S. bovis (AOR: 8.5; 95% CI: 1.12–64.19) than weaners. It was observed that trematode infections in domesticated ruminants are prevalent in the two ecological zones of Tanzania; therefore, effective and community-directed prevention and control strategies are highly needed to address trematode infections of domesticated ruminants in these areas.

Abstract Over recent decades, our understanding of climate change has accelerated greatly, but unfortunately, observable impacts have increased in tandem. Both mitigation and adaptation have not progressed at the level or scale warranted by our collective knowledge on climate change. More effective approaches to engage people on current and future anthropogenic climate change effects are urgently needed. Here, we show how species whose distributions are shifting in response to climate change, that is, ‘species‐on‐the‐move’, present an opportunity to engage people with climate change by linking to human values, and our deep connections with the places in which we live, in a locally relevant yet globally coherent narrative. Species‐on‐the‐move can impact ecosystem structure and function, food security, human health, livelihoods, culture and even the climate itself through feedback to the climate system, presenting a wide variety of potential pathways for people to understand that climate change affects them personally as individuals. Citizen science focussed on documenting changes in biodiversity is one approach to foster a deeper engagement on climate change. However, other possible avenues, which may offer potential to engage people currently unconnected with nature, include arts, games or collaborations with rural agriculture (e.g. new occurrences of pest species) or fisheries organisations (e.g. shifting stocks) or healthcare providers (e.g. changing distributions of disease vectors). Through the importance we place on the aspects of life impacted by the redistribution of species around us, species‐on‐the‐move offer emotional pathways to connect with people on the complex issue of climate change in profound ways that have the potential to engender interest and action on climate change. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

In this paper, we present the project, Community Drive, as well as the theoretical and empirical background on which the project is based. Through technical and humanistic collaboration, the project aims to create models that allow children and young people to participate in overcoming future challenges in cities by becoming active and contributing participants in research and development efforts. Further, the project contributes knowledge about community-driven game tools, user-driven big data and the Internet of Things and their connection with intelligent and socially responsible urban development. The project is conducted in cooperation with the city of Copenhagen, local schools and Aalborg University. Community Drive involves students, aged 10-13, attending schools in deprived neighbourhoods near Aalborg University Copenhagen in southern Copenhagen. This area is characterised by a high rate of unemployment, low income and residents with little or no education. As a result, resources have been allocated for reconditioning the subsidised housing in this area. In this paper, we discuss the ways in which Community Drive, initiated in May 2018, is based on the results of pilot projects conducted from 2014 to 2017. Overall, these studies showed that tasking students with changing their living conditions by redesigning their neighbourhoods is a strong motivational factor. During the redesign process, students were able to construct game-based models of various residents' needs and argue for redesigns based on their knowledge about the area and the ability of certain designs to fulfil the needs of various groups of residents living in the area. We also present initial results from collaboration workshops between schools and professional external local partners. These results show that three themes are central for the collaboration process: building local contact, meaningful local ownership and real challenges and applicable solutions.

Background High-quality essential newborn care (ENC) can improve newborn health and reduce preventable newborn mortality. The World Health Organization recommends specific ENC interventions. Video recordings have potential as a tool for assessment of clinical care also in low and middle-income countries. Objective To use video observations of healthy newborns to describe ENC practices in a low-income setting and compare actual clinical practice with WHO recommendations. Method This is a cross-sectional observational study. Video records of neonatal interventions to 324 healthy newborns were assessed. They were obtained at baseline of a pre-post intervention study during a 10-week study period in Pemba, Tanzania. Data also included postnatal structured questionnaires. Eight ENC interventions and quality indicators were defined as per the WHO recommendations. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize ENC practices and maternal and neonatal characteristics. Results None of the newborns received all eight recommended ENC interventions. The median duration of separation from the mother was 25 minutes and 15 seconds (ranging from 22 seconds to 3 hours and 36 minutes), 51% of the newborns received proper thermal care during the separation. Twenty-one percent had sufficient umbilical cord care, 8% were stimulated for breathing, 69% were observed at least once by healthcare staff and 9% did undergo suctioning. None of the newborns received antibiotic ointments or vitamin K. Conclusion Video recording of healthy newborns was feasible. The study identified omission of key ENC practices including proper thermal care, skin-to-skin contact and establishment of breastfeeding within the first hour of life, vitamin K administration as well as application of unnecessary practices such as excessive suctioning of breathing newborns.

This paper provides an overview of traditional hay-making structures and the related agricultural landscapes in Europe. The information was collected using a standardised questionnaire that was completed by experts from different countries. What all countries had in common was that hay production with its corresponding structures was widespread. However, the scope and importance differed among the countries today. We found differences in type and extent, in degree of awareness, and in the cultural meaning of hay-making structures. The differences were connected with built structures, as well as with other tangible and intangible aspects of cultural heritage. The distribution of the broad variety of hay-making-related structures, especially semipermanent ones, has changed throughout history, as well as the hay-making techniques, as a result of agrarian specialisation, land reclamation, and consolidation. Today, in some countries, the relevance of hay-making was mainly connected to horse keeping and landscape management (like in Germany and Hungary), while in others (like Slovakia and Slovenia), it was still predominantly used for cattle and sheep.

Simple Summary: Trematode infections (fascioliasis and schistosomiasis) are emerging snail-borne zoonotic diseases worldwide, with a great capacity for expansion due to animal and human movements, climate change, and anthropogenic modifications of freshwater environments. There is a lack of information regarding the prevalence, distribution, and risk factors for trematode infections in domesticated ruminants in Tanzania. This study aims to fill the knowledge gaps by determining the prevalence, distribution, and risk factors for trematode infections in domesticated ruminants in two ecological zones of Tanzania. Fecal samples were collected from domesticated ruminants and examined for trematode infections using the sedimentation technique. The highest trematode infections of Fasciola gigantica (F. gigantica), Paramphistomidae, and Schistosoma bovis (S. bovis) were observed in the Lake Victoria zone (Simiyu region) of Tanzania compared to the Southern Highland zone (Iringa region) of Tanzania. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting trematode infection in domesticated ruminants in the Lake Victoria and Southern Highlands ecological zones of Tanzania. Effective and community-directed prevention and control strategies are highly needed to address trematode infections of domesticated ruminants in these areas. Trematode infections cause long-term suffering and debilitation, posing a significant threat to global animal health and production and leading to considerable economic losses. Studies on the epidemiology and control of these infections in Tanzania are limited. The few available studies have been conducted in abattoir settings. This study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by determining the prevalence, distribution, and risk factors for trematode infections in domesticated ruminants in two different ecological zones of Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Lake Victoria and the Southern highlands ecological zones of Tanzania. Rectal fecal samples were collected and examined for F. gigantica, Paramphistomidae, and S. bovis infections using the sedimentation technique. A total of 1367 domesticated ruminants were sampled and examined for trematode infections. The overall prevalence of trematode infections was found to be 65.7%. The individual prevalence of F. gigantica, Paramphistomidae, and S. bovis (based on egg morphology only) was 35.1%, 60.2%, and 3.1%, respectively. Adult cattle were more likely to be infected with Paramphistomidae (adjusted odds ratio, (AOR): 1.98; 95% confidence interval, (CI): 1.40–2.78) and S. bovis (AOR: 8.5; 95% CI: 1.12–64.19) than weaners. It was observed that trematode infections in domesticated ruminants are prevalent in the two ecological zones of Tanzania; therefore, effective and community-directed prevention and control strategies are highly needed to address trematode infections of domesticated ruminants in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid spread and growing number of dengue cases worldwide, alongside the absence of comprehensive vaccines and medications, highlights the critical need for robust tools to monitor, prevent, and control the disease. This review aims to provide an updated overview of important covariates and quantitative modelling techniques used to predict or forecast dengue and/or its vector Aedes mosquitoes in Africa. A systematic search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCOhost, and Scopus, restricted to studies conducted in Africa and published in English. Data management and extraction process followed the 'Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses' (PRISMA) framework. The review identified 30 studies, with the majority (two-thirds) focused on models for predicting Aedes mosquito populations dynamics as a proxy for dengue risk. The remainder of the studies utilized human dengue cases, incidence or prevalence data as an outcome. Input data for mosquito and dengue risk models were mainly obtained from entomological studies and cross-sectional surveys, respectively. More than half of the studies (56.7%) incorporated climatic factors, such as rainfall, humidity, and temperature, alongside environmental, demographic, socio-economic, and larval/pupal abundance factors as covariates in their models. Regarding quantitative modelling techniques, traditional statistical regression methods like logistic and linear regression were preferred (60.0%), followed by machine learning models (16.7%) and mixed effects models (13.3%). Notably, only 36.7% of the models disclosed variable selection techniques, and a mere 20.0% conducted model validation, highlighting a significant gap in reporting methodology and assessing model performance. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of potential covariates and methodological approaches currently applied in the African context for modelling dengue and/or its vector, Aedes mosquito. It also underscores the gaps and challenges posed by limited surveillance data availability, which hinder the development of predictive models to be used as early warning systems in Africa. Author summary: Infections from dengue and other arboviral mosquito-borne diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes are on the rise globally, with Africa being no exception. Their advances are driven by anthropogenic factors, such as rapid urbanisation, globalisation, and climate change. Yet, knowledge of dengue epidemiology and burden on the African continent, and how to enhance preparedness is scarce. Navigating the complexities of predicting the spread/outbreaks of the dengue or the presence/abundance of Aedes vector mosquitoes, is challenging due to the complex interactions between multiple factors involved in the transmission. Despite these challenges, significant progress has been made in developing various quantitative methods to predict spread and outbreaks in different regions in the world. Here, we conducted a systematic review to shed light on existing quantitative modelling approaches for dengue and/or its vector Aedes mosquitoes in Africa, focusing on methodology, data sources, covariates used, model performance and validation. Our study revealed several shortcomings in current modelling practices in Africa and emphasized the need for real-time primary predictor data and more comprehensive reporting of model development techniques and validation processes. This review offers an evidence-based framework for improving future modelling practices, to develop more accurate and robust dengue prediction models, tailored for African contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To identify the risk factors for neonatal sepsis in Sub-Saharan Africa.Design Systematic review and meta-analysis.Data sources PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, African Index Medicus and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for observational studies from January 2010 to August 2020.Setting Sub-Saharan Africa, at all levels of healthcare facilities.Participants ‘Neonates’ (

Objectives To assess the feasibility of using video recordings of neonatal resuscitation (NR) to evaluate the quality of care in a low-resource district hospital.Design Prospective observational feasibility study.Setting Chake-Chake Hospital, a district hospital in Pemba, Tanzania, in April and May 2019.Participants All delivering women and their newborns were eligible for participation.Main outcome measures Motion-triggered cameras were mounted on resuscitation tables and provided recordings that were analysed for quality of care indicators based on the national NR algorithm. Assessment of feasibility was conducted using Bowen’s 8-point framework for feasibility studies.Results 91% (126 of 139) of women and 96% (24 of 26) of health workers were comfortable or very comfortable with the video recordings. Of 139 newborns, 8 underwent resuscitation with bag and mask ventilation. In resuscitations, heat loss prevention measures were not performed in half of the cases (four of eight), clearing the airway was not performed correctly in five of eight cases, and all newborns were suctioned vigorously and repeatedly, even when not indicated. In a quarter (two of eight) of cases, the newborn’s head was not positioned correctly. Additionally, two of the eight newborns needing ventilation were not ventilated within the first minute of life. In none of the eight cases did ventilation appear to be performed effectively.Conclusions It proved feasible to use video recordings to assess quality of care during NR in a low-resource setting, and the method was considered acceptable for the delivering women and health workers. Recordings of eight resuscitations all demonstrated deviations from NR guidelines.

In recent years, ecological research has suggested several mechanisms by which biodiversity might affect the risk of acquiring infectious diseases (i.e., the decoy, dilution or amplification effects), but the topic remains controversial. While many experimental studies suggest a negative relationship between biodiversity and disease, this relationship is inherently complex, and might be negative, positive or neutral depending on the geographical scale and ecological context. Here, applying a macroecological approach, we look for associations between diversity and disease by comparing the distribution of human schistosomiasis and biogeographical patterns of freshwater snail and mammal species richness in Uganda. We found that the association between estimated snail richness and human infection was best described by a negative correlation in non-spatial bi- and multivariate logistic mixed effect models. However, this association lost significance after the inclusion of a spatial component in a full geostatistical model, highlighting the importance of accounting for spatial correlation to obtain more precise parameter estimates. Furthermore, we found no significant relationships between mammal richness and schistosomiasis risk. We discuss the limitations of the data and methods used to test the decoy hypothesis for schistosomiasis, and highlight key future research directions that can facilitate more powerful tests of the decoy effect in snail-borne infections, at geographical scales that are relevant for public health and conservation.

The annual target reliability level for structural components is given as β = 3.3 in the main design standard for wind turbines IEC 61400-1 ed. 4. However, since the same safety factors are used for a range of load cases and limit states, deviations in the obtained reliability level can be expected, and it should be considered how to handle this in relation to the development of the IEC TS 61400-9 on probabilistic design measures. In this paper, structural reliability analyses were performed for components designed using safety factors for a range of extreme load cases, and by using the correlation between limit states for different years, the development of the reliability level over time was calculated. A relative risk-based assessment was applied to assess the optimal target reliability level and safety factors. The risk-based assessment explicitly includes the uncertainties, benefits, and costs and can motivate differentiation of the annual reliability level between load cases. Annual reliability indices were found to be in the range of 2.9–3.4, and although this includes values below the target of 3.3, it was also found that the optimal reliability indices were in the same range. The variation in reliability level can be motivated since the optimal target reliability is found to be lower than the current target for load cases with high correlation, as this causes the lifetime reliability level to be comparable to that of other extreme load cases with less correlation.

The occurrence of Fasciola gigantica and F. hepatica in Africa is well documented; however, unlike in Asia, there is a paucity of information on the existence of hybrids or parthenogenetic species on the continent. Nonetheless, these hybrid species may have beneficial characteristics, such as increased host range and pathogenicity. This study provides evidence of the potential existence of Fasciola hybrids in Africa. A literature search of articles published between 1980 and 2022 was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct using a combination of search terms and Boolean operators. Fasciola species were documented in 26 African countries with F. hepatica being restricted to 12 countries, whilst F. gigantica occurred in 24 countries, identified based on morphological features of adult Fasciola specimens or eggs and molecular techniques. The co-occurrence of both species was reported in 11 countries. However, the occurrence of potential Fasciola hybrids was only confirmed in Egypt and Chad but is suspected in South Africa and Zimbabwe. These were identified based on liver fluke morphometrics, assessment of the sperms in the seminal vesicle, and molecular techniques. The occurrence of intermediate host snails Galba truncatula and Radix natalensis was reported in Ethiopia, Egypt, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda, where F. hepatica and F. gigantica co-occurrences were reported. The invasive Pseudosuccinea columella snails naturally infected with F. gigantica were documented in South Africa and Egypt. In Zimbabwe, P. columella was infected with a presumed parthenogenetic Fasciola. This suggests that the invasive species might also be contributing to the overlapping distributions of the two Fasciola species since it can transmit both species. Notwithstanding the limited studies in Africa, the potential existence of Fasciola hybrids in Africa is real and might mimic scenarios in Asia, where parthenogenetic Fasciola exist in most Asian countries. In South Africa, aspermic F. hepatica and Fasciola sp. have been reported already, and Fasciola hybrids have been reported? in Chad and Egypt. Thus, the authors recommend future surveys using molecular markers recommended to identify Fasciola spp. and their snail intermediate hosts to demarcate areas of overlapping distribution where Fasciola hybrids and/or parthenogenetic Fasciola may occur. Further studies should also be conducted to determine the presence and role of P. columella in the transmission of Fasciola spp. in these geographical overlaps to help prevent parasite spillbacks.

Introduction Atrial fibrillation is the most common heart arrhythmia with a prevalence of approximately 2% in the western world. Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of death and morbidity. In many patients, a rate control strategy is recommended. The optimal heart rate target is disputed despite the results of the the RAte Control Efficacy in permanent atrial fibrillation: a comparison between lenient vs strict rate control II (RACE II) trial.Our primary objective will be to investigate the effect of lenient rate control strategy (

Metabolic pathways are increasingly recognized as crucial determinants of T cell function. Here the authors show that the balance between IFNγ and IL-10 production in human CD4 T cells is modulated by the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway.

Abstract Background Bovine fasciolosis is an economically important livestock disease in Europe, and represents a particular challenge for organic farms, where cattle are grazed extensively and the use of anthelmintic is limited. A two-year longitudinal study was conducted on two conventional and two organic Danish dairy farms to examine the current temporal trend of F. hepatica infection on-farm, and to gather data of practical relevance for parasite control. Data were collected both at the herd and individual level using currently available diagnostic methods: a commercial serum antibody ELISA, a commercial copro-antigen ELISA, faecal egg counts, and monthly bulk tank milk (BTM) ELISA. The temporal patterns (animal age, farm-level temporal trends and seasonality) in the animal-level test results were analysed by generalised additive mixed models (GAMM). Results Patterns of infection differed substantially between the farms, due to different grazing management and anthelmintic use. However, animals were first infected at the age of 1.5–2 years (heifers), and most at-risk animals sero-converted in autumn, suggesting that summer infections in snails prevail in Denmark. Our results also suggest that the lifespan of the parasite could be over 2 years, as several cows showed signs of low grade infection even after several years of continuous indoor housing without access to freshly-cut grass. The serum antibody ELISA was able to detect infection first, whereas both copro-antigen ELISA and faecal egg counts tended to increase in the same animals at a later point. Decreasing BTM antibody levels were seen on the two farms that started anthelmintic treatment during the study. Conclusions While important differences between farms and over time were seen due to varying grazing management, anthelmintic treatment and climatic conditions, the young stock was consistently seen as the main high-risk group and at least one farm also had suspected transmission (re-infection) within the lactating herd. Careful interpretation of test results is necessary for older cows as they can show persistent infections several years after exposure has stopped. Rigorous treatment regimens can reduce BTM ELISA values, but further research is needed to develop a non-medicinal approach for sustainable management of bovine fasciolosis.

På Det Juridiske Fakultet, Københavns Universitet, udvikles en ny læringsplatform i form af et e-tidsskrift inden for skatte- og afgiftsret, UCPH Fiscal Relations Law Journal, med et tilhørende kursus. Her skal de studerende skrive videnskabelige og innovative artikler under tæt supervision af en forsker fra universitetet eller en praktiker fra det offentlige eller private erhvervsliv. Læringsplatformen skal hjælpe de studerende til bedre muligheder for at kombinere retsvidenskabelig forskning med juridisk praksis i en sammenhæng, hvor der lægges vægt på innovation og bredere forståelse af samfundsmæssige problemstillinger. Denne artikel præsente-rer, hvordan e-tidsskriftet og det tilhørende kursus påtænkes at arbejde med pro-blemorienteret og forskningsbaseret læring inden for en professionsorienteret uni-versitetsuddannelse. Kurset afholdes for første gang i efterårssemestret 2017. Ar-tiklen præsenterer derfor alene kursusdesignet og de pædagogiske overvejelser bag det, idet vi endnu har evalueringerne til gode, der vil vise, om forventningerne til læringsplatformen kan indfries, når kurset er blevet gennemført

Mechanical devices are common treating methods for knee osteoarthritis. It has the purpose of reducing the internal joint forces and unloading the damaged structure. The reduction is often achieved by alterations in the frontal plan, shifting the contact force from one compartment to the other, leaving the total compressive force unchanged. The aim of this study was to investigate how internal knee joint forces depend on applied external moments during gait. Musculoskeletal models of the gait of 10 healthy subjects were developed in the AnyBody Modelling System and used to simulate applied joint moments about different axes (load cases), each with the magnitude to compensate the net moment about the respective axis by a specified percentage. For each load case, the total, medial and lateral knee compressive force were computed and compared with a baseline case with no external moments applied. Among the investigated moments, hip flexion-extension, knee flexion-extension and ankle plantarflexion-dorsiflexion moment compensations have the most positive impact on the total knee joint compressive force, and combining the 3, each with a 40% compensation of the muscle moments, reduced the first peak by 23.6%, the second by 30.6% and the impulse by 28.6% with respect to no applied moments.