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Purpose To report the anatomic and functional outcomes of autologous retinal transplantation (ART). Design Multicenter, retrospective, interventional, consecutive case series. Participants One hundred thirty eyes of 130 patients undergoing ART for the repair of primary and refractory macular holes (MHs), as well as combined MH-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (MH-RRD), between January 2017 and December 2019. Methods All patients underwent pars plana vitrectomy and ART, with surgeon modification of intraoperative variables. A large array of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data was collected. Two masked reviewers graded OCT images. Multivariate statistical analysis and subgroup analysis were performed. Main Outcome Measures Macular hole closure rate, visual acuity (VA), external limiting membrane and ellipsoid zone (EZ) band integrity, and alignment of neurosensory layers (ANL) on OCT. Results One hundred thirty ART surgeries were performed by 33 vitreoretinal surgeons worldwide. Patient demographics were: mean age of 63 ± 6.3 years, 58% female, 41% White, 23% Black, 19% Asian, and 17% Latino. Preoperative VA was 1.37 ± 0.12 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR; Snellen equivalent, approximately 20/500), which improved significantly to 1.05 ± 0.09 logMAR (Snellen equivalent, approximately 20/225; P Conclusions In this global experience, patients undergoing ART for large primary and refractory MHs and MH-RRDs achieved good anatomic and functional outcomes, with low complication rates despite complex surgical pathologic features.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To quantify vessel tortuosity among infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study including 61 RetCam images from 33 infants. The laser treatment (LT) group included 17 infants who underwent laser for ROP. The no-treatment (NT) group included 16 infants. The modified ROPtool was used to calculate mean vessel tortuosity (MVT) and highest vessel tortuosity (HVT) for the participants and for the standard plus disease photograph from the Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity (ETROP) study. RESULTS: The median MVT was 1.226 versus 1.056 for the LT and NT groups, respectively ( P < .001). The median HVT was 1.346 versus 1.088 ( P < .001). An MVT of 1.124 was 96.7% sensitive and 100% specific for identifying infants with treatment-requiring ROP. Both MVT and HVT cutoff values correctly captured plus disease in the standard ETROP trial photograph. CONCLUSION: The modified ROPtool can be used to identify infants who have treatment-requiring ROP with a high level of sensitivity and specificity. [ Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina . 2019;50:215–220.]

Purpose To report the ocular and adnexal injuries sustained by patients with Thomas A. Swift’s electric rifles (TASER; TASER International, Scottsdale, AZ), review the literature, and discuss the management of this complex trauma. Design Multicenter, retrospective case series and literature review. Participants Seventeen eyes of 16 patients (5 eyes of 5 patients treated at 3 institutions, and 12 eyes of 11 previously reported cases). Methods The clinical data of 17 eyes were pooled. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to assess the association between the extent of TASER injury and patient outcomes. Main Outcome Measures Extent of TASER injury (zone of injury, penetrating vs. perforating) and association with patient outcomes (visual acuity [VA] and retinal detachment [RD]). Results In our cohort, 4 patients were transported by law enforcement and 1 was transferred from a community hospital. Four patients were taken to the operating room for TASER removal and globe repair; 1 patient underwent removal in the emergency room. Of 17 pooled cases, 12 (71%) involved open-globe injury. Of these, there was a high rate of zone 3 injuries (100%; n = 12) and a high incidence of RD (73%; 8 of 11, eviscerated eye excluded). Among patients with closed-globe injury (n = 5), 1 patient demonstrated exudative RD and 1 patient demonstrated retinal dialysis with RD. Of 10 patients with RD, 1 (10%) achieved resolution with monitoring (exudative RD); 1 (10%) underwent cryopexy and pneumatic retinopexy; 3 (30%) underwent vitrectomy, and 5 (50%) with poor prognosis did not undergo vitreoretinal surgery. In the 3 patients who underwent vitrectomy, all 3 (100%) demonstrated redetachment resulting from proliferative vitreoretinopathy and required additional surgery. Visual acuity on presentation was significantly correlated with final VA (ρ = 0.783; P = 0.02). Men (94%) were more likely than women (6%) to sustain TASER trauma. Median age was 26 years. There was a 50% rate of loss to follow-up. Conclusions Thomas A. Swift’s electric rifle injuries to the eyes or ocular adnexa represent complex trauma. Zone 3 injuries are common. The visual prognosis is guarded, and eyes may require multiple surgeries to preserve vision. Patients are at high risk for loss to follow-up by way of incarceration.

To evaluate the clinical course of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) after developing endophthalmitis during their treatment with intravitreal injections.Multicenter, retrospective series.From April 2013 to October 2018, 196,598 intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections were performed, with 75 cases of endophthalmitis (incidence 0.0381%). There was no association between intravitreal anti-VEGF drug (P = 0.29), anesthetic method (P = 0.26), povidone concentration (P = 0.22), or any intraprocedure variable and endophthalmitis incidence. Seventy-two patients (96%) were treated with intravitreal tap and inject , while 3 underwent immediate pars plana vitrectomy. After endophthalmitis resolution, 17 patients (22.7%) were not re-treated for nAMD (in 10 cases due to inactive disease; follow-up, 115 ± 8.4 weeks). Patients required less frequent anti-VEGF injections after infection (7.4 ± 0.61 weeks vs. 11.5 ± 1.8 weeks; P = 0.004). Preinfection logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity was 0.585 ± 0.053 (∼20/77). It worsened with endophthalmitis (1.67 ± 0.08, ∼20/935; P0.001) and again on postendophthalmitis treatment day 1 (1.94 ± 0.064; count fingers; P0.001), but improved after reinitiating nAMD therapy (1.02 ± 0.11; ∼20/209; P0.001). Better visual acuity on postendophthalmitis week 1 (P = 0.002) and reinitiation of nAMD treatment (P = 0.008) were associated with better final visual acuity, and streptococcal culture with worse visual acuity (P = 0.028). The postendophthalmitis treatment interval was associated with the anti-VEGF drug used (aflibercept = ranibizumabbevacizumab; P0.001).Patients with nAMD required fewer injections after endophthalmitis, suggesting a biological change in disease activity. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration became quiescent in 13.3% of eyes. Most achieved better outcomes with anti-VEGF reinitiation.

Purpose To evaluate the retinal periphery in patients with idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasis or macular telangiectasis type 2 (MacTel2), using widefield fluorescein angiography (WFA). Methods Single-center, retrospective, observational case series of 50 eyes of 50 patients with MacTel2 and 50 eyes of 50 age-matched controls. Results Thirty-seven eyes in the MacTel2 group (74%) showed peripheral capillary nonperfusion or dropout, compared to 37 eyes in the control group (74%, p=1.0). Morphologically, the MacTel2 group trended towards having a higher proportion of pruning-type capillary dropout (44%) compared to controls (28%), but this was not statistically significant (p=0.12). Patients with MacTel2 had a higher incidence of microaneurysms compared to controls (MacTel2 56%; Controls 42%; p=0.048), independent of age or systemic risk factors. There was no difference in the incidence of venous-venous shunts (MacTel2 10%; Controls 10%; p=1.0), arteriovenous shunts (MacTel2 14%; Controls 18%; p=0.60), venous tortuosity (MacTel2 60%; Controls 66%; p=0.58), or arterial tortuosity (MacTel2 54%; Controls 68%; p=0.20), which was mild in the majority of cases. Conclusions We note a high incidence of peripheral vascular and retinal findings in both patients with MacTel2 and age-matched controls, using WFA. Patients with MacTel2 had significantly more microaneurysms, independent of age or other systemic risk factors.Summary SUMMARY:: We note a high incidence of peripheral retinal vascular findings in both patients with macular telangiectasis type 2 and age-matched controls. Patients with MacTel2 had significantly more microaneurysms compared to controls, independent of age or other systemic risk factors.

The classification of macular hole closure patterns (MHCPs) currently relies on time domain OCT allowing only “open” and “closed” statuses or is based on inner foveal contour shape. Both classification types give no information on retinal layer reconstitution. Novel sophisticated surgical techniques lead to previously unknown MHCPs, outdating existing classifications and urging new ones. The purpose of the present study is to introduce a new classification allowing proper description of all MHCPs resulting from newer surgeries and based on the restoration of retinal layers. Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing MH surgery with five different surgical techniques was performed. MHCPs were classified according to spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Type 0: open MH (0A: flat margin, 0B: elevated, 0C: oedematous); type 1: closed MHs (1A: reconstitution all retinal layers; 1B interruption of the external layers; 1C interruption of internal layers); type 2: MH closed with autologous or heterologous filling tissue interrupting the normal foveal layered anatomy (2A: filling tissue through all layers; 2B reconstitution of normal inner retinal layers; 2C reconstitution of normal outer retinal layers; 2D H-shaped bridging of filling tissue). Closure rate was 95.2% (241/253). Surgical technique and vision correlated to closure pattern (p < 0.001). Type 1 MHCPs had the best post-operative visual acuity (VA) compared with type 2 and type 0 (p < 0.001). MHCPs 1A and 1C performed better than all others. MHCP at months 1 and 3 changed in 42/254 (16.5%) and remained stable in 212/254 (83.5%). Improvement in vision was higher in eyes with shifting closure pattern (0.57 ± 0.33 vs 0.51 ± 0.48 logMAR; p 0.021). MHCP classification based on retinal layer restoration properly comprises post-operative anatomic morphologies. MHCPs correlate the surgical technique and post-operative visual outcomes.

To report the anatomic and functional outcomes of autologous retinal transplantation (ART).Multicenter, retrospective, interventional, consecutive case series.One hundred thirty eyes of 130 patients undergoing ART for the repair of primary and refractory macular holes (MHs), as well as combined MH-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (MH-RRD), between January 2017 and December 2019.All patients underwent pars plana vitrectomy and ART, with surgeon modification of intraoperative variables. A large array of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data was collected. Two masked reviewers graded OCT images. Multivariate statistical analysis and subgroup analysis were performed.Macular hole closure rate, visual acuity (VA), external limiting membrane and ellipsoid zone (EZ) band integrity, and alignment of neurosensory layers (ANL) on OCT.One hundred thirty ART surgeries were performed by 33 vitreoretinal surgeons worldwide. Patient demographics were: mean age of 63 ± 6.3 years, 58% female, 41% White, 23% Black, 19% Asian, and 17% Latino. Preoperative VA was 1.37 ± 0.12 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR; Snellen equivalent, approximately 20/500), which improved significantly to 1.05 ± 0.09 logMAR (Snellen equivalent, approximately 20/225; P0.001) after surgery (mean follow-up, 8.6 ± 0.8 months). Autologous retinal transplantation was performed for primary MH repair in 27% of patients (n = 35), for refractory MH in 58% of patients (n = 76; mean number of previous surgeries, 1.6 ± 0.2), and for MH-RRD in 15% of patients (n = 19). Mean maximum MH diameter was 1470 ± 160 μm, mean minimum diameter was 840 ± 94 μm, and mean axial length was 24.6 ± 3.2 mm. Overall, 89% of MHs closed (78.5% complete; 10% small eccentric defect), with a 95% closure rate in MH-RRD (68.4% complete; 26.3% small eccentric defect). Visual acuity improved by at least 3 lines in 43% of eyes and by at least 5 lines in 29% of eyes. Reconstitution of the EZ (P = 0.02) and ANL (P = 0.01) on OCT were associated with better final VA. Five cases of ART graft dislocation (3.8%), 5 cases of postoperative retinal detachment (3.8%), and 1 case of endophthalmitis (0.77%) occurred.In this global experience, patients undergoing ART for large primary and refractory MHs and MH-RRDs achieved good anatomic and functional outcomes, with low complication rates despite complex surgical pathologic features.

Purpose To evaluate the natural history of congenital X-linked retinoschisis (CXLRS) and to assess disease stability or progression over time. Design Retrospective case series at a single-center, tertiary care, pediatric retina practice. Participants One hundred two eyes of 51 patients with CXLRS. Methods The clinical examinations, fundus photographs, and OCT images of all patients with CXLRS were assessed. Eyes that initially demonstrated combined retinoschisis–retinal detachments and those with large, centrally overhanging schisis cavities were excluded from the analysis (n = 49) because they underwent surgery, which precluded observation of the natural disease course. Main Outcome Measures Stability or conversion of CXLRS phenotype over time. Results Fifty-three eyes met inclusion criteria for observation of natural disease history over time. At the time of diagnosis, 7.5% of eyes showed type 1 disease (n = 4), 17% showed type 2 disease (n = 9), 66% showed type 3 disease (n = 35), and 9.5% showed type 4 disease (n = 5). Mean length of follow-up was 7.4 years. A total of 7.5% of eyes demonstrated a combined retinoschisis–retinal detachment requiring surgery (n = 4), whereas 1.8% demonstrated a large, centrally overhanging schisis cavity requiring surgery (n = 1). Overall, 83% of eyes (n = 44) remained the same type without conversion or development of a complication requiring surgery. The remaining 17% of eyes (n = 9) experienced some type of change from their baseline diagnosis, with 7.5% (n = 4) converting between phenotypes and 9.5% (n = 5) demonstrating a complication requiring surgery; 3.75% of eyes (n = 2) converted from type 2 to 3 and 7.5% of eyes (n = 4) converted from type 3 to a combined retinoschisis–retinal detachment with mean time to conversion of 4.07 years. Conclusions This longitudinal study conveyed the natural history of CXLRS. Congenital X-linked retinoschisis displayed long-term stability in 83% of eyes with conversion or progression of the disease to a more severe phenotype in the remaining cases. Type 3 CXLRS was a risk factor for the development of a combined retinoschisis–retinal detachment and may benefit from closer follow-up.

Purpose: To report the clinical presentation, multimodal imaging, and management of a patient with metastatic melanoma who presented with cystoid macular edema (CME). Observations: We report a case of a 71-year-old Caucasian male with metastatic melanoma who presented with bilateral cystoid macular edema after being on treatment with a programmed T cell death ligand 1 inhibitor, MPDL3280, for 1 year. Multimodal imaging techniques, including color fundus photographs, autofluorescence, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), fluorescein angiography (Spectralis, Heidelberg, Germany), and spectral-domain OCT angiography (Zeiss; California, USA) were performed to evaluate the etiology of his CME and to monitor his response to treatment. Clinical examination and multimodal imaging revealed 1 + chronic vitreous cells, an epiretinal membrane, and mild macular edema in both eyes. Fundus autofluorescence showed paravenous hypoautofluorescence in the right eye and scattered hypoautofluorescent spots in the left eye. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) revealed mild drop out of superficial vessels in the peri-foveal region bilaterally. These findings were concerning for melanoma-associated retinopathy, drug-related uveitis, or activation of a previous chronic autoimmune process. The patient was started on prednisone 30 mg oral daily and ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% 1 drop four times daily. He was then treated with bilateral sustained-release dexamethasone intravitreal implants (Ozurdex). He had complete resolution of CME, and was tapered off of oral steroids within 6 weeks. Conclusions and Importance: Melanoma-associated retinopathy can be accompanied by CME, which presents a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma in cases where a new drug has been recently initiated. By treating the condition locally, the ophthalmologist may be able to taper systemic immunosuppression more quickly. Keywords: Cystoid macular edema, Melanoma, Melanoma-associated retinopathy, PD-L1 inhibitor, Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), Multimodal imaging

Optic nerve aplasia (ONA) is a rare phenomenon characterized by absence of the optic nerve, retinal blood vessels, and retinal ganglion cells. The authors report a case of optic nerve aplasia in association with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, conveyed through multimodal imaging including color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and B-scan ultrasonography. Furthermore, the authors review the common ocular findings and previously reported cases of ONA in congenital CMV infection. Screening and counseling can be performed to advise parents about the potential risks and severity of this rare clinical manifestation. [ Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina . 2019;50:e171–e175.]

Purpose To describe a case of small retinal vessel vasculopathy postvaccination. Methods We report the case of a 41-year-old white man who presented with a "second blind spot," describing a nasal scotoma in the right eye that started 4 days after vaccinations against Neisseria meningitidis and the yellow fever virus, and after a 2-month period of high stress and decreased sleep. Clinical examination, Humphrey visual field testing, and multimodal imaging with fundus photographs, autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography and angiography were performed. Results Clinical examination revealed a well-circumscribed, triangular area of retinal graying of about 1-disk diameter in size, located at the border of the temporal macula. This corresponded to a deep scotoma similar in size to the physiologic blind spot on Humphrey visual field 24-2 testing. There was mild hypoautofluoresence of this lesion on autofluorescence, hypofluorescence on fluorescein angiography, and focal attenuation of a small artery just distal to the bifurcation of an artery supplying the involved area. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography through the lesion conveyed hyperreflectivity most prominent in the inner and outer plexiform layers, with extension of the hyperreflectivity into the ganglion cell and inner nuclear layers. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography angiography demonstrated arteriolar and capillary dropout, more pronounced in the superficial retinal layer compared to the deeper retinal layer. At 1-month follow-up, his scotoma improved with monitoring, with reduction from -32 dB to -7 dB on Humphrey visual field testing. There was clinical resolution of the area of graying and decreased hyperreflectivity on spectral domain optical coherence tomography, with atrophy of the inner retina. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography angiography showed progression of arteriolar and capillary dropout, more so in the superficial than in the deep capillary plexus. Conclusion We describe a case of small artery occlusion in a previously healthy patient, 4 days after vaccination against N. meningitidis and yellow fever. Fluorescein angiography yielded greater diagnostic value than OCTA for evaluating the occlusion, whereas spectral domain optical coherence tomography angiography enabled better visualization of capillary dropout and layer-specific assessment. Further research is required to determine whether vaccination in general, or directed specifically at N. meningitidis or yellow fever, is associated with small vessel vasculopathy and the underlying pathogenesis.

To report the ocular and adnexal injuries sustained by patients with Thomas A. Swift's electric rifles (TASER; TASER International, Scottsdale, AZ), review the literature, and discuss the management of this complex trauma.Multicenter, retrospective case series and literature review.Seventeen eyes of 16 patients (5 eyes of 5 patients treated at 3 institutions, and 12 eyes of 11 previously reported cases).The clinical data of 17 eyes were pooled. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to assess the association between the extent of TASER injury and patient outcomes.Extent of TASER injury (zone of injury, penetrating vs. perforating) and association with patient outcomes (visual acuity [VA] and retinal detachment [RD]).In our cohort, 4 patients were transported by law enforcement and 1 was transferred from a community hospital. Four patients were taken to the operating room for TASER removal and globe repair; 1 patient underwent removal in the emergency room. Of 17 pooled cases, 12 (71%) involved open-globe injury. Of these, there was a high rate of zone 3 injuries (100%; n = 12) and a high incidence of RD (73%; 8 of 11, eviscerated eye excluded). Among patients with closed-globe injury (n = 5), 1 patient demonstrated exudative RD and 1 patient demonstrated retinal dialysis with RD. Of 10 patients with RD, 1 (10%) achieved resolution with monitoring (exudative RD); 1 (10%) underwent cryopexy and pneumatic retinopexy; 3 (30%) underwent vitrectomy, and 5 (50%) with poor prognosis did not undergo vitreoretinal surgery. In the 3 patients who underwent vitrectomy, all 3 (100%) demonstrated redetachment resulting from proliferative vitreoretinopathy and required additional surgery. Visual acuity on presentation was significantly correlated with final VA (ρ = 0.783; P = 0.02). Men (94%) were more likely than women (6%) to sustain TASER trauma. Median age was 26 years. There was a 50% rate of loss to follow-up.Thomas A. Swift's electric rifle injuries to the eyes or ocular adnexa represent complex trauma. Zone 3 injuries are common. The visual prognosis is guarded, and eyes may require multiple surgeries to preserve vision. Patients are at high risk for loss to follow-up by way of incarceration.

Filopodia are 5-10 μm long processes that elongate by actin polymerization, and promote axon growth and guidance by exerting mechanical tension and by molecular signaling. Although axons elongate in response to mechanical tension, the structural and functional effects of tension specifically applied to growth cone filopodia are unknown. Here we developed a strategy to apply tension specifically to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) growth cone filopodia through surface-functionalized, membrane-targeted superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). When magnetic fields were applied to surface-bound SPIONs, RGC filopodia elongated directionally, contained polymerized actin filaments, and generated retrograde forces, behaving as bona fide filopodia. Data presented here support the premise that mechanical tension induces filopodia growth but counter the hypothesis that filopodial tension directly promotes growth cone advance. Future applications of these approaches may be used to induce sustained forces on multiple filopodia or other subcellular microstructures to study axon growth or cell migration. From the clinical editor: Mechanical tension to the tip of filopodia is known to promote axonal growth. In this article, the authors used superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) targeted specifically to membrane molecules, then applied external magnetic field to elicit filopodial elongation, which provided a tool to study the role of mechanical forces in filopodia dynamics and function.

Purpose To report a case of symblepharon due to epidermolysis bullosa (EB), surgical treatment, and follow-up to 14 years. Methods A 17-year-old white female with recessive dystrophic EB presented with decreased vision due to extensive symblepharon OU. There was opacification and neovascularization of the cornea OU with limited motility. Results The symblepharon was surgically lysed, anterior lamellar keratectomy performed, and amniotic membrane graft transplanted to the cornea and palpebral conjunctiva, first in the OS and subsequently in the OD. Visual acuity improved from counting fingers to 20/40 in the OS and from 20/200 to 20/70 in the OD at 2 months and 6 weeks postoperatively, respectively, with minimal symblepharon, mild corneal scarring, neovascularization, and haze of OU. She recovered full ductions, but noted diplopia and had a 35 prism diopter exotropia. Symblepharon resolved after 6 months, and alignment improved to 4 prism diopter exophoria. At 14 years follow-up, visual acuity was 20/20 in the OD and 20/30 in the OS, with clear cornea, maintained on fluorometholone 0.1% one drop OU at bedtime. Conclusions Surgical symblepharolysis, superficial lamellar keratectomy, and amniotic membrane graft transplantation were effective for our patient with recessive dystrophic EB. Her postoperative exotropia resolved over time with monitoring and convergence exercises.

PURPOSE To report outcomes and prognostic factors after epiretinal membrane peeling in patients with previous rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair. METHODS A consecutive case series. Best-corrected visual acuity and optical coherence tomography characteristics were analyzed before and after epiretinal membrane surgery. RESULTS Fifty-three eyes were analyzed. Best-corrected visual acuity improved by a mean of 10 letters at 1 month (N = 45; P = 0.001), 15 at 3 months (N = 42; P < 0.001), 11 at 6 months (N = 35; P = 0.001), and 16 at 12 months (N = 33; P < 0.001). The mean optical coherence tomography central foveal thickness decreased by 141 (N = 22; P < 0.001), 185 (N = 24; P < 0.001), 180 (N = 17; P = 0.001), and 151 μm (N = 9; P = 0.017) at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Better preoperative best-corrected visual acuity correlated with better best-corrected visual acuity at all follow-up visits (P ≤ 0.001). Intact preoperative inner segment/outer segment junction and external limiting membrane line, but not the change in central foveal thickness or location of fluid, correlated with better postoperative best-corrected visual acuity through 6 months. CONCLUSION Epiretinal membrane peeling after previous rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair resulted in significant improvements in visual acuity and optical coherence tomography thickness, even in eyes with previous macula-involving rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Better preoperative visual acuity and intact outer retinal layers by optical coherence tomography were the main prognostic factors for visual outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy is increasing in popularity for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Despite many technical benefits, issues remain prompting further investigation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective case report and literature review. RESULTS: A 42-week-old postmenstrual age female with gestational age of 28 weeks and birth weight of 990 g presented with prominent progression of peripapillary purely tractional atypical stage 4A ROP in both eyes following intravitreal bevacizumab therapy in the right eye only. CONCLUSION: The authors present the first reported case, to their knowledge, of a “crunch” phenomenon tractional retinal detachment from fellow eye administration of bevacizumab. [ Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina . 2018;49:e102–e104.]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate patterns of subretinal fluid (SRF) resolution in Group D retinoblastoma eyes. Fifty-three Group D eyes were evaluated for the presence of SRF at diagnosis. They were subsequently treated with systemic chemoreduction (CRD) and the duration of SRF was evaluated. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between duration of SRF and enucleation. Among the 53 Group D eyes, 42 eyes exhibited SRF at diagnosis (79%). After the first cycle of CRD, 27/42 eyes showed SRF (64%); 8/42 eyes demonstrated SRF after three cycles of CRD (19%), and only 3/42 eyes had SRF after six cycles (7%). Ten eyes were enucleated (10/53 or 19%). Only 1 of 10 eyes demonstrated persistent SRF at the time of enucleation. This retrospective analysis of patterns of subretinal fluid in retinoblastoma eyes demonstrates that 80% of Group D eyes present with SRF. Of these eyes, approximately 60% have persistent fluid after one cycle of CRD and less than 10% have persistent fluid after six cycles. However, presence or persistence of SRF during chemoreduction was not found to be a risk factor for enucleation in Group D retinoblastoma eyes.

Understanding neurite growth regulation remains a seminal problem in neurobiology. During development and regeneration, neurite growth is modulated by neurotrophin-activated signaling endosomes that transmit regulatory signals between soma and growth cones. After injury, delivering neurotrophic therapeutics to injured neurons is limited by our understanding of how signaling endosome localization in the growth cone affects neurite growth. Nanobiotechnology is providing new tools to answer previously inaccessible questions. Here, we show superparamagnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) functionalized with TrkB agonist antibodies are endocytosed into signaling endosomes by primary neurons that activate TrkB-dependent signaling, gene expression and promote neurite growth. These MNP signaling endosomes are trafficked into nascent and existing neurites and transported between somas and growth cones in vitro and in vivo. Manipulating MNP-signaling endosomes by a focal magnetic field alters growth cone motility and halts neurite growth in both peripheral and central nervous system neurons, demonstrating signaling endosome localization in the growth cone regulates motility and neurite growth. These data suggest functionalized MNPs may be used as a platform to study subcellular organelle localization and to deliver nanotherapeutics to treat injury or disease in the central nervous system.

Knobloch syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a triad of high myopia, vitreoretinal degeneration, and congenital occipital scalp defects. On literature review of all reported cases, 25 of 85 eyes (29%) of patients diagnosed as having Knobloch syndrome have suffered retinal detachment. Due to high myopia, surgical repair of the retinal detachment is challenging and patients frequently require several reoperations. Even after vitrectomy or scleral buckle for retinal detachment, the final visual acuity outcomes are poor, with 11 of 12 (92%) patients having 20/200 visual acuity or worse and 6 of 12 (50%) having counting fingers visual acuity or worse. The role of retinal detachment prophylaxis has been discussed for other vitreoretinal degeneration disorders, but not for this disease. The authors report the case of a child affected with Knobloch syndrome who presented with total retinal detachment in the left eye at 24 months of age. He underwent successful repair and was then treated with prophylactic scleral buckle implantation in the right eye 5 months later. The retina in both of his eyes remains attached 4 years later. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2014;51:e40–e43.]

To improve the delivery and integration of cell therapy using magnetic cell guidance for replacement of corneal endothelium, here we assess magnetic nanoparticles' (MNPs') effects on human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs) in vitro. Biocompatible, 50 nm superparamagnetic nanoparticles endocytosed by cultured HCECs induced no short- or long-term change in viability or identity. Assessment of guidance of the magnetic HCECs in the presence of different magnet shapes and field strengths showed a 2.4-fold increase in delivered cell density compared to gravity alone. After cell delivery, HCECs formed a functional monolayer, with no difference in tight junction formation between MNP-loaded and control HCECs. These data suggest that nanoparticle-mediated magnetic cell delivery may increase the efficiency of cell delivery without compromising HCEC survival, identity or function. Future studies may assess the safety and efficacy of this therapeutic modality in vivo. From the clinical editor: The authors show in this article that magnetic force facilitates the delivery of human corneal endothelial cells loaded by superparamagnetic nanoparticles to cornea, without changing their morphology, identity or functional properties. This novel idea can potentially have vast impact in the treatment of corneal endothelial dystrophies by providing self-endothelial cells after ex-vivo expansion.

To characterize the morphology of patterned scanning laser (PASCAL) panretinal photocoagulation.In this prospective cohort study, patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy or severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with high-risk characteristics, who were treated with PASCAL panretinal photocoagulation as part of their indicated clinical course, were serially imaged with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Thirty eyes of 25 patients were studied from 1 hour to 21 weeks after laser treatment.Over a quarter (26.1%) of all treatment spots were imaged by spectral domain optical coherence tomography 1 hour after PASCAL panretinal photocoagulation. At 1 hour (±30 minutes) after PASCAL treatment, spectral domain optical coherence tomography demonstrated retinal pigment epithelium detachment in 23 of 27 eyes (85.2%) and in 36.1% of all imaged laser spots. Detachments occurred preferentially at the photocoagulation edges in 48.4% of pigment epithelium detachments (PEDs). Linear regression analysis revealed that average laser power (Pearson's r = 0.671, P0.001) and average laser energy (Pearson's r = 0.588, P = 0.001) were significantly associated with PEDs observed 1 hour after treatment. Pigment epithelium detachments occurred at a rate of 9.2% ± 4.9% at an average power of 0 mW to 400 mW, 37.8% ± 9.5% at 401 mW to 800 mW, 42.1% ± 5.6% at 801 mW to 1,200 mW, and 53.6% ± 5.7% at1,200 mW. By a 1-week follow-up, no PEDs were observed, and the retinal pigment epithelium appeared morphologically similar to its preoperative structure by 3 weeks. Patient characteristics (study eye, sex, race, diagnosis, age, preoperative blood glucose, hemoglobin A1C, duration of diabetes, and body mass index) and other PASCAL parameters (number of laser applications, spot size, pulse duration, and average laser fluence) were not significantly associated with PEDs.Retinal pigment epithelium detachment occurs 1 hour after PASCAL treatment over a wide range of laser settings. Laser power and energy are positively correlated with the occurrence of PEDs, which are no longer observed by 1-week follow-up. Future studies might examine various acute posttreatment time points and directly compare the morphology of PASCAL burns with that of longer pulse-duration laser modalities.

Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and failed axonal regeneration after trauma or disease, including glaucomatous and mitochondrial optic neuropathies, are linked increasingly to dysfunctional mitochondrial dynamics. However, how mitochondrial dynamics influence axon growth largely is unstudied. We examined intrinsic mitochondrial organization in embryonic and postnatal RGCs and the roles that mitochondrial dynamics have in regulating neurite growth and guidance.RGCs were isolated from embryonic day 20 (E20) or postnatal days 5 to 7 (P5-7) Sprague-Dawley rats by anti-Thy1 immunopanning. After JC-1 loading, mitochondria were analyzed in acutely purified RGCs by flow cytometry and in RGC neurites by fluorescence microscopy. Intrinsic axon growth was modulated by overexpressing Krüppel-like family (KLF) transcription factors, or mitochondrial dynamics were altered by inhibiting dynamin related protein-1 (DRP-1) pharmacologically or by overexpressing mitofusin-2 (Mfn-2). Mitochondrial organization, neurite growth, and growth cone motility and guidance were analyzed.Mitochondrial dynamics and function are regulated developmentally in acutely purified RGCs and in nascent RGC neurites. Mitochondrial dynamics are modulated differentially by KLFs that promote or suppress growth. Acutely inhibiting mitochondrial fission reversibly suppressed axon growth and lamellar extension. Inhibiting DRP-1 or overexpressing Mfn-2 altered growth cone responses to chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, netrin-1, and fibronectin.These results support the hypothesis that mitochondria locally modulate signaling in the distal neurite and growth cone to affect the direction and the rate of neurite growth.