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BACKGROUND Hypospadias repair is a challenging type of urogenital reconstructive surgery for which different techniques are currently used. The purpose of this study is to determine the outcomes of distal, mid-shaft and proximal hypospadias repair using two new variations of tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty (TIP-δ and TIP-ελ) and to compare their complication rates with other already known operative techniques made from the same surgical team. METHODS This study included 269 boys with hypospadias. The preoperative meatal site was distal in 179 patients, mid-shaft in 44 and proximal in 46. The average age at the operation was 17 months. The technique applied in distal hypospadias was Mathieu in 77 patients, Snodgrass in 28 and (TIP)-δ in 74. The technique applied in mid-shaft hypospadias was a tubularized island flap (TIF) in 12 patients, onlay island flap (OIF) in 5 and TIP-ελ in 27. The operative technique for proximal hypospadias was TIF in 15 patients, OIF in 10 and TIP-ελ in 21. TIP-δ and TIP-ελ are two new variants of TIP operation that we have used in our clinic since 2010. Postoperative complications were recorded, and we compared the outcomes obtained by applying the techniques. RESULTS The use of TIP-δ in the distal hypospadias and long TIP-ελ in the mid-shaft and proximal hypospadias resulted in significantly fewer complications than the other surgical methods across all cases of hypospadias (p

Penile carcinoma usually occurs in older than 40 years men with an incidence in western communities of 0.5 to 1.6 per 100,000 men per year while in developing countries the rate is much higher in men. Extensive lymph node dissection of lymphatic inguinal metastases evident by inguinal lymphoscintigraphy (ILS) induces improved overall survival. A 75 years old male with penile squamous cell carcinoma stage pT2N0M0 of less than 2cm diameter, with tumor invasion of the penis corpora underwent partial penectomy with a 2-cm disease-free margin. Three months postoperation, computed tomography (CT) was negative for local recurrence or distant metastases. A dynamic ILS was performed after local anaesthesia and intradermal injection of 80MBq of (99m)Tc-nanocolloid at the lower edge of the left and right inguinal ducts. The lymphatic chain and a hot spot suggestive of a first draining lymph node appeared after 15min on the right inguinal region in the second zone according to Daseler mapping. The left inguinal area was negative for sentinel node (SN). In view of this finding an exploratory laparotomy was performed and pathology showed that this lymph node that was probably a SN was infiltrated by the squamous cell carcinoma. The patient was upstaged to T2N1M0 and scheduled to receive adjuvant chemotherapy with two courses of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. While T1 and T2 tumours of diameters2cm are best treated with penile-preserving methods such as circumciand/or local excision. Tumours of T22cm, T3 tumours, and T4 tumours are treated with glans amputation and/or partial or total penile amputation. Imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan do not always give accurate staging information, because positive findings are usually found only in patients with clinically palpable, enlarged inguinal lymph nodes. Computed tomography and MRI have low sensitivity to identify occult metastases, because they present criteria for malignant involvement mainly based on the size of the lesions. The main pitfall of these diagnostic modalities is due to occult metastatic disease occurring within normal sized nodes. Approximatively 20% of the patients with non palpable lymph nodes harbour occult inguinal metastases, and there is evidence that this group of patients may benefit from early surgical dissection of the inguinal nodes, compared to a wait-and-see policy. It is understood that current imaging techniques cannot accurately detect occult metastases, while ILS is more reliable. In 80% of patients with penile cancer, after ILS, drainage to both groins is observed. Bilateral nodes are often visualized early, sometimes asynchronously with one of the lymph nodes filling late. This is why delayed images are recommended. Pitfalls of ILS are: a) Contamination of the skin with the tracer and b) radiopharmaceutical entering the blood. There are also several reasons that may account for absent or faint SN uptake: low dose of the tracer or low tracer quality, patient's age (better in young patients), tumor involvement of the sentinel node, and finally too short or too long interval between tracer injection and ILS. The ILS can be mapped according to Daseler's inguinal zones. Penile cancer drains directly to the nodes in the superior and central Daseler zones. According to others, the majority (73%) of SN was located in the medial superior, 8.7% in the lateral superior, and 18.3% in the central zone. No drainage was seen on the two inferior quadrants. The majority (62.1%) of higher-tier nodes was found in the external iliac zone. Inguinal LS can save us from watchful waiting in cases of otherwise occult metastases. In conclusion, ILS has shown lymph node metastases while clinical and CT examinations were negative. The false positive and false negative results of ILS are mentioned.

The urethra is a usual site of introduction of foreign bodies for autoerotic stimulation. We present an unusual case of bladder perforation caused by foreign body that was self-inserted in the urethra and consequently slipped inside the bladder in a 29-year-old female patient with psychiatric disease. The patient was referred to our department for macroscopic hematuria and abdominal pain. Imaging studies revealed the presence of a foreign body in the pelvic area which had perforated the left lateral wall of the bladder. The foreign body was removed via open cystotomy. In psychiatric patients hematuria and pelvic pain may result from insertion of a foreign body in the bladder usually during masturbation.

Prostate adenocarcinomas (PAC) consist mainly of tumour cells of luminal immunophenotype and scattered neuroendocrine (NE) cells. NE cells are defined by chromogranin A (CgA) immunoreactivity. T he aim of this study is the evaluation of CgA serum levels in monitoring prostate cancer (PC) patients under complete androgen deprivation (CAD) in comparison with the prostate specific antigen (PSA) as a prognostic marker of androgen resistance and bone metastases. Ninety-two patients with newly diagnosed PAC and 30 healthy blood donors serving as the control group were enrolled in the study. Serum CgA and PSA values were measured. All patients had locally advanced or metastatic disease and received CAD treatment. In the group of PAC patients bone scanning with 925MBq (99m)Tc-MDP revealed the presence of bone metastatic lesions in 50 patients (29 with more than 3 lesions and 21 with less than 3 lesions). The other 42 patients had no bone metastases. The patients and the control group were re-evaluated after 1 year. Our results showed that serum CgA positively correlated with multiple bone metastases and higher Gleason score, serum levels of CgA and PSA. Levels of PSA were significantly higher in patients with PAC and bone metastases compared with those with no bone metastases (P0.001). In patients with multiple bone metastases and Gleason Score7 elevated serum levels of CgA higher than those of PSA were found. In conclusion, serum CgA levels is a valuable marker for predicting the presence of multiple bone metastases in PAC patients. Combined with PSA, CgA can predict disease progression in patients with advanced PAC under CAND treatment and is correlated with poor prognosis.

Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is common in elderly men. Nevertheless, the pathophysiology of low urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) may not be due only to BPH. Many men with LUTS are submitted to unnecessary medications or surgical interventions because their symptoms have not been correctly evaluated. Can diagnostic test such as serum prostate antigen (PSA), performed by nuclear medicine techniques and the trans-abdominal ultrasound determine with high sensitivity whether LUTS is due exclusively to BPH? The aim of the study was to correlate serum PSA, prostate volume (PV), intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP), uroflowmetry measuring maximal urine flow/sec (Qmax), and the international prostate symptom score (IPSS) questionnaire, to estimate urine bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), in patients with BPH. A hundred and twelve patients with mean of age 72 +/- 8 years and LUTS were studied. All patients were examined according to the IPSS questionnaire, had their serum PSA tested and also Qmax of prostate volume and IPP by trans-abdominal ultrasound were examined. The patients were separated in groups according to serum PSA values (or= 1.5 ng/ml, 1.6-4 ng/ml andor= 4.1 ng/ml), prostate volume (PV20.20-40 and20 ml) and the intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP5.5-10.10 mm). There was a statistical correlation between the BOO and: a) PSA (P = 0.004), b) prostate volume with P of0.001) and c) IPP = 0.005. On the contrary, there was no statistical correlation between BOO and IPSS, Qmax with P values 0.228 and 0.745 respectively. Receiving operating curve (ROC) showed that patients with a serum PSA value of 1.5-4 ng/ml, IPP of type II and PV 20-40 ml, had a sensitivity of 48% for PSA, of 50% for PV and of 47% for IPP and a specificity of 75%, 47% and 60% respectively. In conclusion, according to the results of this study, a more objective evaluation of BOO, which is exclusively due to BPH, should include, not only PV but also serum PSA values and IPP.