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Rural development is a multifaceted concept encompassing economic, social, cultural, and environmental dimensions. This paper explores the various factors involved in promoting rural development, with a focus on the outcome produced by the interplay between agriculture, infrastructure development, non-farm activities, social and cultural relations, education, environmental sustainability and government interventions. Drawing from scholarly literature and empirical evidence, it examines the role of each of these components in enhancing the well-being of rural communities. Agriculture remains a cornerstone of rural economies, but diversification into non-farm activities and the development of infrastructure are equally important. Infrastructure investments improve market access, reduce transaction costs, and stimulate economic activity, while non-farm activities contribute to job creation and income generation. Moreover, promoting entrepreneurship and innovation can drive economic growth and create opportunities for rural businesses. Social and cultural relations play a vital role in rural development, fostering community cohesion and resilience. Education emerges as a key enabler of rural development, empowering individuals with the skills and knowledge needed to participate in economic and social life effectively. Environmental sustainability is integral to rural development, as it ensures the long-term viability of rural ecosystems and livelihoods. Overall, rural development requires coordinated efforts across multiple fronts, involving various stakeholders and sectors. By addressing economic, social, cultural and environmental challenges in an integrated manner, policymakers can foster inclusive and sustainable rural development, thereby improving the well-being of rural communities and contributing to overall national development goals.

This article explores the complex relationship between state aid and the evolution of economic environment, with a particular focus on the competitiveness of the regions where the aid beneficiaries activate. Many economic theories and ideas discuss the impact of state involvement on economic growth, emphasizing that excessive intervention can result in inefficiencies and distortions. However, targeted and strategic aid has the potential to stimulate economic growth, promote innovation, and address market failures. The paper compares EU regions with a high Competitiveness Index to those at the bottom of the competitiveness list, examining the volume and nature of aid provided to companies in these regions. The aim is to determine whether a direct relationship exists between aid and competitiveness. The findings generally confirm the previous research highlighting the beneficial effects of state aid on businesses’ competitiveness, but with some original findings. We discovered that state aid supports the competitiveness of the beneficiaries, but some types of aid are more appropriate to sustain a company and make it more competitive. State aid promoting training, research, development, and innovative activities and infrastructure has greater potential to help companies become more competitive in the present global market.

The United States of America (US) has long been a key player in the global energy landscape, with its gas and oil market serving as a critical component of both its domestic economy and international relations. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the US's gas and oil market, analysing its historical evolution, current state, and prospects. The paper begins by tracing the historical developments that have shaped the US's gas and oil industry, including key milestones such as the discovery of major oil fields, the growth of shale gas production, and the impact of geopolitical events on market dynamics. It then delves into the contemporary landscape, examining the major players in the industry, production and consumption trends, infrastructure, and distribution networks, as well as the regulatory frameworks that govern exploration, extraction, and trade. In this article, the author tries to make an overview of the US gas and oil market from the market from its appearance until today. The gas and oil market legislation and the authorities that regulate and supervise the market are identified and presented. The federal and states transport and distribution system is an overview and their connection. This article also offers a comprehensive analysis of the US gas and oil market, encompassing its historical trajectory, current landscape, economic significance, environmental challenges, and future directions. By examining these facets, it will be provided valuable insights into the complex interplay between energy resources, economic development, and environmental sustainability within the context of a rapidly evolving global energy landscape.

The USA energy market is a complex and evolving system that profoundly impacts the nation's economy and environmental landscape. This literature review offers a concise overview of the USA energy market, drawing insights from existing research. The review explores energy consumption trends, the diversity of energy sources, the influence of policies and regulations, market competition, pricing dynamics, and the challenges faced by energy infrastructure. The transition towards sustainable and resilient energy solutions in the face of growing demand and climate concerns remains a key challenge. This paper provides a glimpse into the USA energy market's multifaceted nature and its significance for policymakers, stakeholders, and researchers working towards a more sustainable future. In this article, the author tries to make an overview of USA electricity market from market from its appearance until today. The electricity market legislation and the authorities which assure market regulation are identified and presented. Federal and states transport and distribution system is overview and their connection. Finally, it is presented the market situation is shown together with the legal steps which was taken in order to promote the renewable energies.

In this paper, the author are making an overview of the energy market in European Union (EU) countries. The present EU energy market and its evolution after price liberalization decision is also analyzed in this article. The steps made to assure national energy markets integration and the evolution of energy consumption and prices are also presented in the manuscript. The dependence of Russian imports is an important issue nowadays in the EU and the main conclusion of the paper is that the governments should develop more the renewable energy systems in order to decrease the dependence on the Russian energy.

The article makes a detailed examination of the Russian oil and gas market. It outlines the legislative framework regulating the sector and identifies the regulatory authorities overseeing market operations. It introduces in Russia's oil and gas transport and distribution system and analyzes the current market conditions. A SWOT analysis is included to illustrate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats confronting the Russian oil and gas industry. The article also discusses the strategic significance of Russia's geographic location, the necessity for infrastructure upgrades, and the challenges associated with the global shift towards renewable energy. The analysis of current market dynamics is supported by production statistics and an evaluation of the industry's future prospects, such as the potential for integrating renewable energy sources and advancing LNG technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]