104 results on '"Steeg S"'
Search Results
2. Absolute risks of self-harm and interpersonal violence by diagnostic category following first discharge from inpatient psychiatric care
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Mok, P. L. H., primary, Walter, F., additional, Carr, M. J., additional, Antonsen, S., additional, Kapur, N., additional, Steeg, S., additional, Shaw, J., additional, Pedersen, C. B., additional, and Webb, R. T., additional
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- 2023
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3. A systematic review and meta-analysis of disease burden of healthcare-associated infections in China: an economic burden perspective from general hospitals
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Liu, X., primary, Spencer, A., additional, Long, Y., additional, Greenhalgh, C., additional, Steeg, S., additional, and Verma, A., additional
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- 2022
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4. Time trends in coronersʼ use of different verdicts for possible suicides and their impact on officially reported incidence of suicide in England: 1990–2005
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Gunnell, D., Bennewith, O., Simkin, S., Cooper, J., Klineberg, E., Rodway, C., Sutton, L., Steeg, S., Wells, C., Hawton, K., and Kapur, N.
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- 2013
5. The development of a population-level clinical screening tool for self-harm repetition and suicide: the ReACT Self-Harm Rule
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Steeg, S., Kapur, N., Webb, R., Applegate, E., Stewart, S. L. K., Hawton, K., Bergen, H., Waters, K., and Cooper, J.
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- 2012
6. Shared characteristics of suicides and other unnatural deaths following non-fatal self-harm? A multicentre study of risk factors
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Bergen, H., Hawton, K., Kapur, N., Cooper, J., Steeg, S., Ness, J., and Waters, K.
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- 2012
7. Komplikationen der Spongiosaentnahme am Beckenkamm Eine retrospektive Analyse von 1191 Fällen: Eine retrospektive Analyse von 1191 Fällen
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Wippermann, B. W., Schratt, H.-E., Steeg, S., and Tscherne, H.
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- 1997
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8. High-volume repeaters of self-harm
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Ness, J, Hawton, Keith, Bergen, Helen, Waters, K, Kapur, N, Cooper, J, Steeg, S, and Clarke, M
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BACKGROUND: Repetition of self-harm is common and is strongly associated with suicide. Despite this, there is limited research on high-volume repetition. AIM: To investigate individuals with high-volume repeat self-harm attendances to the emergency department (ED), including their patterns of attendance and mortality. METHOD: Data from the Multicentre Study of Self-Harm in England were used. High-volume repetition was defined as ⩾15 attendances within 4 years. An attendance timeline was constructed for each high-volume repeater (HVR) and the different patterns of attendance were explored using an executive sorting task and hierarchical cluster analysis. RESULTS: A small proportion of self-harm patients are HVRs (0.6%) but they account for a large percentage of self-harm attendances (10%). In this study, the new methodological approach resulted in three types of attendance patterns. All of the HVRs had clusters of attendance and a greater proportion died from external causes compared with non-HVRs. CONCLUSION: The approach used in this study offers a new method for investigating this problem that could have both clinical and research benefits. The need for early intervention is highlighted by the large number of self-harm episodes per patient, the clustered nature of attendances, and the higher prevalence of death from external causes.
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- 2016
9. Repetition of self-harm and suicide following self-harm in children and adolescents: Findings from the Multicentre Study of Self-harm in England
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Hawton, K, Bergen, H, Kapur, N, Cooper, J, Steeg, S, Ness, J, and Waters, K
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Background: Self-harm (intentional self-poisoning and self-injury) in children and adolescents is often repeated and is associated with increased risk of future suicide. We have investigated factors associated with these outcomes. Method: We used data collected in the Multicentre Study of Self-harm in England on all self-harm hospital presentations by individuals aged 10-18 years between 2000 and 2007, and national death information on these individuals to the end of 2010. Cox hazard proportional models were used to identify independent and multivariable predictors of repetition of self-harm and of suicide. Results: Repetition of self-harm occurred in 27.3% of individuals (N = 3920) who presented between 2000 and 2005 and were followed up until 2007. Multivariate analysis showed that repetition was associated with age, self-cutting, and previous self-harm and psychiatric treatment. Of 51 deaths in individuals who presented between 2000 and 2007 and were followed up to 2010 (N = 5133) half (49.0%) were suicides. The method used was usually different to that used for self-harm. Multivariate analysis showed that suicide was associated with male gender [Hazard ratio (HR) = 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-4.8], self-cutting (HR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-3.7) and prior psychiatric treatment at initial presentation (HR = 4.2, 95% CI 1.7-10.5). It was also associated with self-cutting and history of psychiatric treatment at the last episode before death, and history of previous self harm. Conclusions: Self-cutting as a method of self-harm in children and adolescents conveys greater risk of suicide (and repetition) than self-poisoning although different methods are usually used for suicide. The findings underline the need for psychosocial assessment in all cases. © 2012 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry © 2012 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
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- 2016
10. Routine hospital management of self-harm and risk of further self-harm: propensity score analysis using record-based cohort data
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Steeg, S., primary, Emsley, R., additional, Carr, M., additional, Cooper, J., additional, and Kapur, N., additional
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- 2017
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11. Self-Harm in Manchester January 2010 to December 2011
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Bickley, H., Steeg, S., Turnbull, P., Haigh, M., Donaldson, I., Matthews, V., Dickson, S., Kapur, N., and Cooper, J.
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self-harm suicide parasuicide manchester mash overdose poisoning cutting hanging drowing ,food and beverages - Abstract
Although data on all presentations of self-harm have been collected since 2003, this report focusses on findings from the Manchester Self-Harm (MaSH) Project for the years 2010 and 2011. Section 2 reports on rates from 2003 and 2011.Previous MaSH Reports can be accessed at www.manchester.ac.uk/mash.Self-harm is defined as 'intentional self-injury or self-poisoning, irrespective of .... motivation or degree of suicidal intent', and encompasses both suicide attempts and acts with other motives or intentions (Hawton et al. 2013).
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- 2013
12. Self-Harm in Manchester January 2010 to December 2011
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Bickley, H., Steeg, S., Turnbull, P., Haigh, M., Donaldson, I., Matthews, V., Dickson, S., Kapur, N., Cooper, J.
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self-harm suicide parasuicide manchester mash overdose poisoning cutting hanging drowing ,food and beverages - Abstract
Although data on all presentations of self-harm have been collected since 2003, this report focusses on findings from the Manchester Self-Harm (MaSH) Project for the years 2010 and 2011. Section 2 reports on rates from 2003 and 2011.Previous MaSH Reports can be accessed at www.manchester.ac.uk/mash.Self-harm is defined as 'intentional self-injury or self-poisoning, irrespective of .... motivation or degree of suicidal intent', and encompasses both suicide attempts and acts with other motives or intentions (Hawton et al. 2013).
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- 2013
13. Self-Harm in Manchester 2008-2009
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Dickson, S., Steeg, S., Gordon, M., Donaldson, I., Matthews, V., Kapur, N., & Cooper, J.
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self-harm parasuicide suicide overdose emergency department psychiatric liaison psychiatry manchester - Abstract
This report presents rates of self-harm in Manchester, patterns of emergency department attendance and social and clinical characteristics of self-harming individuals. We also place these findings in the context of current research from the MaSH Project and multi-centre self-harm monitoring.
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- 2011
14. Self-Harm in Manchester 2008-2009
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Dickson, S., Steeg, S., Gordon, M., Donaldson, I., Matthews, V., Kapur, N., and Cooper, J.
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self-harm parasuicide suicide overdose emergency department psychiatric liaison psychiatry manchester - Abstract
This report presents rates of self-harm in Manchester, patterns of emergency department attendance and social and clinical characteristics of self-harming individuals. We also place these findings in the context of current research from the MaSH Project and multi-centre self-harm monitoring.
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- 2011
15. Abstract P4-04-04: Estrogen signaling through astrocytes promotes migration and invasion of ER-negative brain metastatic breast cancer cells
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Cittelly, Diana M, primary, Cruz, Hazel, additional, Serkova, Natalie J, additional, Virginia, Borges F, additional, Peter, Kabos, additional, Patricia, Steeg S, additional, and Carol, Sartorius A, additional
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- 2015
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16. De zoektocht naar allochtoon talent
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Wolff, R., ter Steeg, S., and IMES (FMG)
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In zijn strategische agenda voor het hoger onderwijsbeleid noemt de minister van OCW als doelstellingen het bevorderen van een ambitieuze studiecultuur en het verhogen van studierendementen van niet-westers allochtone studenten. Deze doelstellingen zijn bereikbaar als een ‘opschalingsoperatie’ worden gestart waarbij huidige kortlopende projecten met een beperkt studentenbereik worden omgezet in langdurige, grootschalige programma’s. De auteurs pleiten voor een tweesporenbeleid met als inzet het verhogen van het aantal niet-westers allochtone afgestudeerden (het ‘massa maken’) en het laten excelleren van allochtoon toptalent.
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- 2008
17. Abstract P4-04-04: Estrogen signaling through astrocytes promotes migration and invasion of ER-negative brain metastatic breast cancer cells
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Diana M. Cittelly, Sartorius A Carol, Steeg S Patricia, Natalie J. Serkova, Hazel Cruz, Borges F Virginia, and Kabos Peter
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Cancer Research ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,medicine.drug_class ,Estrogen receptor ,Cancer ,Lapatinib ,medicine.disease ,Metastatic breast cancer ,Neural stem cell ,Paracrine signalling ,Breast cancer ,Endocrinology ,Oncology ,Estrogen ,Internal medicine ,Medicine ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Approximately 16% of patients with breast cancer develop symptomatic brain metastases (BMs) and the majority [∼80%] will die subsequently. Symptomatic BMs are more prevalent in breast tumors overexpressing Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors (HER1, EGFR) or 2 (HER2) and triple-negative (TN) tumors (lacking estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2). Although the majority of breast cancer cells colonizing the brain lack ER, central nervous system (CNS) metastases are more frequent in pre-menopausal women with high levels of circulating estrogens. Since astrocytes are ER+ cells that surround and infiltrate brain metastases, we hypothesize that estrogens act in a paracrine manner on reactive astrocytes to promote BMs. Results: To determine the effect of estrogen in brain colonization, a brain-seeking sub-line of human MDA-MB-231 TN breast carcinoma cells (231Br) cells were injected intracardially in ovariectomized female nude mice supplemented with placebo (n=5) or 1mg 17-βestradiol (E2) pellets (n=5), and metastases were detected by gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 5 weeks later. 100% (5/5) of mice from E2 group showed large and multiple BM when compared to 3/5 (60%) of placebo mice. Further, E2-treated mice showed decreased survival (41.6%, n=12) by 3 weeks following IC injection of 231Br cells compared to E2-depleted mice (84%, n=12) (P=0.03). Since astrocytes are the most abundant brain cell type expressing ERs, we focused on their interaction with 231BR cells. Using global gene expression arrays and RT-PCR we found that E2 upregulated Egf and Tgf-a in primary mouse astrocytes and human astrocytes (derived from neural stem cells), and that anti-estrogens blocked this effect. Concentrated conditioned media (CM) from E2-treated astrocytes increased P-EGFR levels in 231Br cells compared to vehicle (EtOH), or E2+ICI astrocytic CM. Moreover, CM from E2-treated astrocytes significantly increased migration and invasion of 231Br cells as compared to EtOH-treated CM, and ERs inhibitors abolish this effect. Treatment of 231Br cells with lapatinib abolished EGFR activation in response to E2-astrocytic CM, and decreased migration and invasion of 231BR cells. These data suggest that EGFR-ligands upregulated by E2 in astrocytes activated brain metastatic cells-EGFR resulting in increased migration and invasion. To identify the mechanisms of increased migration and invasion we performed global gene expression profiling of 231Br cells co-cultured with E2- or EtOH-stimulated-astrocytes. Co-culture with E2-treated astrocytes significantly increased expression of metastatic mediators Matrix-metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) and S100 Calcium-binding protein A4 (S100A4) in 231Br cells, and treatment of astrocytes with ER inhibitors abolished this effect. Furthermore, MMP9 or S100A4 knockdown in 231Br cells significantly decreased migration and/or invasion in response to E2-astrocytic CM, suggesting that MMP9 and S100A4 are functional mediators of the paracrine effect of E2. Conclusion: These studies suggest that EGFR activation by astrocytic ligands is at least one mechanism by which E2 contributes to the promotion of BM of ER- breast cancer cells and suggests a novel role for ER in breast cancer BM. Citation Format: Diana M Cittelly, Hazel Cruz, Natalie J Serkova, Borges F Virginia, Kabos Peter, Steeg S Patricia, Sartorius A Carol. Estrogen signaling through astrocytes promotes migration and invasion of ER-negative brain metastatic breast cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-04-04.
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- 2015
18. Scales for predicting risk following self-harm: an observational study in 32 hospitals in England
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Quinlivan, L, primary, Cooper, J, additional, Steeg, S, additional, Davies, L, additional, Hawton, K, additional, Gunnell, D, additional, and Kapur, N, additional
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- 2014
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19. Are hospital services for self-harm getting better? An observational study examining management, service provision and temporal trends in England
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Cooper, J, primary, Steeg, S, additional, Bennewith, O, additional, Lowe, M, additional, Gunnell, D, additional, House, A, additional, Hawton, K, additional, and Kapur, N, additional
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- 2013
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20. First episode of self-harm in older age: a report from the 10-year prospective Manchester Self-Harm project
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Oude Voshaar, R.C., Cooper, J., Murphy, E., Steeg, S., Kapur, N., Purandare, N.B., Oude Voshaar, R.C., Cooper, J., Murphy, E., Steeg, S., Kapur, N., and Purandare, N.B.
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Item does not contain fulltext, OBJECTIVE: Self-harm is closely related to completed suicide, especially in older age. As empirical research of self-harm in older age is scarce, with no studies confined to first-ever episodes in older age, we examined the clinical characteristics and the risk of repetition in first-ever self-harm in older age. METHOD: The Manchester Self-Harm (MaSH) project, a prospective cohort study, gathered data from September 1, 1997, through August 31, 2007, for individuals presenting with self-harm at emergency departments of 3 large hospitals in North West England. The characteristics of older patients (aged >/= 55 years) who presented with a first-ever episode of self-harm are described and compared to those of middle-aged patients (35-54 years) presenting with a first-ever episode of self-harm. Following each episode, the MaSH form, a standard assessment form developed for the MaSH project, was completed by a clinician. Potential risk factors for repetition were examined by Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 374 older patients and 1,937 middle-aged patients presented with a first-ever episode of self-harm. The circumstances at the time of self-harm suggested higher suicidal intent in older age. In comparison with middle-aged patients, the rate of repetition in older-aged patients was lower (15.4% versus 11.8%, respectively; hazard ratio for older age = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.45-0.93; P = .019), although repetition was more often fatal among the older group (3.3% versus 13.6%, respectively; P = .009). The most important predictor of repetition in older age, ie, physical health problems, had no predictive value in middle-aged patients, whereas psychiatric characteristics had little impact on the risk of repetition in old age. CONCLUSIONS: High suicidal intent and different predictors of repetition in first-ever self-harm in older age highlight the need for age-specific interventions beyond the scope of psychiatric care alone.
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- 2011
21. Time trends in coroners' use of different verdicts for possible suicides and their impact on officially reported incidence of suicide in England: 1990–2005
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Gunnell, D., primary, Bennewith, O., additional, Simkin, S., additional, Cooper, J., additional, Klineberg, E., additional, Rodway, C., additional, Sutton, L., additional, Steeg, S., additional, Wells, C., additional, Hawton, K., additional, and Kapur, N., additional
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- 2012
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22. ReACT Self-Harm Rule
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Steeg, S., primary, Kapur, N., additional, Webb, R., additional, Applegate, E., additional, Stewart, S. L. K., additional, Hawton, K., additional, Bergen, H., additional, Waters, K., additional, and Cooper, J., additional
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- 2012
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23. Shared characteristics of suicides and other unnatural deaths following non-fatal self-harm? A multicentre study of risk factors
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Bergen, H., primary, Hawton, K., additional, Kapur, N., additional, Cooper, J., additional, Steeg, S., additional, Ness, J., additional, and Waters, K., additional
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- 2011
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24. The Impact of Group Reputation in Multiagent Environments.
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Baranski, B., Bartz-Beielstein, T., Ehlers, R., Kajendran, T., Kosslers, B., Mehnen, J., Polaszek, T., Reimholz, R., Schmidt, J., Schmitt, K., Seis, D., Slodzinski, R., Steeg, S., Wiemann, N., and Zimmermann, M.
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- 2006
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25. The Impact of Group Reputation in Multiagent Environments
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Baranski, B., primary, Bartz-Beielstein, T., additional, Ehlers, R., additional, Kajendran, T., additional, Kosslers, B., additional, Mehnen, J., additional, Polaszek, T., additional, Reimholz, R., additional, Schmidt, J., additional, Schmitt, K., additional, Seis, D., additional, Slodzinski, R., additional, Steeg, S., additional, Wiemann, N., additional, and Zimmermann, M., additional
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26. How do methods of non-fatal self-harm relate to eventual suicide?
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Bergen H, Hawton K, Waters K, Ness J, Cooper J, Steeg S, and Kapur N
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- 2012
27. Key role of specialist mental health clinicians in improving emergency department self-harm care.
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Steeg S and Quinlivan LM
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Competing interests: SS was funded by a fellowship (award number: MH009) as part of the Three National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Research Schools Mental Health Programme. LQ is funded by the NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Research Collaboration (NIHR204295). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, NIHR, or the Department of Health and Social Care.
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- 2024
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28. How can we measure psychological safety in mental healthcare staff? Developing questionnaire items using a nominal groups technique.
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Vogt KS, Baker J, Coleman R, Kendal S, Griffin B, Anjum T, Ashley KL, Archer BL, Berry K, Feldman R, Gray S, Giles SJ, Helliwell BJ, Hill C, Hogan AE, Iwanow M, Jansen TAA, Johnson Z, Kelly JA, Law J, Mizen E, Obasohan OO, Panagioti M, Smith-Wilkes F, Steeg S, Taylor CDJ, Tyler N, Wade S, and Johnson J
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- Humans, Surveys and Questionnaires, Burnout, Professional psychology, Mental Health Services standards, Male, Female, Psychological Safety, Health Personnel psychology
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There have been growing concerns about the well-being of staff in inpatient mental health settings, with studies suggesting that they have higher burnout and greater work-related stress levels than staff in other healthcare sectors. When addressing staff well-being, psychological safety can be a useful concept. However, there is no measure of psychological safety that is suitable for use in inpatient mental health settings. Edmondson (1999) is the most commonly used measure of psychological safety, but it was designed for use in general physical healthcare settings. As inpatient mental health settings are unique environments, transferability of knowledge from physical to mental healthcare settings cannot be assumed. We sought to develop questionnaire items that capture psychological safety among healthcare staff working in acute inpatient mental healthcare settings. We used the nominal group technique, a consensus method involving rounds of discussion, idea generation, and item rating/ranking to identify priorities. Twenty-eight stakeholders participated, including 4 who had lived experience of mental health problems, 11 academics and 18 healthcare professionals (8 participants identified with more than 1 category). The study involved a workshop with three parts: (i) an overview of current research and limitations of the Edmondson (1999) measure as outlined above, (ii) discussion on what items should be retained from the Edmondson (1999) measure, and (iii) discussion on what items should be added to the Edmondson (1999) measure. Twenty-one items were generated and retained to capture psychological safety in inpatient mental health settings. These measure professionals' sense of being valued by their team and organization, feeling supported at work, feeling physically safe and protected from physical harm, and knowing they can raise concerns about risk and safety. This is the first study to generate questionnaire items suitable for measuring staff psychological safety in mental health settings. These have been generated via a consensus method to ensure stakeholders' views are reflected. Further research is needed to evaluate factor structure, internal reliability, and convergent validity., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of International Society for Quality in Health Care.)
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- 2024
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29. General practice at the frontline of preventing suicide.
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Steeg S and Mughal F
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- Humans, Suicide psychology, United Kingdom, General Practice, Suicide Prevention
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- 2024
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30. Social services utilisation and referrals after seeking help from health services for self-harm: a systematic review and narrative synthesis.
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Steeg S, Mughal F, Kapur N, Gnani S, and Robinson C
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Objectives: Suicide prevention is a major public health challenge. Appropriate aftercare for self-harm is vital due to increased risks of suicide following self-harm. Many antecedents to self-harm involve social factors and there is strong rationale for social services-based self-harm aftercare. We aimed to review evidence for social service utilisation and referrals among people seeking help following self-harm., Design: Systematic review with narrative synthesis., Data Sources: PubMed, PsycINFO, AMED, Social Policy and Practice, EMBASE, Medline, Web of Science, Social Care Online, citation lists of included articles and grey literature., Eligibility Criteria: Studies of people of any age in contact with health services following self-harm, with study outcomes including referrals to or utilisation of social workers and social services., Data Extraction and Synthesis: Information was extracted from each included study using a proforma and quality was critically assessed by two reviewers. Narrative synthesis was used to review the evidence., Results: From a total of 3414 studies retrieved, 10 reports of 7 studies were included. Study quality was generally high to moderate. All studies were based in emergency departments (EDs) and most were UK based. In studies based solely on ED data, low proportions were referred to social services (in most studies, 1%-4%, though it was up to 44% when social workers were involved in ED assessments). In one study using linked data, 15% (62/427) were referred to social services and 21% (466/2,205) attended social services over the subsequent 3-year period., Conclusions: Overall, few patients were referred to social services after self-harm. Higher reported referral rates may reflect greater service availability, involvement of social workers in psychosocial assessments or better capture of referral activity. Social services-based and integrated approaches for self-harm aftercare are important future directions for suicide prevention. Improved links between social services and health services for people seeking support after self-harm are recommended., Competing Interests: Competing interests NK reports research grants and fees to related his research and implementation work in self-harm and suicide prevention from the Department of Health and Social Care, the National Institute for Health and Care Research, the Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership, and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). NK does not receive industry funding for research. NK is a member of England’s National Suicide Prevention Strategy Advisory Group and is supported by Mersey Care NHS Foundation Trust. NK chaired the NICE guideline development group for the NICE depression in adults’ guideline and was a topic expert member for the NICE suicide prevention guideline. NK chaired the guideline development group for the NICE guidelines on the longer-term management of self-harm and was a topic advisor on the 2022 NICE guideline on self-harm.
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- 2023
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31. Childhood predictors of self-harm, externalised violence and transitioning to dual harm in a cohort of adolescents and young adults.
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Steeg S, Farooq B, Taylor P, Shafti M, Mars B, Kapur N, and Webb RT
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Background: The aetiology of dual harm (co-occurring self-harm and violence towards others) is poorly understood because most studies have investigated self-harm and violence separately. We aimed to examine childhood risk factors for self-harm, violence, and dual harm, including the transition from engaging in single harm to dual harm., Methods: Data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a UK-based birth cohort study, were used to estimate prevalence of self-reported engagement in self-harm, violence, and dual harm at ages 16 and 22 years. Risk ratios were calculated to indicate associations across various self-reported childhood risk factors and risks of single and dual harm, including the transition from single harm at age 16 years to dual harm at age 22., Results: At age 16 years, 18.1% of the 4176 cohort members had harmed themselves, 21.1% had engaged in violence towards others and 3.7% reported dual harm. At age 22 the equivalent prevalence estimates increased to 24.2, 25.8 and 6.8%, respectively. Depression and other mental health difficulties, drug and alcohol use, witnessing self-harm and being a victim of, or witnessing, violence were associated with higher risks of transitioning from self-harm or violence at age 16 to dual harm by age 22., Conclusions: Prevalence of dual harm doubled from age 16 to 22 years, highlighting the importance of early identification and intervention during this high-risk period. Several childhood psychosocial risk factors associated specifically with dual harm at age 16 and with the transition to dual harm by age 22 have been identified.
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- 2023
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32. Changes to healthcare utilisation and symptoms for common mental health problems over the first 21 months of the COVID-19 pandemic: parallel analyses of electronic health records and survey data in England.
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Taxiarchi VP, Senior M, Ashcroft DM, Carr MJ, Hope H, Hotopf M, Kontopantelis E, McManus S, Patalay P, Steeg S, Webb RT, Abel KM, and Pierce M
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Background: Few studies have investigated the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health beyond 2020. This study quantifies changes to healthcare utilisation and symptoms for common mental health problems over the pandemic's first 21 months., Methods: Parallel cohort studies using primary care database and survey data for adults (≥16 years) in England from January 2015 to December 2021: 16,551,842 from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) and 40,699 from the UK Household Longitudinal Survey (UKHLS). Interrupted time-series models estimated changes in monthly prevalence of presentations and prescribed medications for anxiety and depression (CPRD); and self-reported psychological distress (UKHLS). The pandemic period was divided into five phases: 1st Wave (April-May 2020); post-1st Wave (June-September 2020); 2nd Wave (October 2020-February 2021); post 2nd Wave (March-May 2021); 3rd Wave (June-December 2021)., Findings: Primary care presentations for depression or anxiety dropped during the first wave (4.6 fewer monthly appointments per 1000 patients, 4.4-4.8) and remained lower than expected throughout follow-up. Self-reported psychological distress exceeded expected levels during the first (Prevalence Ratio = 1.378, 95% CI 1.289-1.459) and second waves (PR = 1.285, 1.189-1.377), returning towards expected levels during the third wave (PR = 1.038, 0.929-1.154). Increases in psychological distress and declines in presentations were greater for women. The decrease in primary care presentations for depression and anxiety exceeded that for physical health conditions (rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, urinary tract infections). Anxiety and depression prescriptions returned to pre-pandemic levels during the second wave due to increased repeat prescriptions., Interpretation: Despite periods of distress during the pandemic, we did not find an enduring effect on common mental health problems. The fall in primary care presentations for anxiety or depression suggests changing healthcare utilisation for mental distress and a potential treatment gap., Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR)., Competing Interests: MH is Principal Investigator of the RADAR-CNS consortium, a precompetitive public-private partnership on mobile health, funded by Innovative Medicines Initiative. The partnership includes research funding contributions from Janssen, Lundbeck, UCB, Biogen and MSD., (© 2023 The Authors.)
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- 2023
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33. COVID-19, young people, and suicidal behaviour.
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Steeg S, Webb RT, Wilkinson J, and Kapur N
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- Humans, Adolescent, Suicidal Ideation, Suicide, Attempted, COVID-19, Suicide
- Abstract
Competing Interests: NK reports research grants and fees related his research and implementation work in self-harm and suicide prevention from the Department of Health and Social Care, the National Institute for Health and Care Research, the Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership, and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). NK does not receive industry funding for research. NK is a member of England's National Suicide Prevention Strategy Advisory Group and is supported by Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust. NK chaired the NICE guideline development group for the NICE depression in adults' guideline and was a topic expert member for the NICE suicide prevention guideline. NK chaired the guideline development group for the NICE guidelines on the longer-term management of self-harm and was a topic advisor on the 2022 NICE guideline on self-harm. JW has conducted research into COVID-19, supported by funding through the National Core Study PROTECT programme, managed by the Health and Safety Executive on behalf of the UK Government. JW has conducted research into COVID-19, supported by funding from The Office for National Statistics (PU-22-0205). SS and RTW declare no competing interests.
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- 2023
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34. Recent GP consultation before death by suicide in middle-aged males: a national consecutive case series study.
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Mughal F, Bojanić L, Rodway C, Graney J, Ibrahim S, Quinlivan L, Steeg S, Tham SG, Turnbull P, Appleby L, Webb RT, and Kapur N
- Subjects
- Male, Middle Aged, Humans, England epidemiology, Violence, Referral and Consultation, Suicide psychology, Self-Injurious Behavior
- Abstract
Background: Reducing suicide risk in middle-aged males (40-54 years) is a national priority. People have often presented to their GP within 3 months before suicide thus highlighting an opportunity for early intervention., Aim: To describe the sociodemographic characteristics and identify antecedents in middle-aged males who recently consulted a GP before dying by suicide., Design and Setting: This study was a descriptive examination of suicide in a national consecutive sample of middle-aged males in 2017 in England, Scotland, and Wales., Method: General population mortality data were obtained from the Office for National Statistics and National Records of Scotland. Information was collected about antecedents considered relevant to suicide from data sources. Logistic regression examined associations with final recent GP consultation. Males with lived experience were consulted during the study., Results: In 2017, a quarter ( n = 1516) of all suicide deaths were in middle-aged males. Data were attained on 242 males: 43% had their last GP consultation within 3 months of suicide; and a third of these males were unemployed and nearly half were living alone. Males who saw a GP recently before suicide were more likely to have had recent self-harm and work-related problems than males who had not. Having a current major physical illness, recent self-harm, presenting with a mental health problem, and recent work-related issues were associated with having a last GP consultation close to suicide., Conclusion: Clinical factors were identified that GPs should be alert to when assessing middle-aged males. Personalised holistic management may have a role in preventing suicide in these individuals., (© The Authors.)
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- 2023
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35. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on presentations to health services following self-harm: systematic review.
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Steeg S, John A, Gunnell DJ, Kapur N, Dekel D, Schmidt L, Knipe D, Arensman E, Hawton K, Higgins JPT, Eyles E, Macleod-Hall C, McGuiness LA, and Webb RT
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- Adolescent, Female, Health Services, Humans, Pandemics, COVID-19 epidemiology, Self-Injurious Behavior epidemiology, Self-Injurious Behavior therapy
- Abstract
Background: Evidence on the impact of the pandemic on healthcare presentations for self-harm has accumulated rapidly. However, existing reviews do not include studies published beyond 2020., Aims: To systematically review evidence on presentations to health services following self-harm during the COVID-19 pandemic., Method: A comprehensive search of databases (WHO COVID-19 database; Medline; medRxiv; Scopus; PsyRxiv; SocArXiv; bioRxiv; COVID-19 Open Research Dataset, PubMed) was conducted. Studies published from 1 January 2020 to 7 September 2021 were included. Study quality was assessed with a critical appraisal tool., Results: Fifty-one studies were included: 57% (29/51) were rated as 'low' quality, 31% (16/51) as 'moderate' and 12% (6/51) as 'high-moderate'. Most evidence (84%, 43/51) was from high-income countries. A total of 47% (24/51) of studies reported reductions in presentation frequency, including all six rated as high-moderate quality, which reported reductions of 17-56%. Settings treating higher lethality self-harm were overrepresented among studies reporting increased demand. Two of the three higher-quality studies including study observation months from 2021 reported reductions in self-harm presentations. Evidence from 2021 suggests increased numbers of presentations among adolescents, particularly girls., Conclusions: Sustained reductions in numbers of self-harm presentations were seen into the first half of 2021, although this evidence is based on a relatively small number of higher-quality studies. Evidence from low- and middle-income countries is lacking. Increased numbers of presentations among adolescents, particularly girls, into 2021 is concerning. Findings may reflect changes in thresholds for help-seeking, use of alternative sources of support and variable effects of the pandemic across groups.
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- 2022
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36. The inter-connections between self-harm and aggressive behaviours: A general network analysis study of dual harm.
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Shafti M, Steeg S, de Beurs D, Pratt D, Forrester A, Webb RT, and Taylor PJ
- Abstract
Dual harm is the co-occurrence of self-harm and aggression during an individual's lifetime. This behaviour is especially prevalent within criminal justice and forensic settings. The forms of aggression that should be included in the definition of dual harm have not yet been established. This study aimed to use network analysis to inform an evidence-based definition of dual harm by assessing the relationship between self-harm and different forms of aggressive behaviour in young people ( N = 3,579). We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Results revealed low correlations between the variables, leading to sparse network models with weak connections. We found that when separated into their distinct forms, aggressive acts and self-harm are only weakly correlated. Our work provides preliminary evidence to assist in understanding and managing dual harm within clinical and forensic settings and informs recommendations for future research., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Shafti, Steeg, de Beurs, Pratt, Forrester, Webb and Taylor.)
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- 2022
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37. Primary care clinical management following self-harm during the first wave of COVID-19 in the UK: population-based cohort study.
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Steeg S, Carr M, Trefan L, Ashcroft D, Kapur N, Nielsen E, McMillan B, and Webb R
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- Cohort Studies, Humans, Primary Health Care, Retrospective Studies, SARS-CoV-2, United Kingdom epidemiology, COVID-19, Self-Injurious Behavior epidemiology, Self-Injurious Behavior psychology, Self-Injurious Behavior therapy
- Abstract
Objectives: A substantial reduction in self-harm recorded in primary care occurred during the first wave of COVID-19 but effects on primary care management of self-harm are unknown. Our objectives were to examine the impact of COVID-19 on clinical management within 3 months of an episode of self-harm., Design: Retrospective cohort study., Setting: UK primary care., Participants: 4238 patients with an index episode of self-harm recorded in UK primary care during the COVID-19 first-wave period (10 March 2020-10 June 2020) compared with 48 739 patients in a prepandemic comparison period (10 March-10 June, 2010-2019)., Outcome Measures: Using data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink, we compared cohorts of patients with an index self-harm episode recorded during the prepandemic period versus the COVID-19 first-wave period. Patients were followed up for 3 months to capture subsequent general practitioner (GP)/practice nurse consultation, referral to mental health services and psychotropic medication prescribing. We examined differences by gender, age group and Index of Multiple Deprivation quintile., Results: Likelihood of having at least one GP/practice nurse consultation was broadly similar (83.2% vs 80.3% in the COVID-19 cohort). The proportion of patients referred to mental health services in the COVID-19 cohort (4.2%) was around two-thirds of that in the prepandemic cohort (6.1%). Similar proportions were prescribed psychotropic medication within 3 months in the prepandemic (54.0%) and COVID-19 first-wave (54.9%) cohorts., Conclusions: Despite the challenges experienced by primary healthcare teams during the initial COVID-19 wave, prescribing and consultation patterns following self-harm were broadly similar to prepandemic levels. We found no evidence of widening of digital exclusion in terms of access to remote consultations. However, the reduced likelihood of referral to mental health services warrants attention. Accessible outpatient and community services for people who have self-harmed are required as the COVID-19 crisis recedes and the population faces new challenges to mental health., Competing Interests: Competing interests: NK reports grants and personal fees from the UK Department of Health and Social Care, the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and the Healthcare Quality and Improvement Partnership, outside the submitted work; works with NHS England on national quality improvement initiatives for suicide and self-harm; is a member of the advisory group for the National Suicide Prevention Strategy of the Department of Health and Social Care; has chaired NICE guideline committees for Self-harm and Depression; and is currently the Topic Advisor for the new NICE Guidelines for self-harm. All other authors declare no competing interests., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.)
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- 2022
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38. Factors associated with psychiatric admission and subsequent self-harm repetition: a cohort study of high-risk hospital-presenting self-harm.
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Cully G, Corcoran P, Leahy D, Cassidy E, Steeg S, Griffin E, Shiely F, and Arensman E
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- Adolescent, Adult, Cohort Studies, Home Environment, Hospitals, Humans, Risk Factors, Young Adult, Self-Injurious Behavior epidemiology, Suicide
- Abstract
Background: Individuals presenting to hospital with self-harm of high lethality or high suicidal intent are at high risk of subsequent suicide., Aim: To examine factors associated with psychiatric admission and self-harm repetition following high-risk self-harm (HRSH)., Method: A cohort study of 324 consecutive HRSH patients was conducted across three urban hospitals (December 2014-February 2018). Information on self-harm repetition was extracted from the National Self-harm Registry Ireland. Logistic regression models examined predictors of psychiatric admission and self-harm repetition. Propensity score (PS) methods were used to address confounding., Results: Forty percent of the cohort were admitted to a psychiatric inpatient setting. Factors associated with admission were living alone, depression, previous psychiatric admission, suicide note and uncommon self-harm methods. History of emotional, physical or sexual abuse was associated with not being admitted. Twelve-month self-harm repetition occurred in 17.3% of cases. Following inverse probability weighting according to the PS, psychiatric admission following HRSH was not associated with repetition. Predictors of repetition were recent self-harm history, young age (18-24 years) and previous psychiatric admission., Conclusion(s): Findings indicate that psychiatric admission following HRSH is not associated with repeated self-harm and reaffirms the consistent finding that history of self-harm and psychiatric treatment are strong predictors of repetition.
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- 2021
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39. Association of SARS-CoV-2 Infection With Psychological Distress, Psychotropic Prescribing, Fatigue, and Sleep Problems Among UK Primary Care Patients.
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Abel KM, Carr MJ, Ashcroft DM, Chalder T, Chew-Graham CA, Hope H, Kapur N, McManus S, Steeg S, Webb RT, and Pierce M
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- Adult, Anxiety drug therapy, Anxiety epidemiology, Anxiety etiology, COVID-19 psychology, COVID-19 virology, Cohort Studies, Depression drug therapy, Depression epidemiology, Depression etiology, England epidemiology, Fatigue epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Primary Health Care, Psychotic Disorders drug therapy, Psychotic Disorders epidemiology, Psychotic Disorders etiology, Risk Factors, SARS-CoV-2, Sleep Wake Disorders epidemiology, Stress, Psychological etiology, COVID-19 complications, Fatigue etiology, Pandemics, Psychological Distress, Psychotropic Drugs therapeutic use, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders etiology
- Abstract
Importance: Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with fatigue and sleep problems long after the acute phase of COVID-19. In addition, there are concerns of SARS-CoV-2 infection causing psychiatric illness; however, evidence of a direct effect is inconclusive., Objective: To assess risk of risk of incident or repeat psychiatric illness, fatigue, or sleep problems following SARS-CoV-2 infection and to analyze changes according to demographic subgroups., Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study assembled matched cohorts using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum, a UK primary care registry of 11 923 499 individuals aged 16 years or older. Patients were followed-up for up to 10 months, from February 1 to December 9, 2020. Individuals with less than 2 years of historical data or less than 1 week follow-up were excluded. Individuals with positive results on a SARS-CoV-2 test without prior mental illness or with anxiety or depression, psychosis, fatigue, or sleep problems were matched with up to 4 controls based on sex, general practice, and year of birth. Controls were individuals who had negative SARS-CoV-2 test results. Data were analyzed from January to July 2021., Exposure: SARS-CoV-2 infection, determined via polymerase chain reaction testing., Main Outcomes and Measures: Cox proportional hazard models estimated the association between a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result and subsequent psychiatric morbidity (depression, anxiety, psychosis, or self-harm), sleep problems, fatigue, or psychotropic prescribing. Models adjusted for comorbidities, ethnicity, smoking, and body mass index., Results: Of 11 923 105 eligible individuals (6 011 020 [50.4%] women and 5 912 085 [49.6%] men; median [IQR] age, 44 [30-61] years), 232 780 individuals (2.0%) had positive result on a SARS-CoV-2 test. After applying selection criteria, 86 922 individuals were in the matched cohort without prior mental illness, 19 020 individuals had prior anxiety or depression, 1036 individuals had psychosis, 4152 individuals had fatigue, and 4539 individuals had sleep problems. After adjusting for observed confounders, there was an association between positive SARS-CoV-2 test results and psychiatric morbidity (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.83; 95% CI, 1.66-2.02), fatigue (aHR, 5.98; 95% CI, 5.33-6.71), and sleep problems (aHR, 3.16; 95% CI, 2.64-3.78). However, there was a similar risk of incident psychiatric morbidity for those with a negative SARS-CoV-2 test results (aHR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.65-1.77) and a larger increase associated with influenza (aHR, 2.98; 95% CI, 1.55-5.75)., Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of individuals registered at an English primary care practice during the pandemic, there was consistent evidence that SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with increased risk of fatigue and sleep problems. However, the results from the negative control analysis suggest that unobserved confounding may be responsible for at least some of the positive association between COVID-19 and psychiatric morbidity.
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- 2021
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40. Temporal trends in primary care-recorded self-harm during and beyond the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: Time series analysis of electronic healthcare records for 2.8 million patients in the Greater Manchester Care Record.
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Steeg S, Bojanić L, Tilston G, Williams R, Jenkins DA, Carr MJ, Peek N, Ashcroft DM, Kapur N, Voorhees J, and Webb RT
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Background: Surveillance of temporal trends in clinically treated self-harm is an important component of suicide prevention in the dynamic context of COVID-19. There is little evidence beyond the initial months following the onset of the pandemic, despite national and regional restrictions persisting to mid-2021., Methods: Descriptive time series analysis utilizing de-identified, primary care health records of 2.8 million patients from the Greater Manchester Care Record. Frequencies of self-harm episodes between 1st January 2019 and 31st May 2021 were examined, including stratification by sex, age group, ethnicity, and index of multiple deprivation quintile., Findings: There were 33,444 episodes of self-harm by 13,148 individuals recorded during the study period. Frequency ratios of incident and all episodes of self-harm were 0.59 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.69) and 0.69 (CI 0.63 to 0.75) respectively in April 2020 compared to February 2020. Between August 2020 and May 2021 frequency ratios were 0.92 (CI 0.88 to 0.96) for incident episodes and 0.86 (CI 0.84 to 0.88) for all episodes compared to the same months in 2019. Reductions were largest among men and people living in the most deprived neighbourhoods, while an increase in all-episode self-harm was observed for adolescents aged 10-17., Interpretation: Reductions in primary care-recorded self-harm persisted to May 2021, though they were less marked than in April 2020 during the first national lockdown. The observed reductions could represent longer term reluctance to seek help from health services. Our findings have implications for the ability for services to offer recommended care for patients who have harmed themselves., Competing Interests: NK reports grants and personal fees from the UK Department of Health and Social Care, the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), and the Healthcare Quality and Improvement Partnership, outside the submitted work; works with NHS England on national quality improvement initiatives for suicide and self-harm; is a member of the advisory group for the National Suicide Prevention Strategy of the Department of Health and Social Care; has chaired NICE guideline committees for Self-harm and Depression; and is currently the Topic Advisor for the new NICE Guidelines for self-harm. All other authors report no conflicts of interest., (© 2021 The Author(s).)
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- 2021
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41. Evaluating the impact of patient and carer involvement in suicide and self-harm research: A mixed-methods, longitudinal study protocol.
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Littlewood DL, Quinlivan L, Steeg S, Bennett C, Bickley H, Rodway C, Webb RT, and Kapur N
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- Caregivers, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Mental Health, Self-Injurious Behavior, Suicide
- Abstract
Background: Patient and public involvement (PPI) is becoming more commonplace in mental health research. There are strong moral and ethical arguments for good quality PPI. Few studies have documented and evaluated PPI in self-harm and suicide research. Inconsistent reporting of PPI makes it difficult to discern practices that deliver quality, effective and meaningful involvement. It is important to understand and address emotional support needs of PPI members contributing to sensitive topics such as suicide and self-harm. Therefore, this study will examine the effect of PPI on self-harm and suicide research and explore patients', carers' and researchers' experiences and views in relation to the quality of PPI practice and provision of appropriate support for PPI members., Methods: This protocol outlines the longitudinal, mixed methodological approach that will be taken. Qualitative and quantitative data will be collected via baseline and repeated questionnaires, document review and semi-structured interviews. Both PPI members and researchers will be invited to participate in this study. The two-year data collection period will enable evaluation of PPI throughout the entire research cycle. An integrated approach will be taken to data analysis, using inductive thematic analysis and descriptive and repeated measures analyses, to address specified study aims., Dissemination: Findings from this study will inform practical guidance to support self-harm and suicide researchers in effectively involving people with experiential knowledge in their research. Analyses will offer insight into the effect of PPI throughout the research process and assess changes in PPI members' and researchers' experiences of involvement across a two-year period., (© 2019 The Authors Health Expectations published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
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- 2021
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42. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-harm.
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Kapur N, Clements C, Appleby L, Hawton K, Steeg S, Waters K, and Webb R
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- England epidemiology, Humans, Incidence, Mental Health Services standards, Mental Health Services statistics & numerical data, National Health Programs standards, National Health Programs statistics & numerical data, Practice Guidelines as Topic standards, Referral and Consultation statistics & numerical data, Self-Injurious Behavior therapy, COVID-19, Self-Injurious Behavior epidemiology, Self-Injurious Behavior etiology
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- 2021
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43. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on primary care-recorded mental illness and self-harm episodes in the UK: a population-based cohort study.
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Carr MJ, Steeg S, Webb RT, Kapur N, Chew-Graham CA, Abel KM, Hope H, Pierce M, and Ashcroft DM
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- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Cohort Studies, Databases, Factual, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Mental Disorders epidemiology, Middle Aged, Self-Injurious Behavior epidemiology, United Kingdom epidemiology, Young Adult, COVID-19 psychology, Mental Disorders therapy, Primary Health Care statistics & numerical data, Self-Injurious Behavior therapy
- Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected population mental health. We aimed to assess temporal trends in primary care-recorded common mental illness, episodes of self-harm, psychotropic medication prescribing, and general practitioner (GP) referrals to mental health services during the COVID-19 emergency in the UK., Methods: We did a population-based cohort study using primary care electronic health records from general practices registered on the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD). We included patient records from Jan 1, 2010, to Sept 10, 2020, to establish long-term trends and patterns of seasonality, but focused primarily on the period January, 2019-September, 2020. We extracted data on clinical codes entered into patient records to estimate the incidence of depression and anxiety disorders, self-harm, prescriptions for antidepressants and benzodiazepines, and GP referrals to mental health services, and assessed event rates of all psychotropic prescriptions and self-harm. We used mean-dispersion negative binomial regression models to predict expected monthly incidence and overall event rates, which were then compared with observed rates to assess the percentage reduction in incidence and event rates after March, 2020. We also stratified analyses by sex, age group, and practice-level Index of Multiple Deprivation quintiles., Findings: We identified 14 210 507 patients from 1697 UK general practices registered in the CPRD databases. In April, 2020, compared with expected rates, the incidence of primary care-recorded depression had reduced by 43·0% (95% CI 38·3-47·4), anxiety disorders by 47·8% (44·3-51·2), and first antidepressant prescribing by 36·4% (33·9-38·8) in English general practices. Reductions in first diagnoses of depression and anxiety disorders were largest for adults of working age (18-44 and 45-64 years) and for patients registered at practices in more deprived areas. The incidence of self-harm was 37·6% (34·8-40·3%) lower than expected in April, 2020, and the reduction was greatest for women and individuals aged younger than 45 years. By September, 2020, rates of incident depression, anxiety disorder, and self-harm were similar to expected levels. In Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, rates of incident depression and anxiety disorder remained around a third lower than expected to September, 2020. In April, 2020, the rate of referral to mental health services was less than a quarter of the expected rate for the time of year (75·3% reduction [74·0-76·4])., Interpretation: Consequences of the considerable reductions in primary care-recorded mental illness and self-harm could include more patients subsequently presenting with greater severity of mental illness and increasing incidence of non-fatal self-harm and suicide. Addressing the effects of future lockdowns and longer-term impacts of economic instability on mental health should be prioritised., Funding: National Institute for Health Research and Medical Research Council., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
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- 2021
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44. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Risk of Subsequently Engaging in Self-Harm and Violence towards Other People-"Dual Harm".
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Carr MJ, Steeg S, Mok PLH, Pedersen CB, Antonsen S, Kapur N, and Webb RT
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- Adolescent, Adult, Case-Control Studies, Humans, Risk Factors, Violence, Young Adult, Adverse Childhood Experiences, Self-Injurious Behavior epidemiology
- Abstract
The etiology of "dual harm" (the co-occurrence of self-harm and externalized violence in the same individual) is under-researched. Risk factors have mostly been investigated for each behavior separately. We aimed to examine adversities experienced between birth and age 15 years among adolescents and young adults with histories of self-harm and violent criminality, with a specific focus on dual harm. Three nested case-control studies were delineated using national interlinked Danish registers; 58,409 cases in total aged 15-35 were identified: 28,956 with a history of violent criminality (but not self-harm), 25,826 with a history of self-harm (but not violent criminality), and 3987 with dual-harm history. Each case was matched by date of birth and gender to 20 controls who had not engaged in either behavior. We estimated exposure prevalence for cases versus controls for each of the three behavior groups, and incidence rate ratios (IRRs). Experiencing five or more childhood adversities was more prevalent among individuals with dual-harm history (19.3%; 95% CI 18.0, 20.8%) versus self-harm (10.9%; 10.5, 11.3%) and violence (11.4%; 11.0%, 11.8%) histories. The highest IRRs for dual harm were linked with parental unemployment (5.15; 95% CI 4.71, 5.64), parental hospitalization following self-harm (4.91; 4.40, 5.48) or assault (5.90; 5.07, 6.86), and parental violent criminality (6.11; 5.57, 6.70). Growing up in environments that are characterized by poverty, violence, and substance misuse, and experiencing multiple adversities in childhood, appear to be especially strongly linked with elevated dual-harm risk. These novel findings indicate potential etiologic pathways to dual harm.
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- 2020
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45. Accuracy of individual and combined risk-scale items in the prediction of repetition of self-harm: multicentre prospective cohort study.
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Taylor AK, Steeg S, Quinlivan L, Gunnell D, Hawton K, and Kapur N
- Abstract
Background: Individuals attending emergency departments following self-harm have increased risks of future self-harm. Despite the common use of risk scales in self-harm assessment, there is growing evidence that combinations of risk factors do not accurately identify those at greatest risk of further self-harm and suicide., Aims: To evaluate and compare predictive accuracy in prediction of repeat self-harm from clinician and patient ratings of risk, individual risk-scale items and a scale constructed with top-performing items., Method: We conducted secondary analysis of data from a five-hospital multicentre prospective cohort study of participants referred to psychiatric liaison services following self-harm. We tested predictive utility of items from five risk scales: Manchester Self-Harm Rule, ReACT Self-Harm Rule, SAD PERSONS, Modified SAD PERSONS, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and clinician and patient risk estimates. Area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios were used to evaluate predictive accuracy, with sensitivity analyses using classification-tree regression., Results: A total of 483 self-harm episodes were included, and 145 (30%) were followed by a repeat presentation within 6 months. AUC of individual items ranged from 0.43-0.65. Combining best performing items resulted in an AUC of 0.56. Some individual items outperformed the scale they originated from; no items were superior to clinician or patient risk estimations., Conclusions: No individual or combination of items outperformed patients' or clinicians' ratings. This suggests there are limitations to combining risk factors to predict risk of self-harm repetition. Risk scales should have little role in the management of people who have self-harmed.
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- 2020
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46. Suicide rates and voting choice in the UK's 2016 national Brexit referendum on European Union membership: cross-sectional ecological investigation across England's local authority populations.
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Steeg S, Webb RT, Ibrahim S, Appleby L, and Kapur N
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Background: Individual- and area-level risk factors for suicide are relatively well-understood but the role of macro social factors such as alienation, social fragmentation or 'anomie' is relatively underresearched. Voting choice in the 2016 referendum on the UK's membership of the European Union (EU) provides a potential measure of anomie., Aims: To examine associations between percentage 'Leave' votes in the EU referendum and suicide rates in 2015-2017, the period just prior to, and following, the referendum., Method: National cross-sectional ecological study of 315 English local authority populations. Associations between voting choice in the EU referendum and age-standardised suicide rates, averaged for the years 2015, 2016 and 2017, were examined., Results: Overall there was a weak, but statistically significant, positive correlation between the local authority-level percentage 'Leave' vote in 2016 and the suicide rate 2015-2017: Pearson's correlation coefficient, r = 0.17; P = 0.003. This relationship was explained by populations having an older age distribution, being more deprived and lacking ethnic diversity. However, there was divergence (likelihood ratio test for interaction, χ2 = 7.2, P = 0.007) in the observed associations between London and the provincial regions with Greater London having a moderately strong negative association (r = -0.40; P = 0.02) and the rest of England a weak positive association (r = 0.17; P = 0.004)., Conclusions: Deprivation, older age distribution and a lack of ethnic diversity seems to explain raised suicide risk in Brexit-voting communities. A greater sense of alienation among people feeling 'left behind'/'left out' may have had some influence too, although multilevel modelling of individual- versus area-level data are needed to examine these complex relationships. The incongruent ecological relationship observed for London likely reflect its distinct social, economic and health context.
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- 2020
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47. Temporal trends in incidence of hospital-treated self-harm among adolescents in Denmark: national register-based study.
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Steeg S, Carr MJ, Mok PLH, Pedersen CB, Antonsen S, Ashcroft DM, Kapur N, Erlangsen A, Nordentoft M, and Webb RT
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- Adolescent, Child, Denmark epidemiology, Female, Humans, Incidence, Income, Male, Registries, Risk Factors, Young Adult, Economic Recession, Hospitalization trends, Self-Injurious Behavior epidemiology, Time Factors
- Abstract
Background: Studies conducted in the UK and in Ireland have reported increased rates of self-harm in adolescent females from around the time of the 2008 economic recession and through periods of subsequent national austerity programme implementation. It is not known if incidence rates have increased similarly in other Western European countries during this period., Methods: Data from interlinked national administrative registers were extracted for individuals born in Denmark during 1981-2006. We estimated gender- and age-specific incidence rates (IRs) per 10,000 person-years at risk for hospital-treated non-fatal self-harm during 2000-2016 at ages 10-19 years., Results: Incidence of self-harm peaked in 2007 (IR 25.1) and then decreased consistently year on year to 13.8 in 2016. This pattern was found in all age groups, in both males and females and in each parental income tertile. During the last 6 years of the observation period, 2011-2016, girls aged 13-16 had the highest incidence rates whereas, among boys, incidence was highest among 17-19 year olds throughout., Conclusions: The temporal increases in incidence rates of self-harm among adolescents observed in some Western European countries experiencing major economic recession were not observed in Denmark. Restrictions to sales of analgesics, access to dedicated suicide prevention clinics, higher levels of social spending and a stronger welfare system may have protected potentially vulnerable adolescents from the increases seen in other countries. A better understanding of the specific mechanisms behind the temporal patterns in self-harm incidence in Denmark is needed to help inform suicide prevention in other nations.
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- 2020
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48. Substance misuse disorder linked to high risk of self-harm.
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Steeg S and Mok PLH
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- Case-Control Studies, Hong Kong, Humans, Self-Injurious Behavior, Substance-Related Disorders
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- 2020
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49. Advance decisions to refuse treatment and suicidal behaviour in emergency care: 'it's very much a step into the unknown'.
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Quinlivan L, Nowland R, Steeg S, Cooper J, Meehan D, Godfrey J, Robertson D, Longson D, Potokar J, Davies R, Allen N, Huxtable R, Mackway-Jones K, Hawton K, Gunnell D, and Kapur N
- Abstract
Background: Complex challenges may arise when patients present to emergency services with an advance decision to refuse life-saving treatment following suicidal behaviour., Aims: To investigate the use of advance decisions to refuse treatment in the context of suicidal behaviour from the perspective of clinicians and people with lived experience of self-harm and/or psychiatric services., Method: Forty-one participants aged 18 or over from hospital services (emergency departments, liaison psychiatry and ambulance services) and groups of individuals with experience of psychiatric services and/or self-harm were recruited to six focus groups in a multisite study in England. Data were collected in 2016 using a structured topic guide and included a fictional vignette. They were analysed using thematic framework analysis., Results: Advance decisions to refuse treatment for suicidal behaviour were contentious across groups. Three main themes emerged from the data: (a) they may enhance patient autonomy and aid clarity in acute emergencies, but also create legal and ethical uncertainty over treatment following self-harm; (b) they are anxiety provoking for clinicians; and (c) in practice, there are challenges in validation (for example, validating the patient's mental capacity at the time of writing), time constraints and significant legal/ethical complexities., Conclusions: The potential for patients to refuse life-saving treatment following suicidal behaviour in a legal document was challenging and anxiety provoking for participants. Clinicians should act with caution given the potential for recovery and fluctuations in suicidal ideation. Currently, advance decisions to refuse treatment have questionable use in the context of suicidal behaviour given the challenges in validation. Discussion and further patient research are needed in this area., Declaration of Interest: D.G., K.H. and N.K. are members of the Department of Health's (England) National Suicide Prevention Advisory Group. N.K. chaired the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guideline development group for the longer-term management of self-harm and the NICE Topic Expert Group (which developed the quality standards for self-harm services). He is currently chair of the updated NICE guideline for Depression. K.H. and D.G. are NIHR Senior Investigators. K.H. is also supported by the Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust and N.K. by the Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust.
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- 2019
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50. Risk of dying unnaturally among people aged 15-35 years who have harmed themselves and inflicted violence on others: a national nested case-control study.
- Author
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Steeg S, Webb RT, Mok PLH, Pedersen CB, Antonsen S, Kapur N, and Carr MJ
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Case-Control Studies, Denmark epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Registries, Risk, Young Adult, Accidents mortality, Cause of Death, Self-Injurious Behavior epidemiology, Suicide, Violence statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: Self-harm and violent criminality have overlapping causes, but people who engage in these behaviours are typically studied as two discrete populations. In this study, we aimed to examine the risk of unnatural death (ie, death from external causes such as accidents, suicide, and undetermined causes) among people with a history of self-harm and violent crime, focusing specifically on those with co-occurring behaviours., Methods: For this population-based nested case-control study, we used national interlinked Danish registers. Individuals aged 35 years or younger, who were alive and residing in the country on their 15th birthday, and who died from external causes (cases) were matched by age and gender to living people (controls). We compared risks of suicide, accidental death, and any death by external causes among those with a history of hospital-treated self-harm, violent criminality, or both behaviours with those in individuals without histories of either behaviour. We estimated incidence rate ratios (IRRs), adjusted for age and gender, to compare risks., Findings: We identified 2246 individuals who died from external causes, whom we matched to 44 920 living controls. 1499 (66·7%) of 2246 individuals died from accidental causes and 604 (26·9%) died by suicide. The risk of unnatural death was elevated for individuals with a history of violence (IRR 5·19, 95% CI 4·45-6·06) or self-harm (12·65, 10·84-14·77), but the greatest risk increase was among those with histories of both behaviours (29·37, 23·08-37·38). Substance misuse disorders, particularly multiple drug use, was more prevalent among individuals with co-occurring self-harm and violence than among those engaging in just one of these behaviours. Psychiatric disorders seemed to account for some of the excess risk of unnatural death among people with dual-harm histories, but excess risk, particularly of accidental death, persisted in the multivariable models., Interpretation: Among individuals with co-occurring self-harm and violence, the risk of accidental death, particularly accidental self-poisoning, should be considered to be as important as the risk of suicide. People with a history of both behaviours who also have a substance misuse disorder are at particularly high risk of dying from external causes. Strategies should be designed to be accessible for people facing turbulent lives with multiple problems. Individuals in this group with both behaviours are likely to be treated by health-care services for self-harm and have contact with criminal justice services, providing multiple opportunities for proactive intervention., Funding: European Research Council., (Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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