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Staurodiscus gotoi (Uchida, 1927) Staurodiscoides gotoi Uchida, 1927: 165, figs 1-2. Staurodiscus gotoi. – Kramp, 1961: 147. ‒ Kramp, 1965: 56. – Kramp, 1968: 70, fig. 183. ‒ Xu & Zhang, 1974: 20, fig. 9. – Bouillon, 1984: 65. – Bouillon & Barnett, 1999: 87, fig. 85. ‒ Xu et al., 2014: 577, fig. 455. Material examined: MHNG-INVE-33467,> 30 specimens of various developmental stages; New Zealand, Hauraki Gulf, Devonport, Narrow Neck Beach, 36.8123°S 174.8025°E, 0 m; collection date 26.07.2002; DNA isolate 126, 16S sequence FJ550472, COI MF000510, 18S sequence FJ550535, 28S sequence FJ550391; for photos of living specimens see Table 1. Diagnosis (NZ material): Umbrella somewhat higher than hemisphere, diameter 5-8 mm, jelly thick, at apex about half the bell height. Manubrium moderately long, cruciform in section, four simple lips. Four radial canals and circular canal rather broad. Radial canals in proximal half thick and on both sides with 2-4 lateral outgrowths, outgrowths thick, not strictly opposite, covered by gonad tissue, longer ones curved towards bell margin but not connected to circular canal. Bell margin with four large perradial bulbs tapering into long tentacles. Interradial tentacle bulbs present, in fully mature animals tapering into tentacles but these shorter than the perradial ones. All tentacle bulbs with a black abaxial ocellus. Occasionally some additional, very small adradial bulbs. Between perradial- and interradial bulbs usually three cordyli. Cordyli relatively large, hollow, cylindrical gastrodermal cells, with a few nematocysts at the tip. Some of the cordyli also with an ocellus near their origin. Polyps unknown. Variation: Young medusae have only two tentacles and very small lateral outgrowths of the radial canals. Xu & Zhang (1974) depicted an animal with 16 tentacles. Distribution: Japan, China, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, North Island of New Zealand (Kramp, 1965; Bouillon, 1984; Bouillon & Barnett, 1999). Type locality: Japan, Shizuoka Prefecture, Shimizu Bay. Remarks: The identification of this material as St. gotoi was largely influenced by Bouillon & Barnett (1999) who used also material provided by the author. There are nevertheless some differences of the New Zealand medusae to those of Japan and China: there are fewer cordyli (24-26 versus up to 88), the bell diameters are smaller (4-8 versus up to 15), the interradial tentacles are often small or absent, the mesogloea is much thicker, and the lateral outhgrowths are limited to the proximal half of the tentacles. It is assumed that these are population differences. Additionally, it was noted that the mesogloea shrinks in formalin-preserved animals. A later transfer into 70% ethanol makes the mesogloea disappear completely, resulting in a condition where the lateral outgrowths cf. the radial canals reach the bell margin. It is possible that some published illustrations of Staurodiscus species are actually based on such material with a shrunken bell. Family Eirenidae Haeckel, 1879 Genus Eirene Eschscholtz, 1829 Diagnosis: Eirenidae medusa with distinct, broad gastric peduncle; cirri absent; with or without excretory pores; 4-6 simple radial canals; gonads on subumbrellar part of radial canals, not extending to gastric peduncle; numerous statocysts (>8). The hydroids of ‘ Campanulina ’, ‘ Campanopsis ’ or ‘ Eugymnanthea ’ type (see Bouillon et al., 2006). Remark: Clytia species with a short gastric peduncle like Clytia gregaria (see below) are formally not distinguishable from Eirene species. Thus, some nominal Eirene species (Schuchert, 2017a; see Du et al., 2010 for a key to the species) with a shallow peduncle and no excretory papillae could therefore also be Clytia species. Life-cycle studies or DNA barcodes (Schuchert et al., 2017) have to confirm the identity of Eirene pentanemalis Lin, Xu & Huang, 2013, Eirene brevistylus Huang & Xu, 1994, and other similar species. Remarks: The identification of this material as St. gotoi was largely influenced by Bouillon & Barnett (1999) who used also material provided by the author. There are nevertheless some differences of the New Zealand medusae to those of Japan and China: there are fewer cordyli (24-26 versus up to 88), the bell diameters are smaller (4-8 versus up to 15), the interradial tentacles are often small or absent, the mesogloea is much thicker, and the lateral outhgrowths are limited to the proximal half of the tentacles. It is assumed that these are population differences. Additionally, it was noted that the mesogloea shrinks in formalin-preserved animals. A later transfer into 70% ethanol makes the mesogloea disappear completely, resulting in a condition where the lateral outgrowths cf. the radial canals reach the bell margin. It is possible that some published illustrations of Staurodiscus species are actually based on such material with a shrunken bell. Family Eirenidae Haeckel, 1879 Genus Eirene Eschscholtz, 1829 Diagnosis: Eirenidae medusa with distinct, broad gastric peduncle; cirri absent; with or without excretory pores; 4-6 simple radial canals; gonads on subumbrellar part of radial canals, not extending to gastric peduncle; numerous statocysts (>8). The hydroids of ‘ Campanulina ’, ‘ Campanopsis ’ or ‘ Eugymnanthea ’ type (see Bouillon et al., 2006). Remark: Clytia species with a short gastric peduncle like Clytia gregaria (see below) are formally not distinguishable from Eirene species. Thus, some nominal Eirene species (Schuchert, 2017a; see Du et al., 2010 for a key to the species) with a shallow peduncle and no excretory papillae could therefore also be Clytia species. Life-cycle studies or DNA barcodes (Schuchert et al., 2017) have to confirm the identity of Eirene pentanemalis Lin, Xu & Huang, 2013, Eirene brevistylus Huang & Xu, 1994, and other similar species. Genus Eirene Eschscholtz, 1829 Diagnosis: Eirenidae medusa with distinct, broad gastric peduncle; cirri absent; with or without excretory pores; 4-6 simple radial canals; gonads on subumbrellar part of radial canals, not extending to gastric peduncle; numerous statocysts (>8). The hydroids of ‘ Campanulina ’, ‘ Campanopsis ’ or ‘ Eugymnanthea ’ type (see Bouillon et al., 2006). Remark: Clytia species with a short gastric peduncle like Clytia gregaria (see below) are formally not distinguishable from Eirene species. Thus, some nominal Eirene species (Schuchert, 2017a; see Du et al., 2010 for a key to the species) with a shallow peduncle and no excretory papillae could therefore also be Clytia species. Life-cycle studies or DNA barcodes (Schuchert et al., 2017) have to confirm the identity of Eirene pentanemalis Lin, Xu & Huang, 2013, Eirene brevistylus Huang & Xu, 1994, and other similar species., Published as part of Peter Schuchert, 2017, Systematic notes on some leptomedusa species with a description of Neotima galeai n. spec. (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria), pp. 351-375 in Revue suisse de Zoologie 124 (2) on pages 357-358, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.893549, {"references":["Uchida T. 1927. Description of a new Leptomedusa, Staurodiscoides gotoi. Japanese Journal of Zoology 1 (5): 165 - 168.","Kramp P. L. 1961. Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 40: 1 - 469.","Kramp P. L. 1965. The hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Dana Report 63: 1 - 162.","Kramp P. L. 1968. The hydromedusae of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Sections II and III. Dana Report 72: 1 - 200.","Xu Z. Z., Zhang J. B. 1974. Studies on the meusa of the Fukien coast, China. III. On the taxonomy of hydromedusae, Siphonophores and Ctenophores off North Fukien [in Chinese]. Oceanologica et Technologica Sinica 2: 17 - 32.","Bouillon J. 1984. Hydromeduses de la mer de Bismarck (Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinee). Partie IV: Leptomedusae (Hydrozoa - Cnidaria). Indo-Malayan Zoology 1 (1): 25 - 112.","Bouillon J., Barnett T. J. 1999. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Hydromedusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Niwa Biodiversity Memoir 113: 1 - 136.","Wang C., Huang J., Xiang P., Wang Y., Xu Z., Guo D., Lin M. 2014. Hydromedusae from the Arctic in 2010 during the 4 th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE 4). Acta Oceanologica Sinica 33 (6): 95 - 102. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13131 - 014 - 0494 - 6","Haeckel E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Teil einer Monographie der Medusen. Denkschriften der Medicinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 1: XX + 1 - 360, 20 plates. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46856","Eschscholtz F. 1829. System der Acalephen. Eine ausfuhrliche Beschreibung aller medusenartigen Strahltiere. Ferdinand Dummler, Berlin, pp. 1 - 190, 16 pls.","Bouillon J., Gravili C., Pages F., Gili J. M., Boero F. 2006. An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 194: 1 - 591.","Schuchert P. 2017 a. World Hydrozoa database. Accessed at http: // www. marinespecies. org / hydrozoa on 2017 - 04 - 24.","Du F., Xu Z., Huang J., Guo D. 2010. New records of medusae (Cnidaria) from Daya Bay, northern South China Sea, with descriptions of four new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 123 (1): 72 - 86.","Schuchert P., Hosia A., Leclere L. 2017. Identification of the polyp stage of three leptomedusa species using DNA barcoding. Revue suisse de Zoologie 124 (1): 167 - 182. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.5281 / zenodo. 322675","Lin M., Xu Z. - Z., Huang J. - Q., Guo D. - H., Wang C. - G., Xiang P., Dirhamsyah 2013. Two new species of leptomedusae from the Bitung Strait, Indonesia (Cnidaria). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 38 (4): 765 - 761.","Huang J., Xu Z. 1994. Description of four new species of Hydromedusae from Fujian Province (Athecatae - Anthomedusae and Thecatae - Leptomedusae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 19 (2): 132 - 138."]}