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Nanosecond electric pulses have several potential advantages in electroporation-based procedures over the conventional micro- and millisecond pulses including low level of heating, reduced electrochemical reactions and reduced muscle contractions making them alluring for use in biomedicine and food industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate if nanosecond pulses can enhance the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutics bleomycin and cisplatin in vitro and to quantify metal release from electrodes in comparison to 100 μs pulses commonly used in electrochemotherapy. The effects of nanosecond pulse parameters (voltage, pulse duration, number of pulses) on cell membrane permeabilization, resealing and on cell survival after electroporation only and after electrochemotherapy with bleomycin and cisplatin were evaluated on Chinese hamster ovary cells. Application of permeabilizing nanosecond pulses in combination with chemotherapeutics resulted in successful cell kill. Higher extracellular concentrations of bleomycin – but not cisplatin – were needed to achieve the same decrease in cell survival with nanosecond pulses as with eight 100 μs pulses, however, the tested bleomycin concentrations were still considerably lower compared to doses used in clinical practice. Decreasing the pulse duration from microseconds to nanoseconds and concomitantly increasing the amplitude to achieve the same biological effect resulted in reduced release of aluminum ions from electroporation cuvettes.

This paper aims to determine the relationship between the measures of shooting performance handgrip strength and weapon kinematics during different phases of the shot. The research included 35 part...

The aim of this paper is to determine inter-reliability, concurrent validity, and interchangeability of the SMS HG dynamometric system and a Jamar digital dynamometer for hand grip strength measurements performed in two relevant positions of the elbow joint, i.e. 90 ° flexion and 180 ° (full) extension. The sample in this research consisted of 61 participants and included 27 women and 34 men. Statistically significant differences in the results found between two positions in the elbow joint indicate that the results must be evaluated separately. However, regarding both testing positions, i.e. 90 ° flexion and 180 ° extension in the elbow joint, it was determined that SMS HG and Jamar instruments have a very high level of inter-reliability (ICC 0.948 to 0.980), but lack concurrent validity. The established mean difference of the results was higher for the 90 ° than for the 180 ° position but in both cases was considered to have a practical significance, thus not supporting the interchangeability of the instruments.

To achieve good performance, athletes need to synchronize a series of movements in an optimal manner. One of the indicators used to monitor this is the order of occurrence of relevant events in the movement timeline. However, monitoring of this characteristic of rapid movement is practically limited to the laboratory settings, in which motion tracking systems can be used to acquire relevant data. Our motivation is to implement a simple-to-use and robust IMU-based solution suitable for everyday praxis. In this way, repetitive execution of technique can be constantly monitored. This provides augmented feedback to coaches and athletes and is relevant in the context of prevention of stabilization of errors, as well as monitoring for the effects of fatigue. In this research, acceleration and rotational speed signal acquired from a pair of IMUs (Inertial Measurement Unit) is used for detection of the time of occurrence of events. The research included 165 individual strikes performed by 14 elite and national-level karate competitors. All strikes were classified as slow, average, or fast based on the achieved maximal velocity of the hand. A Kruskal–Wallis test revealed significant general differences in the order of occurrence of hand acceleration start, maximal hand velocity, maximal body velocity, maximal hand acceleration, maximal body acceleration, and vertical movement onset between the groups. Partial differences were determined using a Mann–Whitney test. This paper determines the differences in the temporal structure of the reverse punch in relation to the achieved maximal velocity of the hand as a performance indicator. Detecting the time of occurrence of events using IMUs is a new method for measuring motion synchronization that provides a new insight into the coordination of articulated human movements. Such application of IMU can provide additional information about the studied structure of rapid discrete movements in various sporting activities that are otherwise imperceptible to human senses.

Background: The pan-European human biomonitoring initiative HBM4EU targets the harmonization of human biomonitoring (HBM) procedures and data for both environmental and occupational exposure, including chromium. The determination of chromium in urine (U-Cr), plasma (P-Cr) and whole blood (WB-Cr) is a common HBM application in employees occupationally exposed to chromium (VI) compounds. Methods: European laboratories which have registered as candidate laboratories for chromium analysis within HBM4EU were invited to participate in a quality assurance/qualitycontrol (QA/QC) programme comprising interlaboratory comparison investigations (ICI) for the parameters U-Cr, P-Cr and WB-Cr. Participating laboratories received two samples of different concentrations in each of four rounds and were asked to analyse the samples using their standard analytical procedure. The data were evaluated by the Z-score approach and were reported to the participants after each round. Results: The majority of the 29 participating laboratories obtained satisfactory results, although low limits of quantification were required to quantify chromium concentrations in some of the ICI materials. The robust relative standard deviation of the participants’ results (study RSDR) obtained from all ICI runs ranged from 6 to 16 % for U-Cr, 7–18 % for P-Cr and 4–47 % for WB-Cr. The application of both inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (EAAS) appeared appropriate for the determination of chromium in urine, plasma and whole blood with regard to occupational exposure levels. Conclusion: This QA/QC programme succeeded in establishing a network of laboratories with high analytical comparability and accuracy for the analysis of chromium across Europe.

This review presents integrated literature data on the occurrence and type of dietary fibres present in cereals and pseudocereals, as well as their technological role in production of wheat based dough and bread. The focus on wheat based dough and bread was in order to objectively compare the influence of the fibre and flour fractions of cereals and pseudocereals on the same food matrix. The evident heterogeneity, contradiction of scientific results and the lack of objective comparability were the main reason for compilation of systematic review. Remarkably, the literature is characterized by a large methodology gap that leads to significant knowledge gap due to the lack of the comparability of presented results on dietary fibre content, composition and influence on wheat based dough and bread properties. Based on this, the authors must emphasize the need for standardized presentation of scientific results in the future by scientific community.

Background Monolithic chromatography using convective interaction media (CIM) disks or columns can be used in the separation step of speciation analysis. When different monolithic disks are placed in one housing, forming conjoint liquid chromatography (CLC) monolithic column, two-dimensional separation is achieved in a single chromatographic run. Methods Here, we assembled low-pressure (maximum 50 bar) CLC monolithic column, which consists of two 0.34 mL shallow CIM monolithic disks and high-pressure CLC column (maximum 150 bar) from 0.1 mL analytical high performance short bed CIMac monolithic disks. Both the CLC columns constructed from affinity Protein G and weak anion exchange diethylamine (DEAE) disks, were applied for the speciation of cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin in spiked standard serum proteins, spiked human serum and serum of cancer patients. The analytical performances of the CLC columns used were evaluated by comparing their robustness, selectivity, repeatability and reproducibility. The separated serum proteins were detected on-line by ultraviolet (UV) and eluted Pt species by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). For accurate quantification of the separated Pt species (unbound Pt-based chemotherapeutic from species associated to transferrin (Tf), human serum albumin (HSA) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG)), post column isotope dilution (ID)-ICP-MS was used. Results The data from analyses showed that both tested CLC monolithic columns gave statistically comparable results, with the low-pressure CLC column exhibiting better resolving power and robustness. It also enables more effective cleaning of monolithic disks and to analyse larger series of serum samples than the high-pressure CLC column. Analyses of serum samples of cancer patients treated with cisplatin or carboplatin showed that Pt-chemotherapeutics were bound preferentially to HSA (around 80%). The portion of unbound Pt in general did not exceed 2%, up to 5% of Pt was associated with Tf and approximately 20% with IgG. Column recoveries, calculated as a ratio between the sum of concentrations of Pt species eluted and concentration of total Pt in serum samples, were close to 100%. Conclusions Low-pressure CLC column exhibited greater potential than high-pressure CLC column, and can be thus recommended for its intended use in speciation analysis of metal-based biomolecules.

The aim of this paper was to provide a possible methodological solution for monitoring of the marksmanship training progress and evaluation of the level of shooting skill acquisition with service pistol CZ99. The second aim was the idea of development of a screening model for gender-dependent classification of the police personal, other security personnel and sport-oriented personnel in relation to their basic marksmanship skill. The research sample included a total of 83 participants (Men = 53, Women = 30) initially divided into four qualitative categories according to the personal shooting experience and shooting skill level. The applied principal component analysis has revealed a highly stable structure of the component matrix of the extracted factor. The following variables had the highest descriptive value in relation to the shooting skill in the respective samples regardless of distance: Men - an averaged value of the hit circles on the target and rounds fired, the index of efficiency considering precision and a coefficient of variation of hit circle achieved during the shooting at the target; Women - an averaged value of the hit circles on the target and rounds fired, the index of efficiency considering precision, a coefficient of variation of hit circle achieved during the shooting at the target and the index of efficiency considering accuracy. On the basis of the obtained results highly statistically significant (p ≤ 0.000) specific multidimensional models were developed which enabled statistically significant classification of the participants relative to the pistol shooting skill classification. The accuracy of the defined equation model for estimation of shooting skill score classification was 59.7 and 61.5% for men and 68.6 and 68.0% for women in relation to the examined shooting distances of 6 and 10 m, respectively.

Introduction When a person is in a standing position, the plantar flexor muscles are involved in most static and dynamic body movements. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the trial to trial and factorial reliability of measuring the contractile characteristics of PF muscles using a simple novel field test. Methods The sample consisted of 452 healthy subjects, 120 male and 332 female. The research was conducted by means of the trial to trial testing method, using isometric dynamometry performed in field conditions. ANOVA was used to estimate the differences among the trials, Cronbach’s alpha and interclass correlation to estimate the correlations among the trials, and principal component analysis to evaluate the contribution of each trial to overall variability. Results The main findings of this study are that trials differed significantly (p0.9), proving that measuring was reliable, and the factorial analysis separated the second and third trials, the second trial accounting for most of the total variability. Conclusions The simple novel field test for the measurement of plantar flexor contractile characteristics recommended by this study proved to be as highly reliable as laboratory testing, but was easy to perform in conditions outside of scientific or diagnostic institutions, which greatly facilitates the work of scientists, coaches and professionals. Level of Evidence II; Diagnostic Studies – Investigating a diagnostics test. RESUMO Introdução Quando uma pessoa está em pé, os músculos flexores plantares são envolvidos na maioria dos movimentos corporais estáticos e dinâmicos. Objetivos O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a confiabilidade teste-reteste e fatorial da mensuração das características contráteis dos músculos plantares, usando um novo teste de campo simples. Métodos A amostra consistiu em 452 indivíduos saudáveis, 120 homens e 332 mulheres. O estudo foi realizado pelo método de teste-reteste, com dinamometria isométrica conduzida em condições de campo. Empregou-se a ANOVA para estimar a diferença entre os testes o alfa de Cronbach e a correlação interclasse para estimar a correlação entre os testes e análise de componentes principais , para avaliar a contribuição de cada teste para a variabilidade global. Resultados Os principais achados deste estudo são que os testes diferiram significativamente (p < 0,000) para a força máxima (Fmáx) e a taxa máxima de desenvolvimento de força (TDFmáx), indicando que os três testes de procedimento foram necessários. Os testes foram altamente correlacionados (Fmáx, TDFmáx, r > 0,9), provando que a medição era confiável, e a análise fatorial separou o segundo e o terceiro testes, sendo que o segundo teste apresentou a maior parte da variabilidade total. Conclusões O novo teste de campo simples para medição das características contráteis dos flexores plantares recomendado por este estudo provou ser tão confiável quanto os testes de laboratório e, ao mesmo tempo, mais fácil de realizar fora das instituições científicas ou de diagnóstico, o que facilita muito o trabalho de cientistas, treinadores e profissionais. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos Diagnósticos - Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico. RESUMEN Introducción Cuando una persona está de pie, los músculos flexores plantares son involucrados en la mayoría de los movimientos corporales estáticos y dinámicos. Objetivos El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la confiabilidad test-retest y factorial de la medición de las características contráctiles de los músculos plantares, usando un nuevo test de campo simple. Métodos La muestra consistió en 452 individuos saludables, 120 hombres y 332 mujeres. El estudio fue realizado a través del método de test-retest, con dinamometría isométrica conducida en condiciones de campo. Se empleó ANOVA para estimar la diferencia entre los tests, alpha de Crombach y la correlación interclase para estimar la correlación entre los tests y el análisis de componentes principales, para evaluar la contribución de cada test para la variabilidad global. Resultados Los principales hallazgos de este estudio son que los tests difirieron significativamente (p0,9) probando que la medición era confiable, y el análisis factorial separó el segundo y tercer test, siendo que el segundo test presentó la mayor parte de variabilidad total. Conclusiones El nuevo test de campo simple para medición de las características contráctiles de los flexores plantares recomendado por este estudio probó ser tan confiable como los tests de laboratorio y, al mismo tiempo, más fácil de realizar fuera de las instituciones científicas o de diagnóstico, lo que facilita mucho el trabajo de científicos, entrenadores y profesionales. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios diagnósticos – Investigación de un examen para diagnóstico.

Shooting training is one of the most important trainings in public or private structures such as police, army, security companies, and similar. Shooting is a discipline where precision is of the outmost importance. Technology supported shooting training brings several benefits to the trainees and to the organizations. Trainees spend less time on average for training and the organization potentially saves funds for shooting ranges, coaches, and charges spent. We have designed an application that measures pistol movements during aiming, firing, and post firing phases of each shot. Each successful shot is represented as a hit in a standardized shooting target. The acquired sensor signals are evaluated through target hit results. The measurements include 46 subjects of different ages and different shooting skill levels. The first results show that the hand movement during the aiming phase correlates with the shooting precision. The next step is to find signal features are the most usable for the prediction of shot precision. By using the selected features to detect the unwanted or excessive pistol movement during the aiming phase a trainee can be warned to suspend the current shot and try again later. Such training, incorporating real-time biofeedback application, can lead to accelerated learning, reduces the number of poorly performed shots, and consequently saves time and money.

The aim of this paper is to determine gender based differences as well as the initial standard values for evaluation of simple visual reaction time in both male and female students of the Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies (ACPS)in Belgrade. The method used in this research was laboratory testing. All datasampling was performed using the specially designed testing software that recorded reaction time with 1 ms precision. The variable used in this research, that is Simple Visual Reaction Time (SVRT), was calculated as a mean of 3 trials with the shortest Reaction Time from 5 correct attempts and was expressed in ms. The research sample in this study consisted of a total of 97 subjects, of which 45 females and 52 males. All subjects were third-year students of the ACPS in Belgrade. Based on the obtained results it was determined that differences in SVRT between male and female students ofthe ACPS are not statistically significant (t=1.866, p=0.066). Initial normative values were calculated by the application of appropriate sport metrological procedures. Presented normative models define initial qualitative standard values for 5 distinct preparedness levels as well as quantitative reference values determined for 9 characteristic percentile ranks, both for female and male students of the ACPS.

Compared to adults, children have longer simple reaction time (SRT) and choice reaction time (CRT) to simple and choice visual stimuli. Based on the available data, it can be concluded that this occurrence could be due to correlation between age and the information processing speed. Other factors may have an impact, too, such as the shorter attention span which children may have. Some studies indicate that karate favors the development of cognitive functions, including the RT. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to determine whether there is a difference in simple and choice reaction time between boys and girls of preadolescent and early adolescent age on the basic and premastery level of karate training. Testing involved 78 participants divided into four subgroups, in accordance with the gender and the level of training, using a custom designed RT measuring software, developed in LabVIEW 2012 software package. A two-way analysis of variance (Two-way ANOVA) confirmed no differences between boys' and girls' SRT scores, while the significant differences were found at the mastery criterion subsample level. When it comes to CRT, the differences were found at the boys' subsample level, as well as between genders on the basic level of training. It cannot be stated with absolute certainty whether the acquired differences are the result of karate training, some other physiological and cognitive phenomena or the maturation process. Consequently, the further research should involve a broader sample - the population of the physically inactive, as well as the children involved in other sports.

The aim of this paper is to define the population indicators of the nutritional status among the working population of the Republic of Serbia based on the value of Body Mass Index (BMI). The sample consisted of a total of 7.125 working subjects, among which 4.525 males (63.51%) and 2.600 females (36.49%). The subjects were from the following regions: Northern Serbia-Vojvodina, Capital city - Belgrade, Central Serbia, Western Serbia, Southern Serbia and Eastern Serbia. The average BMI values based on test groups of men and women were 26.53±4.07 and 24.07±5.09 kg m-2, respectively. On the basis of the obtained results, it was determined that statistically significant BMI differences exist among subjects in general, i.e. in relation to gender (F=58.412, p

The aim of this paper is to determine the differences in general and specific explosive isometric muscle force in male and female cadet judo athletes. The results of the measured contractile characteristics were obtained by application of a standardized test battery using the isometric dynamometry method for the following five muscle groups: flexor muscles of the le (ŠL) and the right hand (ŠD), back (MRT) and leg extensor muscles (NOGE) and the ankle joint plantar flexor muscles (LIST). The testing included a sample of 14 participants who were competing in the system of individual national championship of the Republic of Serbia for the given age category. On the basis of the obtained results, it can be argued that a general, statistically significant, difference exists between tested judo athletes in the function of gender, both for the absolute values of the variables of basic and specific explosive isometric muscle force (Wilks' Lambda Value 0.000, F=898.61, p=0.000), as well as between the partialized (relative) values of the measured variables (Wilks' Lambda Value 0.001, F=325.71, p=0.000). e highest level of difference between male and female athletes in relation to the absolute values of the obtained results was determined for the variables of the specific explosive isometric muscle force of the le hand flexor muscles (RFDmax_ŠL, p=0.001), leg extensor muscles (RFDmax_NOGE, p=0.003) and right hand flexor muscles (RFDmax_ŠD, p=0.005). In relation to the relative values obtained by partialization of absolute values in relation to skeletal muscle mass (SMM) the highest level of difference was determined for variables of specific isometric explosive muscle force for the le and the right hand, respectively (RFDmax_ŠLSMM, p=0.000; RFDmaxŠDSMM, p=0.003). The summarized value of the gender dimorphism index (IPD) is at the level of 71.55 and 53.09% for both absolute basic (RFDFmax) and specific (RFDmax) explosive isometric muscle force, respectively. is indicates that the tested girls reached 71.55% and 53.09% of the given contractile characteristics compared to the tested boys. However, when the measured variables are partialized relative to the skeletal muscle mass (SMM), the fore mentioned differences are lowered to 101.98% and 71.58%, respectively. On general level, the obtained results have shown that there are methodological indications of scientific justication in relation to the partialization of the results of explosive isometric muscle force as a measure of development of contractile muscle potential directly responsible for the intensive manifestation of muscle force in the unit of time, in relation to skeletal muscle mass.

The aim of this paper is to determine the discriminative potential of the IMU-based system for the measurement of rapid hand movement properties, i.e., relevant kinematic variables in relation to different groups of participants. The measurement of the kinematics of the rapid hand movement was performed using a standard hand tapping test. The sample in this research included a total of 70 female participants and was divided into 3 subsamples. The discriminant analysis has identified two functions, DF1 and DF2, that explain 91.1 and 8.1% of the variance, respectively. The differences between the examined subsamples originate from the variables grouped in DF1, which were statistically significant (p≤0.000). In relation to this function, the national volleyball team centroid position was shifted with -1.108 and -1.968 standard deviation values from the control group and youth volleyball team, respectively. The difference between control and Voll_Youth groups was -0.860 standard deviation value. The factors with the greatest discriminative potential among the groups represent the temporal characteristics of the rapid hand movement, i.e., the time elapsed between the onset of the movement and the first and second tap, as defined by the variables t1 and t2, respectively. The established findings clearly indicate that IMU sensors are practically applicable in relation to the sensitive measurement of rapid arm movement capability of female athletes.

The goal of this study was to define the population parameters of the body fat percentage of residents of the Republic of Serbia. The sample was a total of 8145 respondents, of which 3051 (37.5%) were women with an average age of 32.0 ± 9.8 years, and the rest of 5094 (62.5%) were men with an average age of 32.9 ± 11.3 years. The average value of PBF for the women subsample was 28.46 ± 9.19% and 18.00 ± 7.98% for the men subsample. The results of factorial variance analysis have shown that there is a statistically significant difference (p

In order to understand the complexity of punches, measurement under realistic conditions in a training environment is necessary. A crucial element to achieving valid results is a reliable instrument. The aim of the study was to evaluate the metrical characteristics and reliability of kinematic sensors (KS) in specific karate testing as a novel method in the training process. Fourteen male competitors, members of a Serbian national senior and cadet karate team, participated in the study. Segmental acceleration in the different modalities of reverse punch (Gyako tsuki) were measured using KS placed on the hand and body. In relation to the qualitative criterion of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) significance, good reliability (ICC = 0.75–0.90) was observed for eight kinematic variables, while excellent reliability (ICC > 0.90) was confirmed for ten kinematic variables. KS can be considered sophisticated measuring tools providing a reliable base of information for the objectification of assessment as the primary approach to top-level athletes.

Oncology research uses different imaging techniques to provide information about the spatial distribution of the chemotherapy drugs used for the targeted tissues. Among them, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is increasingly being used to track the spatial distribution of metal-based chemotherapeutics in different tissue samples. In this investigation, instrumental parameters were optimized for the bioimaging of Pt in HT29 tumour spheroids treated with cisplatin (CDDP) or Texas Red cisplatin (TR-CDDP) using LA-ICP-MS. A high spatial resolution, using pixel dimensions of 2.0 μm × 2.5 μm, and a high sensitivity, with the limits of detection (LOD) better than 0.78 mg kg−1 Pt, was achieved. Matrix-matched gelatine standards and/or isotope dilution (ID) analyses were used to quantify the amount of Pt. Differences between the results of the Pt concentrations determined by the two quantification were less than 4%. The results of the LA analysis revealed that the Pt in the CDDP-treated tumour spheroids was localized primarily in the outer rim of the spheroids and to a lesser extent in the intermediary layer and the necrotic core. Due to the steric effects, significantly lower Pt concentrations were accumulated in the spheroids treated with TR-CDDP (2.2 times lower than in CDDP-treated spheroids, normalized to the spheroid volume), while the Pt was mostly distributed in the areas of the outer rim. Finally, imaging with confocal fluorescence microscopy, which is commonly used in oncology research, was compared with that by LA-ICP-MS. The results of the two complementary techniques demonstrated good agreement in terms of the spatial distribution of the TR-CDDP, while the intensity of the fluorescence matched well with the concentrations of Pt determined with LA-ICP-MS.

M. Dopsaj1,2, milivoj.dopsaj@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0001-7153-2993, A.V. Nenasheva1, nenashevaav@susu.ru, ORCID: 0000-0003-0092-2948, T.N. Tretiakova1, ttn1@mail.ru, tretiakovatn@susu.ru, ORCID: 0000-0002-3525-5121, Yu.A. Syromiatnikova1, syromiatnikovaya@susu.ru, ORCID: 0000-0003-3375-3909, E.F. Surina-Marysheva1, surina-marysheva2015@yandex.ru, ORCID: 0000-0001-7770-4338, S. Markovic2, stephan.markovic@hotmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-8073-5642, V. Dopsaj2, violeta.dopsaj@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0001-8310-6254 1South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, 2University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. Допсай Миливой, PhD, профессор, научный сотрудник научно-исследовательского центра спортивной науки, Южно-Уральский государственный университет, 454080, г. Челябинск, проспект Ленина, 76; факультет спорта и физической культуры, Белградский университет, 11050, г. Белград, ул. Кулина Бана, 20/15. E-mail: milivoj.dopsaj@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0001-7153-2993. Ненашева Анна Валерьевна, доктор биологических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой теории и методики физической культуры и спорта, Южно-Уральский государственный университет. 454080, г. Челябинск, проспект Ленина, 76. E-mail: nenashevaav@susu.ru, ORCID: 0000-0003-0092-2948. Третьякова Татьяна Николаевна, доктор педагогических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой туризма, Южно-Уральский государственный университет. 454080, г. Челябинск, проспект Ленина, 76. E-mail: ttn1@mail.ru, tretiakovatn@susu.ru, ORCID: 0000-0002-3525-5121. Сыромятникова Юлия Алексеевна, кандидат педагогических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры туризма, Южно-Уральский государственный университет. 454080, г. Челябинск, проспект Ленина, 76. E-mail: syromiatnikovaya@susu.ru, ORCID: 0000-0003-3375-3909. Сурина-Марышева Елена Федоровна, кандидат биологических наук, доцент, научный сотрудник научно-исследовательского центра спортивной науки, Южно-Уральский государственный университет. 454080, г. Челябинск, проспект Ленина, 76. E-mail: surina-marysheva2015@yandex.ru, ORCID: 0000-0001-7770-4338. Маркович Стефан, аспирант, факультет спорта и физической культуры, Белградский университет. 11050, г. Белград, ул. Кулина Бана, 20/15. E-mail: stephan.markovic@hotmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-8073-5642. Допсай Виолета, PhD в области фармации и биохимии, профессор, фармацевтический факультет, Белградский университет. 11050, г. Белград, ул. Кулина Бана, 20/15. E-mail: violeta.dopsaj@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0001-8310-6254 The Aim. The aim of this paper is to define the contractile characteristics of maximal isometric handgrip force and to establish possible differences between the students of the Universities of Chelyabinsk and Belgrade. The secondary aim is to create a practically applicable initial model in order to explore the mentioned characteristics in the future. Material and methods. For the purposes of this research, the overall sample of 225 subjects was tested. 91 subjects were from Russia and 134 were from Serbia. The results were gathered using a strain gage and a standardized isometric handgrip test protocol. The contractile properties of HG muscle force were measured in relation to three different contractile dimensions: the maximal muscle force (Fmax), the maximal explosive muscle force (RFDmax), the time need for achieving maximal (tFmax) and maximal explosive (tRFDmax) muscle force. Results. This study has shown that there are no generally statistically significant differences for all observed variables of HG contractile characteristics between tested Russian and Serbian students. Based on the results of the present study, six different models of the equation for evaluation of HG contractile characteristics of female and male students, i.e. young adults, were made. All defined models are highly statistically significant, accurate and sensitive in the prediction of the general distributive position of an individual or particular group of subjects in relation to the measured contractile characteristics. Conclusions. The obtained results can generally indicate the stability of potential to exert the given contractile characteristic in relation to the population of similar evolutionary (Slavs) at different geographical background. Цель. Цель данного исследования - определить сократительные характеристики максимальной изометрической силы сжатия кисти и установить возможные различия между студентами Челябинска и Белграда. Второстепенная цель данного исследования - создать практически применимую модель, чтобы исследовать вышеупомянутые характеристики в будущем. Материалы и методы. В рамках исследования была протестирована выборка из 225 человек, 91 участник из России и 134 - из Сербии. Результаты исследования были собраны с использованием датчика силы сжатия и стандартизированного тестового протокола для изометрического сжатия руки. Сократительные характеристики силы сжатия кисти были измерены относительно трех разных направлений: максимальная мышечная сила (Fmax), максимальная взрывная сила (RFDmax), время, требуемое для достижения максимальной (tFmax) и максимальной взрывной (tRFDmax) силы. Результаты. Данное исследование показало отсутствие статистически значимых различий сократительных характеристик сжатия руки для всех выбранных показателей, изученных у российских и сербских студентов. Исходя из результатов настоящего исследования, были выработаны шесть различных моделей уравнения для оценки сократительных характеристик сжатия руки у студентов различного пола. Все выработанные модели обладают высокой статистической значимостью, точностью и чувствительностью в прогнозировании позиции, занимаемой человеком или определенной группой лиц относительно измеряемых характеристик. Заключение. Полученные результаты говорят об общей устойчивости потенциала для заданной сократительной характеристики у родственных народов (славянские народы), проживающих в различных географических областях.

The aim of this paper is to determine the mathematical model of relation of accuracy and precision when shooting from a pistol Zastava CZ 99 in relation to gender and short target distance. The research included 49 participants (Men = 27, Women = 22). The testing was carried out using precision shooting from CZ 99 pistol on a Standard ISSF 25 m precision pistol target at a 6, 10 and 15 m distance (5 rounds per distance). The level of performance was evaluated in relation to accuracy and precision in the function of target distance. For the sample of men, the shooting accuracy was 76.98, 62.70 and 50.61%, while for the sample of women it was 60.32, 51.03 and 37.29% for the shooting distance of 6, 10 and 15 m respectively. The precision level was 8.52, 7.01 and 5.59 points (i.e. circles) for men and 6.63, 5.61 and 4.24 points for women respectively. The defined dependency models accuracy-distance and precision-distance have shown that for men the efficiency of shooting in relation to accuracy is decreasing 2.91%, i.e. 0.32 circles, while for women the accuracy decreases 2.57%, i.e. 0.27 circles, for every meter of increase in distance.

This paper aims to define differences in Simple Visual Reaction Time (SVRT) and Reaction Time Variation (RTV), related to age and player position in Serbian female cadet and junior national handball team members. The method used in this research was laboratory testing. All data sampling was performed using specially designed testing software that recorded visual reaction time with 1 ms precision. SVRT was expressed in ms, and RTV was expressed as a coefficient of variation percentage value. The overall sample consisted of 34 players - 19 cadets and 15 juniors. Mean SVRT of 194.28±16.55 and 184.73±16.68 ms was determined in the subsamples of cadet and junior players, respectively. It was found that cadets have a mean RTV of 4.74±2.41% while juniors have a mean RTV of 7.90±3.70%. Results of the Factorial ANOVA have shown that there are no general, statistically significant, differences in SVRT in relation to age, player position, and interaction of these factors (p>0.05). Statistically significant difference in RTV on a general level was found in relation to age (F=9.752, p=0.005), while differences in relation to player position or combination of these factors were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Post hoc tests have shown partial differences in relation to player position. The method of mathematical modelling was used to define the statistical model of performance in relation to the given variables. The final form of the model explained 100% of the measured variance (AdjR2 = 1.000), which implies its absolute predictive potential considering the characteristics of the sample.

Among cereals, the largest amount of β-glucan is contained in oat and barley. The content of β-glucan varies from 2.5% to 11.3% in the whole barley seed. β-glucans have a number of positive effects on human health and a wide range of potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industry. The aim of our research was to analyze the variability of β-glucan content in ten varieties of barley. For determining the content of β-glucan ICC Standard method No. 168 was used.

Expression elongation factors eEF1A and EF-Tu, in grain filling stage when the cereal most sensitive in the field conditions, can be an important determinant of heat tolerance. The aim of our work was to examine the expression and accumulation of EF-Tu and eEF1A in grain filling stage of five genotypes of winter wheat and one oat genotype in conditions of heat stress. In addition, the correlation between accumulation of elongation factors eEF1A and EF-Tu, and yield components of cereals in the field was investigated. Flag leaf samples of small grains were analyzed by immunoblotting. Samples were collected in conditions of moderate, control air temperature (23 °C; CT) and high temperature (38 °C; HS) in a field experiment. After the harvest, grain yield was determined. The yield components, the weight of dry seed and grains number per spike, were also assessed in the stage of full physiological maturity of investigated cultivars.

Growth and development of cereals is affected by abiotic factors, particularly by high temperature. An important factor in plant adaptation to abiotic stress can be the proline accumulation. Proline is an amino acid involved in a series of metabolic processes and is important as a protein stabilizer, osmolite and antioxidant. Under normal physiological conditions, the proline makes up less than 5% of the free amino acids in the plant, while due to stress this amount can increase to over 80%. Field experiment was conducted with the aim to determine the effect of high temperature on the proline content in different cereal varieties during two vegetative seasons. For the investigation, plant material of 8 genetically divergent winter wheat varieties, 1 variety of triticale and 1 oat variety were used. Samples were collected in days with moderate midday air temperatures of 24-26 °C in the milk stage and after a few days in the same phenological stage, in conditions of high midday air temperatures of 34-36 °C.