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182 results on '"Steffens, Erhard"'

1. Design Consideration on a Polarized Gas Target for the LHC

Author

Steffens, Erhard, Carassiti, Vittorio, Ciullo, Giuseppe, Di Nezza, Pasquale, Lenisa, Paolo, Pappalardo, Luciano, and Vasilyev, Alexander

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

Since 2017, the LHCSpin study group is investigating the installation of a HERMES-type polarized gas target (PGT) in front of the LHCb detector in order to perform Single-Spin Transverse Asymmetry (SSTA) measurements. In cooperation with LHC experts, the conditions for applying a PGT are being studied. As a viable option, a cold openable storage cell is considered. A key role for avoiding instabilities of the 7 TeV proton beam is the choice of a proper coating and the suppression of wake fields. A first warm (300 K) test storage cell is planned for installation in 2019 inside the VELO vessel, subject to final approval. It will improve the ongoing SMOG program of LHCb fixed target measurements, and will provide valuable experience of running a storage cell in the harsh LHC environment. The status of the design considerations on a PGT in the LHC beam and of the discussion of critical machine issues is presented., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, 11 references

Published
2019

2. The LHCspin project

Author

Santimaria Marco, Carassiti Vittore, Ciullo Giuseppe, Di Nezza Pasquale, Lenisa Paolo, Mariani Saverio, Pappalardo Luciano Libero, and Steffens Erhard

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

The goal of LHCspin is to develop, in the next few years, innovative solutions and cutting-edge technologies to access spin physics in polarised fixed-target collisions at high energy, exploring the unique kinematic regime offered by LHC and exploiting new final states by means of the LHCb detector.

Published
2023
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3. Direct Simulation of Low-Pressure Supersonic Gas Expansions and its Experimental Verification

Author

Nass, Alexander and Steffens, Erhard

Subjects
Physics - Atomic Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

The use of gas expansions to generate atomic or molecular beams has become a standard technique in nuclear and hadron physics for the production of polarized ion beams and gas targets. A direct simulation Monte Carlo method was used to understand the processes occurring in an expansion of highly dissociated hydrogen or deuterium gas at low densities. The results were verified in several measurements including time-of-flight and beam-profile determinations which showed that the supersonic gas expansions can properly be described by the Monte Carlo calculations. Additionally a new method of beam formation, the hollow carrier jet, was tested under the conditions of the atomic beam source operation.

Published
2008
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5. The LHCspin project

Author

Di Nezza, Pasquale, primary, Carassiti, Vittore, additional, Ciullo, Giuseppe, additional, Lenisa, Paolo, additional, Mariani, Saverio, additional, Pappalardo, Luciano Libero, additional, Santimaria, Marco, additional, Steffens, Erhard, additional, and Tagliente, Giuseppe, additional

Published
2023
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6. The LHCspin project: A polarised gas target at the Large Hadron Collider.

Author

Santimaria, Marco, Carassiti, Vittore, Ciullo, Giuseppe, Di Nezza, Pasquale, Lenisa, Paolo, Mariani, Saverio, Pappalardo, Luciano Libero, and Steffens, Erhard

Subjects
LARGE Hadron Collider, HEAVY ion collisions, KINEMATICS, POLARIZED beams (Nuclear physics), PARTICLE physics
Abstract

The goal of LHCspin is to develop, in the next few years, innovative solutions and cutting-edge technologies to access spin physics in polarised fixed-target collisions at high energy, exploring the unique kinematic regime offered by LHC and exploiting new final states by means of the LHCb detector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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7. The LHCspin project

Author

Santimaria, Marco, primary, Carassiti, Vittore, additional, Ciullo, Giuseppe, additional, Di Nezza, Pasquale, additional, Lenisa, Paolo, additional, Mariani, Saverio, additional, Pappalardo, Luciano L., additional, and Steffens, Erhard, additional

Published
2022
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8. The LHCspin project

Author

Di Nezza, Pasquale, primary, Carassiti, Vittore, additional, Ciullo, Giuseppe, additional, Lenisa, Paolo, additional, Santimaria, Marco, additional, Steffens, Erhard, additional, Tagliente, Giuseppe, additional, and Pappalardo, Luciano Libero, additional

Published
2022
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12. LHC fixed target experiments : Report from the LHC Fixed Target Working Group of the CERN Physics Beyond Colliders Forum

Author

Barschel, Colin, Bernhard, Johannes, Bersani, Andrea, Meneguolo, Caterina Boscolo, Bruce, Roderik, Calviani, Marco, Carassiti, Vittore, Cerutti, Francesco, Chiggiato, Paolo, Ciullo, Giuseppe, Nezza, Pasquale Di, Ferro-Luzzi, Massimiliano, Fomin, Alex, Galluccio, Francesca, Garattini, Marco, Giovannozzi, Massimo, Hadjidakis, Cynthia, Kurepin, Alexeii, Kurepin, Nikolay, Lenisa, Paolo, Macrì, Mario, Vidal, Fernando Martinez, Massacrier, Laure Marie, Mazzolari, Andrea, Mereghetti, Alessio, Merli, Andrea, Mether, Lotta, Mirarchi, Daniele, Neri, Nicola, Orth, Herbert, Pappalardo, Luciano Libero, Poland, Kyle Lewis, Popovic, Branko Kosta, Pressard, Kevin, Redaelli, Stefano, Robbe, Patrick, Rossi, Roberto, Rumolo, Giovanni, Salvant, Benoît, Scandale, Walter, Steffens, Erhard, Stocchi, Achille, Topilskaya, Natalia, Vollinger(, Christine, European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), and CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs Published by CERN

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex]
Abstract

Several fixed-target experiments at the LHC are being proposed and actively studied. Splitting of beam halo from the core by means of a bent crystal combined with a second bent crystal after the target has been suggested in order to study magnetic and electric dipole moments of short-lived particles. A similar scheme without the second crystal or other schemes with more conventional solid or gas target have been proposed to study the hadronic matter and the quark-gluon plasma, as well as to provide inputs to cosmic ray physics. Most notably, an upgrade of the existing and already productive LHCb gas target (SMOG), which would make use of a storage cell, has been proposed, designed, and extensively reviewed. The implementation in LHCb of a polarised gas target, based on the storage cell technique, was also discussed, motivated by the nucleon-spin study. The status of these proposals, their technical feasibility and impacts on the LHC machine have been studied in the LHC fixed-target working group of the Physics Beyond Collider forum at CERN. The status and outcome of these studies are presented here.

Published
2020

13. Performance of the first superconducting cold-bore undulator in an electron storage ring

Author

Bernhard, Axel, Casalbuoni, Sara, Frahm, Roland, Griesebock, Bernd, Haake, Ulrich, Hagelstein, Michael, Kostka, Barbara, Mathis, Yves Laurent, Muller, Anke Susanne, Rossmanith, Robert, Schock, Fabian, Steffens, Erhard, Weiber, Matthias, Wollmann, Daniel, and Baumbach, Tilo

Subjects
Electron beams -- Analysis, Superconducting magnets -- Design and construction, Synchrotron radiation -- Analysis, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

The performance of the first superconducting cold-bore undulator in an electron storage ring is discussed. Findings reveal that the heat deposited by the beam of the undulator on the 8 mm gap is less than 1 W per 100 mA at 2.5 GeV.

Published
2007

15. LHCspin: a polarized internal target for the LHC

Author

Lenisa, Paolo, primary, Steffens, Erhard, additional, Carassiti, Vito, additional, Ciullo, Giuseppe, additional, Di Nezza, Pasquale, additional, Pappalardo, Luciano Libero, additional, and Vasilyev, Alexander A., additional

Published
2020
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16. Note on the Efficiency of Differential Pumping in the LHC Polarized Gas Target (PGT)

Author

Steffens, Erhard

Subjects
Accelerators and Storage Rings
Abstract

For a sufficient density of a window-less gas target based on a storage cell, a substantial gas flow rate is required, exceeding that of UHV vacuum systems. Therefore, differential pumping has to be applied in order to limit the gas flow into neighbouring sections. Applying analytical formulae valid in the molecular regime, the on-axis flow – which can not be collimated – from the downstream end of the target tube towards the VELO vessel is estimated. It has been shown that the existing vacuum systems can cope with the flow.

Published
2019

17. LHC fixed target experiments

Author

Barschel, Colin, Bernhard, Johannes, Bersani, Andrea, Boscolo Meneguolo, Caterina, Bruce, Roderik, Calviani, Marco, Carassiti, Vittore, Cerutti, Francesco, Chiggiato, Paolo, Ciullo, Giuseppe, Di Nezza, Pasquale, Ferro-Luzzi, Massimiliano, Fomin, Alex, Galluccio, Francesca, Garattini, Marco, Giovannozzi, Massimo, Hadjidakis, Cynthia, Kurepin, Alexeii, Kurepin, Nikolay, Lenisa, Paolo, Macrì, Mario, Martinez Vidal, Fernando, Massacrier, Laure Marie, Mazzolari, Andrea, Mereghetti, Alessio, Merli, Andrea, Mether, Lotta, Mirarchi, Daniele, Neri, Nicola, Orth, Herbert, Pappalardo, Luciano Libero, Poland, Kyle Lewis, Popovic, Branko Kosta, Pressard, Kevin, Redaelli, Stefano, Robbe, Patrick, Rossi, Roberto, Rumolo, Giovanni, Salvant, Benoît, Scandale, Walter, Steffens, Erhard, Stocchi, Achille, Topilskaya, Natalia, and Vollinger, Christine

Subjects
Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Accelerators and Storage Rings
Abstract

Several fixed-target experiments at the LHC are being proposed and actively studied. Splitting of beam halo from the core by means of a bent crystal combined with a second bent crystal after the target has been suggested in order to study magnetic and electric dipole moments of short-lived particles. A similar scheme without the second crystal or other schemes with more conventional solid or gas target have been proposed to study the hadronic matter and the quark-gluon plasma, as well as to provide inputs to cosmic ray physics. Most notably, an upgrade of the existing and already productive LHCb gas target (SMOG), which would make use of a storage cell, has been proposed, designed, and extensively reviewed. The implementation in LHCb of a polarised gas target, based on the storage cell technique, was also discussed, motivated by the nucleon-spin study. The status of these proposals, their technical feasibility and impacts on the LHC machine have been studied in the LHC fixed-target working group of the Physics Beyond Collider forum at CERN. The status and outcome of these studies are presented here.

Published
2019

18. The SMOG2 project

Author

Di Nezza, Pasquale, Carassiti, Vittore, Ciullo, Giuseppe, Lenisa, Paolo, Pappalardo, Luciano Libero, Steffens, Erhard, Bruce, Roderik, Vasilyev, Alexander, Boscolo Meneguolo, Caterina, Bregliozzi, Giuseppe, Gebolis, Piotr Mieczysla, Iadarola, Giovanni, Mether, Lotta, Pigny, Gregory, Popovic, Branko Kosta, Salvant, Benoît, Sestak, Josef, Vollinger, Christine, and Zannini, Carlo

Subjects
Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Accelerators and Storage Rings
Abstract

"A proposal for an upgraded version of the existing gas injection system for the LHCb experiment (SMOG) is presented. The core idea of the project, called SMOG2, is the use of a storage cell for the injected gas to be installed upstream of the VELO detector. The main advantage of the proposed system is to increase by up to two orders of magnitude the effective target areal density, thus resulting in a significant increase of the luminosity for fixed-target collisions. Other important advantages are the possibility to inject additional gas species, including H$_2$ and D$_2$, a better defined interaction region, displaced with respect to the nominal interaction point, and thus possibly compatible with running in parallel to the collider mode (resulting in a further huge increase in luminosity). A technical design of the target system is presented together with a description of the installation procedure. Impedance properties and Electron Cloud effects have been studied for the proposed system, and the possible beam instabilities estimated. The geometry of the system has been integrated into the GEANT4 model of the LHCb detector in order to validate the target design with reliable simulation studies, and to ensure that the near-beam material budget has negligible effects in terms of beam-induced background. The loss in reconstruction efficiency with respect to SMOG for selected physics channels, due to the displaced interaction region with respect to the nominal interaction point, is found to be of the order 10%, thus largely over-compensated by the expected increase in luminosity. The installation of the system is proposed for the LHC Long Shutdown 2. This will open new physics frontiers at LHCb already from the LHC Run-3."

Published
2018

20. Internal gas target experiments at the LHC

Author

Di Nezza, Pasquale, primary, Carassiti, Vito, additional, Ciullo, Giuseppe, additional, Lenisa, Paolo, additional, Pappalardo, Luciano Libero, additional, Steffens, Erhard, additional, and Vasilyev, A., additional

Published
2019
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21. The LHCSpin project

Author

Pappalardo, Luciano Libero, primary, Carassiti, Vittore, additional, Di Nezza, Pasquale, additional, Ciullo, Giuseppe, additional, Lenisa, Paolo, additional, Steffens, Erhard, additional, and Vasilyev, Alexander A., additional

Published
2019
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22. Spin goes Chinese

Author

Gao, Haiyan, Ma, Bo-Qiang, Miner, Richard, and Steffens, Erhard

Abstract

With SPIN2014, the International Symposium on Spin Physics visited China for the first time.

Published
2015

24. Physics case for a polarised target for AFTER@LHC

Author

Lansberg, Jean-Philippe, primary, Anselmino, Mauro, additional, Arnaldi, Roberta, additional, Brodsky, Stanley J., additional, Chambert, Valérie, additional, Didelez, Jean-Pierre, additional, Echevarria, Miguel G., additional, Gonzalez Ferreiro, Elena, additional, Fleuret, Frédéric, additional, Gao, Yuanning, additional, Genolini, Bernard, additional, Hadjidakis, Cynthia, additional, Hrivnacova, Ivana, additional, Kikola, Daniel, additional, Kurepin, A., additional, Lorce, Cedric, additional, Massacrier, Laure, additional, Nass, Alexander, additional, Pisano, Christian, additional, Schienbein, Ingo, additional, Schlegel, Marc, additional, Scomparin, Enrico, additional, SEIXAS, Joao, additional, Signori, Andrea, additional, STEFFENS, Erhard, additional, Topilskaya, Natalia, additional, Trzeciak, Barbara, additional, Uggerhoej, Ulrik, additional, Uras, Antonio, additional, Ulrich, Ralf Matthias, additional, and Yang, Zhenwei, additional

Published
2016
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33. The HERMES Polarized H&D Gas Target: 10 Years of Operation.

Author

Steffens, Erhard

Subjects
*POLARIZED targets (Nuclear physics), *HYDROGEN, *DEUTERIUM, *POLARIZATION (Nuclear physics), *ELECTRON beams, *POSITRONS
Abstract

The design and operation of the polarized hydrogen and deuterium gas target internal to the HERA 27.5 GeV polarized electron ring is described. The target has been employed to measure the spin structure of the nucleon, using beams of electrons and positrons, both polarized and unpolarized. The various components of the target system will be described and the operation summarized. The target was removed in November 2005, after 10 years of successful running. It will be utilized in preparation of the PAX experiment at FAIR (Darmstadt) for spin filtering studies of protons and antiprotons. © 2007 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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34. Report on the workshop “polarized sources and targets” Erlangen 1999.

Author

Steffens, Erhard

Subjects
*ADULT education workshops, *NUCLEAR physics
Abstract

The International Workshop PST99, devoted to Rudolf Fleischmann, was conducted at Erlangen from September 29 to October 2, 1999, and attended by about 120 scientists from nine countries. The program consisted of three parallel sessions on polarized ion sources and gas targets, polarized electron sources and polarized solid targets. In addition, the plenary sessions included reports on spin experiments and applications, and summary talks of all three topics. The workshop provided an overview of existing sources and targets at operating facilities and highlighted the developments necessary for a new generation of spin experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2001

38. Test of an Electromagnetic Shimming Concept for Superconducting Undulators.

Author

Mashkina, Elena, Grau, Andreas, Boffo, Cristian, Borlein, Markus, Baumbach, Tilo, Casalbuoni, Sara, Hageistein, Michael, Rossmanith, Robert, Steffens, Erhard, and Walter, Wolfgang

Subjects
HIGH temperature superconductors, WIGGLER magnets, MAGNETIC fields, SYNCHROTRONS, ELECTRIC coils, SOLENOID magnetic fields
Abstract

Accurate magnetic field measurements are a prerequisite for the characterization and optimization of undulators. At the synchrotron light source ANKA there is an ongoing R&D program for superconducting insertion devices. Within this program a test stand for precise magnetic field measurements of superconductive coils was designed, built and installed at the Research Center Karlsruhe. Comprehensive magnetic measurements are performed to confirm the magnet design and to detect or correct field imperfections resulting from the manufacturing process. The magnetic field is measured along a fixed direction by Hall probes with a positioning precision of 3 μm. A NbTi undulator prototype with local correction coils was built to verify the performance of the superconductor and the shimming concept. In this contribution we describe the measuring test station and preliminary tests results including the efficiency of the shimming concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009
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39. Helium-Free Field Measurement System for Superconducting Undulator Coils.

Author

Grau, Andreas, Mashkina, Elena, Bernhard, Axel, Casalbuoni, Sara, Peiffer, Peter, Wollmann, Daniel, Rossmanith, Robert, Hageistein, Michael, Steffens, Erhard, and Baumbach, Tilo

Subjects
HIGH temperature superconductors, PHOTON beams, LIQUID helium, LIQUID nitrogen, MAGNETIC fields, MAGNETIC measurements
Abstract

Superconducting undulators generate, for a given period length and a given gap, higher fields than permanent magnet undulators. Since in an undulator the photons add up coherently over the whole undulator length, even small magnetic field errors can disturb the superposition of photons and reduce the intensity of the generated photon beam. Therefore, as in any other undulator, the magnetic field has to be measured with high accuracy. In the presently existing magnetic measurement system for superconducting undulator mock-ups, the coils and the Hall probes are in liquid helium. In this paper a different technique is described. Coils and Hall probes are in vacuum and the coils are indirectly cooled by cryocoolers to 4 K. In order to speed up the cooling process the 4 K region is surrounded by a 80 K shield which is cooled by liquid nitrogen. The cryostat allows to measure coils up to a total length of 1.5 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009
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40. Superconductive Undulators With Variable Polarization Direction.

Author

Bernhard, Axel, Chouhan, Shailendra, Kostka, Barbara, Rossmanith, Robert, Schindler, Uwe, Schneider, Theo, Steffens, Erhard, and Weisser, Matthias

Subjects
SUPERCONDUCTING magnets, RADIATION, X-rays, SUPERCONDUCTORS, PROTOTYPES, MAGNETICS
Abstract

In the past planar superconductive undulators have been successfully developed and tested with beam. They produce linearly polarized light (X-rays) and allow to tune the emitted wavelength electrically. In this paper a novel type of superconductive undulators is introduced which allows to tune electrically in addition to the wavelength the polarization direction. A short prototype was built and tested in a Life bath. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2005
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42. Antiproton-proton scattering experiments with polarization

Author

Barone, Vincenzo, Ma, Bo-Qiang, Goeke, Klaus, Metz, Andreas, Schweitzer, Peter, Bisplinghoff, Jens, Eversheim, Paul-Dieter, Hinterberger, Frank, Meissner, Ulf-G, Rohdjess, Heiko, Sibirtsev, Alexander, Montag, Christoph, Vogelsang, Werner, D Alesio, Umberto, Murgia, Francesco, Buttimore, Nigel H., Efremov, Anatoly, Teryaev, Oleg, Dymov, Sergey, Kadagidze, Natela, Komarov, Vladimir, Kulikov, Anatoly, Kurbatov, Vladimir, Leontiev, Vladimir, Macharashvili, Gogi, Merzliakov, Sergey, Meshkov, Igor, Serdjuk, Valeri, Sidorin, Anatoly, Smirnow, Alexander, Syresin, Evgeny, Trusov, Sergey V., Uzikov, Yuri, Volkov, Alexander, Zhuravlev, Nikolai, Ivanov, Oleg, Krivokhizhin, Victor, Meshcheryakov, Gleb, Nagaytsev, Alexander, Peshekhonov, Vladimir, Savin, Igor A., Shaikhatdenov, Binur, Shevchenko, Oleg, Yarygin, Gennady, Eyrich, Wolfgang, Kacharava, Andro, Krauss, Bernhard, Lehmann, Albert, Reggiani, Davide, Rith, Klaus, Seidel, Ralf, Steffens, Erhard, Stinzing, Friedrich, Tait, Phil, Yaschenko, Sergey, Capiluppi, Marco, Ciullo, Guiseppe, Contalbrigo, Marco, Drago, Alessandro, Ferretti-Dalpiaz, Giordano, Francesca, Lenisa, Paolo, Pappalardo, Luciano, Stancari, Giulio, Stancari, Michelle, Statera, Marco, Avetisyan, Eduard, Bianchi, Nicola, Sanctis, Enzo, Di Nezz, Pasquale, Fantoni, Alessandra, Hadjidakis, Cynthia, Hasch, Delia, Mirazita, Marco, Muccifora, Valeria, Ronchetti, Federico, Rossi, Patrizia, Barsov, Sergey, Belostotski, Stanislav, Grebenyuk, Oleg, Grigoriev, Kirill, Izotov, Anton, Jgoun, Anton, Kravtsov, Peter, Manaenkov, Sergey, Mikirtytchiants, Maxim, Mikirtytchiants, Sergey, Miklukho, Oleg, Naryshkin, Yuri, Vassiliev, Alexander, Zhdanov, Andrey, Ryckbosch, Dirk, Jiang, Yi, Lu, Hai-Jiang, Ma, Wen-Gan, Shen, Ji, Ye, Yun-Xiu, Yin, Ze-Jie, Zhang, Yong-Min, Chiladze, David, Gebel, Ralf, Engels, Ralf, Felden, Olaf, Haidenbauer, Johann, Christoph Hanhart, Hartmann, Michael, Keshelashvili, Irakli, Krewald, Siegfried, Lehrach, Andreas, Lorentz, Bernd, Martin, Sigfried, Nikolaev, Nikolai, Prasuhn, Dieter, Rathmann, Frank, Schleichert, Ralf, Seyfarth, Hellmut, Stroher, Hans, Bruncko, Dusan, Ferencei, Jozef, Musinsky, Jan, Urban, Jozef, Wiedner, Christian, Coriano, Claudio, Guzzi, Marco, Wise, Tom, Ratcliffe, Philip, Baru, Vadim, Gasparyan, Ashot, Grishina, Vera, Kondratyuk, Leonid, Kudriavtsev, Alexander, Bagulya, Alexander, Devitsin, Evgeni, Kozlov, Valentin, Terkulov, Adel, Zavertiaev, Mikhail, Bogdanov, Aleksei, Nurushev, Sandibek, Okorokov, Vitalii, Runtzo, Mikhail, Strikhanov, Mikhail, Shatunov, Yuri, Pire, Bernard, Belikov, Nikolai, Chujko, Boris, Kharlov, Yuri, Korotkov, Vladislav, Medvedev, Viktor, Mysnik, Anatoli, Prudkoglyad, Aleksey, Semenov, Pavel, Troshin, Sergey, Ukhanov, Mikhail, Chiladze, Badri, Lomidze, Nodar, Machavariani, Alexander, Nioradze, Mikheil, Sakhelashvili, Tariel, Tabidze, Mirian, Trekov, Igor, Kurdadze, Leri, Tsirekidze, George, Anselmino, Mauro, Boglione, Mariaelena, Prokudin, Alexei, Thorngren-Engblom, Pia, Liuti, Simonetta, Augustyniak, Witold, Marianski, Bohdan, Szymanowski, Lech, Trzcinski, Andrzej, Zupranski, Pawel, Akopov, Norayr, Avagyan, Robert, Avetisyan, Albert, Elbakyan, Garry, Hakopov, Zaven, Marukyan, Hrachya, and Taroian, Sargis

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