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(1) Background: Since the discovery of antibiotics in the first half of the 20th century, humans have abused this privilege, giving rise to antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Recent research has brought to light the use of antimicrobial peptides in polymers, hydrogels, and nanoparticles (NPs) as a newer and safer alternative to traditional antibiotics. (2) Methods: This review article is a synthesis of the scientific works published in the last 15 years, focusing on the synthesis of polymers with proven antimicrobial properties. (3) Results: After a critical review of the literature was made, information and data about the synthesis and antimicrobial activity of antibacterial polymers and NPs functionalized with antibiotics were extracted. Fluorinated surfactants such as the Quaterfluo® series presented significant antimicrobial effects and could be modulated to contain thioesters to boost this characteristic. Biopolymers like chitosan and starch were also doped with iodine and used as iodophors to deliver iodine atoms directly to pathogens, as well as being antimicrobial on their own. Quaternary phosphonium salts are known for their increased antimicrobial activity compared to ammonium-containing polymers and are more thermally stable. (4) Conclusions: In summary, polymers and polymeric NPs seem like future alternatives to traditional antibiotics. Future research is needed to determine functional doses for clinical use and their toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compounds of natural origin found in varying quantities in plant-based products constitute a highly significant category, possessing structural significance as well as the capacity to regulate oxidative processes. The activity of these compounds may be modulated by the composition of the biological environment in which they operate, the pH of the environment, or the presence of metal cations in plants or plant extracts. A successful complexation reaction was mainly confirmed by FT-IR, observing the shift from the original transmittance of catechin bonds, especially O-H ones. This work shows the synthetic methodology and the optimization process that took place to synthesize a catechin–copper complex, which demonstrated antioxidant activity. It was tested for iron chelation ability, hydroxyl radicals, and the inhibition of lipoxygenase (15-LOX). An antidiabetic assay was performed by determining the inhibition of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase, finding that the synthesized complex had similar inhibitory potential as pure catechin. The antibacterial tests showed results against Staphylococcus aureus and the antifungal properties of the complex against Candida albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the Study: This study aims to provide a comprehensive comparison of different inorganic dental cements by reviewing existing literature, discussing their properties, applications, and advancements, and outlining future prospects in this field. Introduction: Dental cements play a critical role in restorative dentistry, providing essential properties like adhesion, biocompatibility, and mechanical strength necessary for the success and longevity of dental restorations. Among the inorganic dental cements, zinc phosphate, glass ionomer, and resin-modified glass ionomer cements are widely used due to their distinct advantages and specific applications. Methods and Materials: A thorough literature review was conducted, analyzing peer-reviewed studies and clinical reports on zinc phosphate, glass ionomer, and resin-modified glass ionomer cements. The analysis focused on comparing their chemical compositions, mechanical properties, adhesion capabilities, biocompatibility, and clinical performance. Results: Zinc phosphate cement is noted for its high compressive strength but lacks adhesion to tooth structures and can cause postoperative sensitivity. Glass ionomer cement offers fluoride release and good adhesion but has lower mechanical strength. Resin-modified glass ionomer cement combines the benefits of both, providing enhanced mechanical properties, moisture resistance, and fluoride release. Conclusions: Inorganic dental cements each present unique benefits and limitations. Zinc phosphate is best for its mechanical strength, glass ionomer for caries prevention, and resin-modified glass ionomer for a balanced performance. Future advancements in nanotechnology and adhesive formulations promise further improvements in dental cement properties, enhancing restorative dentistry outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the Study: The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of dental cementation techniques, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches, as well as their impact on esthetics in restorative dentistry. Material and Methods: This study employed a systematic approach to gather relevant information, conducting extensive research using electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Articles released from April onwards were targeted, focusing exclusively on English-language publications. A comprehensive set of keywords, including "dental cementation," "advantages," "disadvantages," and "esthetic outcomes," were utilized to ensure thorough coverage of the topic. Results: The analysis of dental cementation techniques revealed a range of advantages and disadvantages associated with different approaches. These findings provide valuable insights into the impact of various cementation methods on esthetic outcomes in restorative dentistry. Dental cements are engineered to secure restorations, appliances, and post-and-core systems in a stable and durable manner within the oral environment. Conventional glass ionomer and zinc phosphate cements are among the most widely used materials for luting metallic restorations and posts. In contrast, resin-based cements are favored for esthetic applications. The successful cementation of esthetic restorations largely depends on the proper treatment and silane application to the internal surface of the restoration. Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the importance of carefully considering the advantages and disadvantages of dental cementation techniques in restorative dentistry. Understanding the impact of these methods on esthetic outcomes is crucial for optimizing patient care and treatment outcomes. Further research in this area is warranted to continue improving dental cementation practices and enhancing esthetic results for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim of the study: Toothpaste, an indispensable component of oral hygiene routines, has witnessed a remarkable evolution from ancient times to the present era of scientific rigor. This study explores the differences in toothpaste formulations, focusing on the integration of active compounds, abrasive agents, stabilizers, and anticorrosive measures. Introduction: Historically, toothpaste, or dentifrice, has been utilized since antiquity, with various cultures employing diverse ingredients such as salt and plants for oral care. However, in the developed world, toothpaste has become universally adopted, with formulations ranging from cosmetic to medicinal classifications based on their preventive and therapeutic effects on oral health. Materials and methods: The development of toothpaste formulations involves meticulous experimentation to strike a balance between efficacy and safety. Key components include active compounds like sodium fluoride, abrasive agents such as dicalcium dihydrate phosphate, and stabilizers like Aerosil and Sident. Results: These ingredients are carefully selected to optimize cleaning efficacy while minimizing risks such as enamel abrasion and corrosion in packaging materials. This study highlights emerging trends in toothpaste formulation, including the integration of nanotechnology for enhanced anticorrosive measures, exploration of biodegradable alternatives, and customization of formulations to meet individual preferences. Advanced manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing enable precise control over ingredients, paving the way for personalized oral care solutions. Conclusion: In summary, the continuous refinement of toothpaste formulations underscores a commitment to improving oral health outcomes while addressing sustainability and personalized care demands. By embracing these advancements, the dental industry can contribute to promoting overall well-being and enhancing oral hygiene practices on a global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comprehensive assessment of noble metal cements in dental medicine, aiming to inform dental professionals and researchers about their characteristics, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. The authors synthesized current knowledge on noble metal cements, discussing their biocompatibility, durability, malleability, and versatility, as well as considerations related to cost, esthetics, and environmental impact. The article also explores the evolution of gold-based dental alloys and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of noble metal cements, such as gold and platinum alloys. Overall, gold remains a valuable option in dental practice, offering timeless aesthetics, exceptional durability, and biocompatibility. [Extracted from the article]

This article provides an overview of the use of radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear dentistry, emphasizing their role in early disease diagnosis and their complementarity to conventional imaging techniques. The authors conducted extensive research to gather relevant information on the topic and conclude that further research and development will solidify the importance of radiopharmaceuticals in dental care. The article also discusses the benefits and risks of nuclear medicine and highlights recent advancements in the field. It emphasizes the need for ongoing education for dental professionals to effectively utilize nuclear medicine. [Extracted from the article]

Unlabelled: Crataegus macracantha Lodd, family Rosaceae, is a very rare species in Europe, and unlike Crataegus monogyna is less investigated for pharmacologic activity., Aim: To analyze the ability of the lyophilisate of extract obtained from leaves of Crataegus macracantha Lodd (single plant at the Iaşi Botanical Garden) to capture free radicals in vitro., Material and Methods: The lyophilisate obtained in Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iaşi. The decreased absorbance of chromophore chlorpromazine radical cation in the presence of the lyophilized solutions was studied spectrophotometrically. The indicator radical cation, obtained by oxidation of chlorpromazine by potassium persulfate, has the maximum absorbance at 525 nm. Ascorbic acid was used as a standard antioxidant., Results: The absorbance of radical solution was determined after the addition of a certain amount of lyophilisate at different time intervals. The antioxidant activity was calculated using the calibration curve obtained by plotting the variation in radical solution absorbance depending on ascorbic acid concentration. For each ascorbic acid concentration the area under the curve was calculated from plotting the percentage inhibition of the absorbance at two pre-established time intervals., Conclusions: The results confirm the antioxidant activity of the leaves of Crataegus Macracantha Lodd and by optimizing the proposed analytical methods the antiradical activity can be quickly evaluated with minimal reagent consumption.

Aim: Acylation of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid with an adequate acyl chloride in order to obtain cefotaxime sodium salt., Material and Methods: Cefotaxime sodium salt was synthesized by acylating 7-amino cephalosporanic acid with 2-[2'-chloracetamidothiazole-4-yl]-2-(syn)-methoxy-imino acetic chloride in four steps. The melting point was determined, and IR spectral analysis and elemental analysis were performed to confirm cefotaxime structure. The quantitative determination was performed., Results: The reaction conditions were established. The yield of the synthesis phases (73-80%) and actual yield (45-47%) were very good. The structure of the obtained cefotaxime sodium salt was confirmed by the IR spectral analysis and by elemental analysis (C, H, N). The melting point was 163 degrees C. The purity of the synthesized cefotaxime sodium salt was 98.9%., Conclusions: Cefotaxime sodium salt was synthesized by acylation of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid with 2-[2'-chloracetamidothiazole-4-yl]-2-(syn)-methoxy-imino acetic chloride, in aqueous solution, then transformed into sodium salt with sodium 2-ethylhexanoate. The method proved to be very good, yields were good, it is reproducible and simple, and does not involve high risks, so it is also safe.

Unlabelled: Measurement of free radical scavenging capacity of antioxidants is influenced by a number of parameters that depend on reaction rate., Aim: A new method for assessing the free radical scavenging activity in which the influence of antioxidant concentration and reaction rate on chlorpromazine radical cation absorbance are simultaneously monitored., Materials and Methods: The change in radical solution absorbance at 525 nm within a fixed time at different concentrations of the standard antioxidant--ascorbic acid (AA) are determined and percent inhibition is calculated., Results: The percent inhibition of color was plotted versus time, and the area under the curve was calculated for each concentration of the standard antioxidant. The calibration curve was obtained by plotting the area under the curve versus ascorbic acid concentration. The antioxidant activity of the samples was calculated using the regression line equation (r2 = 0.9991) and expressed as ascorbic acid molar equivalents (AAE) depending on the unit of measurement chosen for the tested product., Conclusions: The proposed method takes into account the two parameters influencing the kinetics of the reaction between antioxidant and radicals, namely the antioxidant concentration and fixed time for measuring absorbance.

Aim: A spectrophotometric UV-VIS fast, sensitive and simple method was developed for quantitative determination of two new antimicrobial preservatives (oxi-acetyl-mandelic acid and oxi-propionyl mandelic acid) and validated according to validation quides., Material and Methods: The absorption spectra were recorded at 200-400 nm, and the absorbances were measured at 256 nm for oxi-acetyl mandelic acid and 258 nm for oxipropionyl mandelic acid. Optimum working conditions were established and the method was validated. The developed and validated method was applied to determine these two preservatives from ointments, in which the preservatives were incorporated., Results: The method has a good linearity in the concentration range 0.1-1.5 mg/ml (for oxi-acetyl mandelic acid) and 0.1-1 mg/ml (for oxi-propionyl mandelic acid). The RSD for the precision of the method was 0.96328 for oxiacetyl mandelic acid and 0.797612 for oxi-propionyl mandelic acid. The relative standard deviation was 0.726367% for oxi-acetyl mandelic acid and 0.726234% for oxipropionyl mandelic acid. In the ointment samples, the concentration of oxi-acetyl mandelic acid and oxi-propionyl mandelic acid were within the limits specified by pharmacopoeia for ointments., Conclusions: The developed and validated spectrophotometric method, for the determination of oxi-acetyl mandelic acid and oxi-propionyl mandelic acid is simple, easy to perform, fast and cost effective.

Unlabelled: Through univalent oxidation chlorpromazine forms a colored and relatively stable radical cation with maximum absorbance at 525 nm, considered a redox mediator in a number of b iochemical reactions., Aim: To develop a spectrometric method for the determination of total antioxidant activity based on the reaction of chlorpromazine radical capture by ascorbic acid (standard antioxidant)., Material and Methods: The calibration curve was drawn by monitoring the decrease in the absorbance of the preformed radical solution (obtained by oxidation of chlorpromazine by potassium persulfate in an acidic environment) depending on ascorbic acid concentration., Results: The method was validated. In the ascorbic acid concentration range 10-100 microM/L linearity was good (r2 = 0.9991). Limit of detection (LOD) was 3.13 microM/L and limit of quantification (LOQ) was 9.49 microM/L. System precision (RSD = 0.75%), method precision (RSD = 4.50%) and intermediate precision (RSD = 4.63%) were determined. The average recovery of 101.7% for the concentration range 91.1 -105.9% confirmed the accuracy of the method., Conclusions: The method has a good linearity, precision, accuracy, and is easy to use for evaluation of antioxidant action of different products. Total antioxidant activity is expressed as ascorbic acid molar equivalents (AAE). The method has the advantage of using a radical involved in redox processes in the body.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of a new triazole formulation against 182 clinical isolates of yeasts recovered from blood cultures in three tertiary hospitals in Romania and to compare its activity with those of fluconazole and voriconazole. In vitro susceptibility was assessed by following the guidelines of AFST-EUCAST E. Def. 7.1. The distribution of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of MXP-4509 was very similar to that of voriconazole (MIC(50): 0.0312 mg/l vs. 0.0156 mg/l; MIC(90): 0.25 mg/l vs. 0.25 mg/l), but significantly different from that of fluconazole (MIC(50): 0.0312 mg/l vs. 0.5 mg/l; MIC(90): 0.25 mg/l vs. 32 mg/l). The new triazole MXP-4509 proved to have a good in vitro antifungal activity raising the interest for further pharmacological and microbiological investigations in order to assess its potential advantages for therapy.

Aim: The 6-aminopenicillanic acid acylation with certain acyl chlorides was performed in order to obtain antistaphylococcal penicillins with bigger crystals, easy to filtrate (shorter filtration time), much pure, and an increased output., Material and Methods: Oxacillin sodium salt was synthesized by acylating an aqueous solution of 6-aminopenicillanic acid sodium salt (NaHCO3 not in excess) with an ethylacetate solution of 5-phenyl-3-methyl-isoxazolyl-4-carboxilic acid chloride. The crystallization was performed with a 40.5% sodium 2-ethyl hexanoate izopropanolic solution. All tests (IR spectrum, iodometric titration, and microbiological dosage) were performed according to the Xth Romanian Pharmacopoeia standards., Results: The amount of synthesized oxacillin was higher and the output of 88,21%. Oxacillin had a high chemical purity (98,72%), and a very good microbiological activity (95% of the standard activity)., Conclusions: Oxacillin crystals were bigger, the filtration speed was increased, and process efficacy improved. The output of the process was also improved being higher than with classical acylation.

Unlabelled: The purpose of this study was to identify both the possibilities of in vitro generation of 1-phenyl-2,3-dimethyl-4-dimethylamino-5-pyrazolone (aminophenazone) radical cation (abbreviated APH*+) and the mechanisms of interaction with different antioxidants., Material and Method: The chromophore radical cation APH*+ was obtained by oxidizing APH with ammonium persulfate. The stages of the oxidation reaction and the production of the intermediate compounds were studied by spectrophotometrical and potentiometric titration. As standard antioxidant there was used a catechin solution in distilled water with concentrations ranging between 50-250 microg/mL, in weak alkaline environment., Results: The oxidation of APH with ammonium persulfate developed in four stages, involving the production of some intermediate compounds with different colorations. A mechanism for this reaction has been proposed. The radical cation forms to an APH - ammonium persulfate molar ratio of 2 : 1. In the presence of an antioxidant (catechin) the radical cation APH*+ forms to a molar ratio APH-ammonium persulfate of 1:1, in weak alkaline environment. It has an absorbtion maxima at lambda = 540 nm. The molar extinction coefficient of APH*+ at lambda = 540 nm has been calculated. Its absorbance was proportional with catechin concentration in the range 50-250 microg/mL (r2 = 0.9988)., Conclusion: The APH-ammonium persulfate system can be used for spectrophotometric determination of total polyphenols in different systems.

Unlabelled: In the present study there is described a simple and sensitive method for the evaluation of antioxidant activity in chlorpromazine-Fe (III) system using ascorbic acid as standard., Material and Method: Chlorpromazine [2-chloro-N-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)-phenothiazine] is oxidized in acidic media by Fe (III) with the formation of a stable radical cation characterized by an intense visible absorbtion band (lambda = 540 nm). The optimum parameters for the stability of the radical cation have been studied: molar ratio chlorpromazine-Fe (III), pH, solvents. Spectrophotometric methods have been used in these studies., Results: The chlorpromazine radical cation is stable in the acidic media (pH = 3) at a molar ratio chlorpromazine: Fe (III) of 2: 1. Ascorbic acid reduces these radicals and induces a decrease of absorbance. Percent inhibition was calculated and plotted as a function of the concentration of standard antioxidant solutions. The results show that percent inhibition varies in a linear manner with the ascorbic acid concentration. Percent inhibition is higher when the antioxidant solution is added after generation of radical cation., Conclusions: It has been developed a method for evaluating antioxidant activity in the chlorpromazine: Fe (III) system using ascorbic acid as a standard. The method is fast, simple and sensitive; it can be applied for the detection and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of simple or complex systems.

Unlabelled: In this study we tried to improve the erythromycin ethylsuccinate obtaining, having in view to separate the erythromycin ester by crystallization in water., Material and Methods: The erythromycin acylation and the erythromycin ethylsuccinate crystallization were realized, following the next steps: 1. the acylation of the erythromycin with a methylene chloride solution of monoethylsuccinyl chloride, at 25-28 degrees C for 3 hours in the presence of NaHCO3; 2. the transfer of the erythromycin ethylsuccinate from methylene chloride solution in acetone solution by distillation of mixture methylene chloride: acetone 1:1 at 25-28 degrees C; 3. erythromycin ethylsuccinate separation by crystallization in water at pH = 8-8.5 and 5 degrees C for 90 minutes. The quality control for the erythromycin ester was performed according to the Xth edition of Romanian Pharmacopoeia standards using national standard for erythromycin ethylsuccinate and national standard for erythromycin with an activity of 1: 937 U and 2.02% humidity. The Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9341 was used as a test microorganism and a thin layer cromatography was performed for qualitative control., Results: 13.1 g of erythromycin ethylsuccinate were obtained with an output of the process of 82.02%. Using water for the separation of erythromycin ethylsuccinate the output of the process is greater (82.02%) than in case of using petroleum ether (74.14%) or hexane (80.25%). The thin layer cromatography revealed an Rf = 0.56 and the microbiological activity of the erythromycin ethylsuccinate was 98.7% compared with the standard., Conclusions: Using water instead of hexane or petroleum ether is gainful for the separation of erythromycin ethylsuccinate from the reaction medium. The obtained erythromycin ethylsuccinate corresponds to the Xth edition of Romanian Pharmacopoeia standards. So, the raw materials consumption is decreased, the costs are cut down, the obtained product purity is high and the output of the process is greater.

Worldwide, vaginal candidosis represents a significant health problem in women of childbearing age. The aim of this paper is to evaluate under in vitro conditions resembling the vaginal microenvironment, the antifungal activity of a new propiconazole derivative against 64 strains of yeast species isolated from vulvovaginitis. The tests exhibited low MICs for all strains and this finding may be useful in using of this new azole compound for treatment of mycotic vaginitis.

It is well known that niflumic acid glycinamide has a good antiinflammatory action useful in gum inflammatory diseases. The objective of this study was to obtain new glycinamides of acetylsalicylic acid and indomethacin, which could have a better antiinflammatory action than niflumic acid glycinamide. The study presents the synthesis, physico-chemical characterisation and structure validation of these glycinamides.

This paper describes the analytical study of a sodium chloride mineral water from Bălţăteşti Spa--Neamţ county. From the obtained analytical data it was observed that the dominant ions are those of Cl- (48.11 mEq%) and Na+ (43.07 mEq%), respectively. Also, the water contains a significant proportion of Mg2+ ions (6.12 mEq%) compared with the one of Ca2+ ions (0.339 mEq%). It can be remarked that the analysed source consists of a very concentrated, hypertonic water with a high content in chlorine, sodium and magnesium. This kind of mineral water is recommended in external treatments.

The comparative study aimed the actualization of the analytical panel of some mineral water sources, sulfurated, iso- and hypertonic (existing in Nicolina area, Iaşi county), that is the constant physico-chemical composition, in order to signal the alteration of water's quality. From the performed analysis, along the time and the presented ones, it can be observed than the sources maintain intact, along many decades, the chemical composition and their physical characteristics, and also their therapeutical action, due to the fact they are localised deep underground.