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The Retrospective chart review of experienced patients on didanosine (ddl) plus stavudine (d4T) was conducted at a single institution to record the development of adverse events as well as their severity and action taken, is presented. Multiexperienced patients treated with combinations, including ddl plus d4T frequently develop drug-related toxicity but these events are rarely severe and so the drugs could still be considered a valid option for salvage regimens.

A study was conducted to analyze relations between mitochondrial toxicity, adipokine expression, and clinical lipoatrophy (LA) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and adipose samples from individuals treated with stavudine (d4T) or zidovudine (ZDV). It was found that patients with LA on d4T-based regimen show evidence of mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction, whereas d4-T and ZDV-based regimens demonstrated reduced sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBPlc) and adiponectin levels similar to protease inhibitors (PIs).

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF) is the first nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor approved for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and a test was conducted to assess its efficacy and safety compared with stavudine in antiretroviral-naive patients. It was found, over a period 144 weeks, that combination of tenofovir DF, lamivudine and efavirenz was highly effective and also comparable with a combination of stavudine, lamivudine and efavirenz in antiretroviral-naive patients.

A test was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of emtricitabine as compared to stavudine in combination with didanosine and efavirenz. It was found that drug, emtricitabine administered once daily showed greater virological efficacy, steady response and tolerability as compared to stavudine administered twice daily combined with didanosine and efavirenz.

The rate of thymidine analogue resistance mutations (TAMs) is determined by subjecting serial plasma samples from treatment-naive subjects, who were randomly assigned to receive Zidovudine (ZDV) and stavudine (d4T) in combination with lamivudine to genotype analysis of HIV-1. During the treatment with ZDV or d4T, it was observed that the TAMs may be accumulated at the same rates but the specific pattern of mutations may vary.

Research has been conducted on protease inhibitor atazanavir. The dose levels of this medication have been compared with those of nelfinavir as a monotherapy and in combination with didanosine and stavudine, and the results of this clinical trial carried out to compare safety, tolerability and antiretroviral efficacy of these three doses are reported.

Comprehensive information on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimens in rural Sub‐Saharan Africa over time is scarce, particularly on the use of stavudine (d4T) and second‐line regimens. Since 2010, World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines discourage using stavudine in first‐line regimens due to frequent and severe side‐effects. This study examined the practical adaption of this phasing‐out and described trends in use of various cART combinations in a rural Tanzanian setting. We analyzed longitudinal, prospectively collected data of HIV‐1‐infected adults initiating cART within the Kilombero Ulanga Antiretroviral Cohort (KIULARCO) in Ifakara, Tanzania from 2007–2011. This analysis included data of 3068 patients over a 5‐year period. Of these subjects, 1997 (66.9%) were female, median age was 37 (interquartile range [IQR] 31–44) years and median CD4 cell count at enrollment was 178 cells/µl (IQR 88‐291). The percentage of prescriptions containing stavudine in initial regimens (Table 1) fell from a peak of 75% in 2008 to 12.2% in 2011 (p for trend Initial cART with stavudine declined to low levels according to recommendations but the overall use of stavudine remains substantial. The usage of second‐line treatment is unusually low in view of expected therapeutic failure rates, indicating potential difficulties in management of suspected treatment failure cases. Monitoring of prescription trends is a simple and feasible approach to identify deficits in the implementation of treatment guidelines for optimal outcomes., Abbreviations DOI: [...]