Search

While concepts like risk and crisis management have grown ubiquitous at all levels of government, they have also cemented their place in academia as interdisciplinary fields of study in higher education. In the Baltic Sea Region (BSR), these types of educational programmes are typically labelled under the umbrella term ‘societal security’ in English. This article provides a succinct depiction of the state of the art of societal security in higher education in this region. After a brief introduction of the concept, the article comprehensively analyses second level degree programmes (master’s equivalent) in this field. Particularly, four conceptual and thematic areas appear to constitute the core of societal security degree programmes, though in different combinations and under a variety of labels, those being risk, crisis management, safety management, and resilience. We note, however, that these concepts and their respective research objectives exhibit extensive overlaps.

Contribution paper to the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (GAR) 2019. Source at https://www.preventionweb.net/publications/view/66508. Link to the project: https://gar.unisdr.org/. Disasters differ markedly in their speed of manifestation, which in turn greatly affects how researchers as well as authorities interpret and respond to them. In theory, disasters with a gradual and creeping onset are easier to manage than sudden and unexpected ones. However, the unfortunate reality is that hazards with a slow-onset are often ignored, left smouldering in the background, while their impacts gradually build up and strengthen over time – sometimes irreversibly so – until eventually becoming critical emergencies. This is also true for disasters where forecasts provided decision makers with several days' advance notice. Enhancing the understanding of these phenomena, including why they rarely secure proactive response, is therefore central in achieving the ambitious targets set out in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR). By focusing on six traits, or lessons associated with slow-onset disasters, this background paper sets out to elaborate on the unique challenges posed by slow-onset disasters with implications for disaster risk reduction (DRR) work. This paper summarizes these traits as: Early warning technologies do not necessarily secure proactive response to slow-onset disasters due to political and practical obstacles in the way of timely action. Generic all-hazards DRR strategies, while best practice in the context of sudden-onset disasters, are generally inappropriate for the management of slow-onset disasters. Slow-onset disasters often fall outside the mandate of specialized disaster management agencies. The geographically dispersed nature of slow-onset disaster impacts reduces their perceived severity and political salience. The concept of disaster is often equated with sudden-onset disasters. The vast majority of disaster research and theory revolves around sudden-onset disasters, generally the largest and most destructive historical events. Addressing these obstacles head on as the SFDRR process matures will enable both better prescriptive policy recommendations, as well as research that is more sensitive to the different demands introduced by slow-onset disasters.

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the emerging COVID-19 threat a pandemic following the global spread of the virus. A year later, a number of governments are being handed the concluding reports of national public inquiries tasked with investigating responses, mishaps, and identifying lessons for the future. The present article aims to identify a set of learning obstacles that may hinder effective lessons drawing from the COVID-19 pandemic responses. The seven obstacles discussed in this article are: (1) retaining lessons and implementing them effectively, (2) effectively drawing lessons from other countries, (3) the potential for reforms to introduce unanticipated vulnerabilities elsewhere in the system, (4) political pressure, (5) drawing the conclusions from observations, (6) experts versus decision makers, and (7) reforms may not be related to the actual crisis. Exploring these obstacles will be central to future discussions concerning which kinds of responses will set precedent for future pandemics and global health crises.2019冠状病毒病（COVID‐19）在全球扩散后，世界卫生组织于2020年3月11日宣布该病疫情为全球大流行。1年后，许多政府收到关于国家公共调查的结论性报告，这些调查的任务包括研究疫情响应、灾难、和识别经验为今后作准备。本文旨在识别一系列可能阻碍从新冠肺炎大流行响应中汲取有效经验的学习障碍。本文识别并探讨了7个方面的学习障碍，它们分别是：1) 保持经验并有效运用经验；2) 从其他国家中有效汲取经验；3) 将预期之外的、来自其它地区的脆弱性引入系统的改革潜力；4) 政治压力；5) 从观察中得出结论；6) 专家vs.决策者；7) 改革可能与实际危机不相关。探究这些障碍对未来探讨而言是关键的，后者有关于哪些类型的响应将为今后大流行和全球卫生危机作先例。.El 11 de marzo de 2020, la Organización Mundial de la Salud declaró que la amenaza emergente COVID‐19 era una pandemia tras la propagación global del virus. Un año después, a varios gobiernos se les entregan los informes finales de las investigaciones públicas nacionales encargadas de investigar las respuestas, los percances e identificar las lecciones para el futuro. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo identificar un conjunto de obstáculos de aprendizaje que pueden dificultar la extracción de lecciones efectivas de las respuestas a la pandemia de COVID‐19. Los siete obstáculos discutidos en este artículo son; (1) retener lecciones e implementarlas de manera efectiva; (2) extraer lecciones de otros países de manera eficaz; (3) la posibilidad de que las reformas introduzcan vulnerabilidades imprevistas en otras partes del sistema; (4) presión política; (5) sacar las conclusiones de las observaciones; (6) expertos versus tomadores de decisiones; y (7) las reformas pueden no estar relacionadas con la crisis real. Explorar estos obstáculos será fundamental para las discusiones futuras sobre qué tipos de respuestas sentarán un precedente para futuras pandemias y crisis de salud mundial.

The topic of climate change mitigation has garnered increased attention from societal and political actors, resulting in the Paris Agreement or the European Green Deal. In the case of Germany, the Energiewende is central in the pursuit of the goal of a sustainable future, first and foremost the development and expansion of renewable sources for a clean energy supply by 2050. Yet, with the first generation of renewable energy technologies, specifically wind turbines and photovoltaic (PV) panels reaching their end-of-life (EoL), question concerning their waste management gaining rising importance. Thus, this thesis aims to explore the discussion surrounding the EoL management of wind power plants and solar systems by using frames theory to understand how the discussions are framed and by whom. The thesis assesses how the framing of EoL wind turbines is similar and differs from the of EoL PV panels and batteries to learn more about the perceptions and interest of various stakeholders involved in the conversation of these two renewable energy technologies as well as how they might influence the policy making process with framing. The analysis finds several prominent frames used by actors from industry, politics and society for the management of EoL wind turbines and EoL solar systems. For EoL wind turbines the most significant are the capacity frame, cross-sectoral collaboration frame and economic frame whereas in the case of EoL PV panels and batteries the ecological modernization frame, environment and public health protection frame and energy security frame are commonly used by stakeholders engaged in the discussion. However, except for the energy security frame all five other frames are applied to EoL solar systems and EoL wind power plants, making them differ in what statements and arguments they frame rather than the frames itself. Hence, the real difference lies in the frame sponsors and their positions towards the given topic that they try to garner support for by using a specific frame. Most noticeable is participation or lack therefore on behalf of the German governments in the discussions regarding the EoL treatment of wind turbines and PV panels plus batteries, particularly in the case of wind turbines and how it leads to the retention of the status quo regarding policies and regulations concerning these renewable energy technologies and their waste management.

Norge har høy andel av elbiler, og fremtiden anslås å være elektrisk. Dette har skapt bekymring for strømnettet, da jo høyere effekt og strøm som kreves, jo mer må nettet oppgraderes. V2G er en teknologi som kan hjelpe med distribuert lagring, for å barbere toppbelastning og forsyne det lokale strømnettet. Et pågående lokalt prosjekt kalt Elnett21 har sett nærmere på, og vurderer implementering av V2G-ladere, det er imidlertid noen usikkerhetsmomenter for hvordan sluttbrukerne vil oppfatte teknologien. Elnett21 er et prosjekt som ser på energieffektive løsninger for en mer bærekraftig fremtid. V2G gir mulgihet for bedre utnyttelse av eksisterende ressurser, ved å ta i bruk parkerte elektriske bilbatterier ved behov. Denne casestudien tar utgangspunkt i Elnett21-prosjektet og ser på hvilke samfunnsmessige barrierer og drivere for V2G-implementering, gjennom både feltarbeid og intervjuer. Funnene inkluderer bekymringer angående overvåking, batterinedbrytning og den vanligste barrieren var at man ikke var kjent med teknologien. Funnene diskuteres ved hjelp av Multiple-level-perspektivet, the sociology of expectations, overvåkingskultur, TIME og TAM. Dataene fant lav interesse både i utvalget og i felten, men de fleste imaginaries og narrativer var positive, da det ville gi en liten løsning og gode insentiver for sluttbrukeren. Den største driveren for implementering og aksept var god parkering, og bekymringene rundt innsamling av personopplysninger ble funnet som en del av overvåkingskulturen. Overvåkingsfantasiene følger med overvåkingskulturen, der brukere er motvillige, men bruker smart teknologi ikke desto mindre. V2G oppfattes som en mulig merverdi for kjøretøyet som gjør flertallet positive til den ukjente teknologien. Norway has a high penetration of electric cars, and the future is projected to be electric. This has raised concern for the power grid, as the higher effect and electricity that will be demanded, the more the grid has to be upgraded. V2G is a technology that can help with distributed storage, to shave peak load and supply the local electricity grid. An ongoing local project called Elnett21 has looked into, and is considering implementation of V2G chargers, there are however some uncertainties to how the end-users would perceive the technology. Elnett21 is a project looking at energy efficient solutions for a more sustainable future. V2G provides the opportunity for better utilization of existing resources, by using parked electric car batteries when and if needed. This case study takes start point from the Elnett21 project and looks into what the societal barriers and drivers for V2G implementation, through both field work and interviews. The findings include concerns regarding surveillance, battery degradation and the most common barrier was no being familiar with the technology. The findings are discussed using the Multiple-level perspective, the sociology of expectations, surveillance culture, TIME and TAM. The data found low interest both in the sample and in the field, however most imaginaries and narratives were positive as it would give a small solution and good incentives for the end-user. The biggest driver for implementation and acceptance was good parking, and the concerns regarding personal data collection was found as a part of the surveillance culture. The surveillance imaginaries go along with the surveillance culture, where users are reluctant but use smart technology non the less. V2G is percieved as a possible added value to the vehicle making the majority positive towards the unknown technology.

Through this case study we examine the phenomenon of Crisis Induced Innovation, with the purpose of exploring and further understanding the true nature of an emergency and how the driving forces across the market dimensions function. We approached this topic with some level of caution, as it is our first instinct to view a crisis as something inherently negative. The topic of our research covers the Covid-19 pandemic as a driver for change across the many different market dimensions, which we have elected to explore using theories within the fields of socio-technical dynamics, emergency frames, innovation management, and rhetorical situation. The overreaching objective that has been driving our academic focus is to understand how a firm may capitalize on radical changes in market conditions and make an adaptive move last beyond the crisis that caused the radical changes. Important notions of our research have been to understand how the dynamic of acutely heightened demand would affect the company in questions as the market returns to normalcy. Our analytical approach towards this phenomenon were based on the notion of Crisis Induced Innovation being the result of complex causal relationships that can be traced across market dimensions through the utilization of relevant framework. Our predictions to start was that Artic Healthcare, the company that served as a case study example for this purpose, started their operations in the beginning of the pandemic, and elected to utilize the rapid changes to speed up innovation processes. Among our findings is that Crisis Induced Innovation, as a dynamic effect, is subjected to be affected by its surroundings the same way it affects others. As we employed the MLP with a focus on temporal dynamics, it became obvious that time was an essential element of how the phenomenon evolves. However, we were not able to fully study these temporal dynamics and gain an understanding of how far these pressure points can give an effect, as the case in question reached a point in which progression stopped due to lack of funding for the innovation case we studied. Despite this setback, we have been able to analyse how the phenomenon affects the other dimensions through the employment of the multi-level perspective, we have examined temporal dynamics through the employment of innovation management theories that evaluates process speeds, and we have explored the complex nature of the phenomenon by evaluating it from multiple frames simultaneously, which is presented in our discussion.

Through this case study we examine the phenomenon of Crisis Induced Innovation, with the purpose of exploring and further understanding the true nature of an emergency and how the driving forces across the market dimensions function. We approached this topic with some level of caution, as it is our first instinct to view a crisis as something inherently negative. The topic of our research covers the Covid-19 pandemic as a driver for change across the many different market dimensions, which we have elected to explore using theories within the fields of socio-technical dynamics, emergency frames, innovation management, and rhetorical situation. The overreaching objective that has been driving our academic focus is to understand how a firm may capitalize on radical changes in market conditions and make an adaptive move last beyond the crisis that caused the radical changes. Important notions of our research have been to understand how the dynamic of acutely heightened demand would affect the company in questions as the market returns to normalcy. Our analytical approach towards this phenomenon were based on the notion of Crisis Induced Innovation being the result of complex causal relationships that can be traced across market dimensions through the utilization of relevant framework. Our predictions to start was that Artic Healthcare, the company that served as a case study example for this purpose, started their operations in the beginning of the pandemic, and elected to utilize the rapid changes to speed up innovation processes. Among our findings is that Crisis Induced Innovation, as a dynamic effect, is subjected to be affected by its surroundings the same way it affects others. As we employed the MLP with a focus on temporal dynamics, it became obvious that time was an essential element of how the phenomenon evolves. However, we were not able to fully study these temporal dynamics and gain an understanding of how far these pressure points can give an effect, as the case in question reached a point in which progression stopped due to lack of funding for the innovation case we studied. Despite this setback, we have been able to analyse how the phenomenon affects the other dimensions through the employment of the multi-level perspective, we have examined temporal dynamics through the employment of innovation management theories that evaluates process speeds, and we have explored the complex nature of the phenomenon by evaluating it from multiple frames simultaneously, which is presented in our discussion.

Describing and understanding the potential factors that affects residents recycling behaviours helps in developing efficient recycling campaigns for a community. Using an extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB) this research investigates factors associated with recycling behaviour at the residential level in Agona West Municipal, Ghana. A data sample of 330 field questionnaires were used to examine demographic variables and the extended TPB constructs (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behaviour control, intentions, moral obligations situational factors and environmental knowledge/concern). The survey data showed that attitude, subjective norm, perceived behaviour control, intentions, moral obligations and situational factors are significant predictors of residents recycling behaviour in Agona West Municipal, Ghana. Perceived behaviour control was the highest predictor of residents recycling behaviour. Residents noted a high level of favourable outcomes of recycling behaviour, yet they showed a negative effect on residents recycling behaviour. This finding is inconsistent with TPB model assumption: favourable outcome means positive engagement of the behaviour in question. Interestingly, environmental knowledge/concern was found insignificant to predicting of residents recycling behaviour. In addition, it was also found that there is a significance difference in recycling behaviour between demographic variables such as age, location, income, education and gender. Therefore, this study concludes that a campaign targeted at attitude and environmental knowledge maybe effective to increasing recycling behaviour at the household level. Keywords: Theory of planned behaviour; recycling behaviour; recycling campaigns; subjective norm, perceived behaviour control; situational factors; Ghana

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is of an ever-increasing importance. This requires an energy transition from fossil fuels to emission-free alternatives in a wide range of industries and vehicles. One of these is construction machines. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the potential to accelerate the transition to emission-free construction machines through public procurement. The basis for the thesis is a pilot project in Olav Vs gate in Oslo, Norway, where electrical construction machines were tested out. By being a major customer to the construction industry, the public entities could potentially force change by setting requirements and criteria in public tenders. However, based on a selection of interviews with key stakeholders conducted in this thesis, there are several obstacles standing in the way this transition. The obstacles – ranging from policy, via economics, to communication – is discussed in this thesis. In a wider context, these findings are discussed based on analytical frameworks related to transition theory. In conclusion, there is need for collaboration between actors in the private and public sector to secure an efficient transition to emission-free construction machines.

Over the last two (2) decades, there has been a surge in scholarly attention and a lot has been written on the lethal autonomous weapons systems (also known as “Killer Robot”). The focus of writing has been on the legal, ethical, moral, and policy issues pertaining to Lethal Autonomous Weapons System (LAWS). Thus, a lot of attention and concerns have been directed to what happens when a Lethal Autonomous Weapon System goes wrong? However, little or no attention has been directed to discussions such what are the risks surrounding the development, deployment, and use of Lethal Autonomous Weapons System LAWS? How should the international community including countries address risk regulations of the Lethal Autonomous Weapon System if there are uncertainties as to how these systems may fail? This thesis addresses the risks attached to Lethal Autonomous Weapons System, complex, tightly coupled and unpredictable high-risk technology. As such, the thesis debates the risks to LAWS from the Normal Accident Theory perspective and the discusses the uncertainty/unpredictability revolving around LAWS. It goes further to argue whether the high-reliability theory can be used as means of safety in Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems. In addition, this thesis addresses the obstacles of LAWS complying with risk regulations. In discussing that, it argues whether LAWS without human intervention can be said to appear to be capable of complying with the key principles of risk regulations such as the international humanitarian law and the laws of armed conflicts principles of proportionality, distinction, and precaution to bring about societal safety to the community where LAWS is deployed or engaged. This thesis is expected to direct attention and focus to discussions surrounding the risks of developing, engaging and deploying LAWS and the obstacles that LAWS presents in complying with risk regulations that can bring about safety in the use and deployment of LAWS. Keywords: Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Risk, System Failure, Normal Accident Theory, High Reliability Theory, Safety, Risk Regulations, Weapons Review, Proportionality, Distinction, Precautionary principle

Norway, like all other large economies, needs to drastically reduce emissions to combat climate change. The oil and gas industry, which Norway is very invested in, is unlikely to be phased out in the near future. This calls for alternative solutions for emission reductions, especially the transportation sector, which is one of the most polluting sectors of the Norwegian economy. Sustainable public transportation can help reduce these emissions by moving passengers and freight from polluting forms of transportation like airplanes and cars, to railways and electric buses. However, achieving this can prove to be difficult, because political agendas get in the way of creating a sustainable public transportation sector. The Norwegian railway has since the 1990s changed drastically, due to the European Unions Railway packages, and because of neoliberal ideology, which some of the largest political parties have adopted into their political agenda. Using discourse analysis, this thesis looks at how actors have framed the development of the railway discursively, in order to push for deregulation of the entire sector. Two discourse coalitions are identified, each with its own agenda. How have the narratives of these coalitions impacted development of the railway? And what implications could the recent policy changes have, which were enacted by the dominating coaliton? The EU railway packages are seen as an underlying cause and facilitator of the deregulation policy, which was introduced as the ‘railway reform’ in 2015. The policy has put the majority of the railway sector on public tender, and opened up full competition between train operators. Two discourse coalitions have been discovered, one of which is the proponent of the reform policy, namely the sitting conservative government. The coalition opposing the policy is the majority of the left-wing parliamentary opposition parties, and the various railway worker unions. Most of the focus in the analysis is given to the conservative coalition, because the rhetoric used is very ideologically charged. The narrative of the reform coalition is seen in context of the emergence of neoliberal ideals, more specifically the conceptual framework of ecological modernization by Maarten Hajer (1997). The political contestation and the resulting ideological railway reform policy is seen as an impediment to the development of the railway, which one of the best options for reducing emissions in the transportation sector. Due to being a member of the European Economic Area, Norway is required to adopt certain amounts of EU legislation, which is why all of the EU railway packages have been adopted so far. However, studies have shown that these packages don’t work for all countries, and that there is no “one size, fits all” in organizing a large sector such as the railway. Thus, the narrative used by the dominating discourse coalition can have resulted in weakening the sector, and making it path dependent.

Meat industry has a huge negative impact to the environment. As reducing the consumption of meat is seen as one of the ways to reduce the climate change, international and local institutions call for changes in humans’ diets with less animals-based products. The purpose of this study is to analyze and get knowledge about people’s eating habits and what are the factors that play a key role when choosing meat and non-meat products. Considering the negative impact of this industry to the climate, the paper is looking to what extend climate change shapes people’s attitude towards meat and what would motivate the society to consume less meat. The findings of this study show that society lacks knowledge about the analyzed topic as many are not aware of meat industry’s negative impact to the environment. Giving more attention on the media could increase the society’s awareness and boost the popularity of diets that include less animals-based products. Non-meat alternatives also play an important role in meat reduction process. As findings show, consumers often find it difficult to find enough variety of non-meat alternatives in the food-stores, restaurants and canteens. It is also seen that prices of meat alternatives are just as high or even higher than the real meat, so consumers often choose the cheaper option. It is seen that many factors should be examined and understood, in order to achieve reduced consumption of meat. It is necessary to look at the analysed phenomena throw the wider perspective; thus, the importance and role of habits as well as cultural differences are analysed in this study.

Master's thesis in Energy, environment and society As the meat industry cannot respond to increases in demand and the emerging climate changes, the industry must find solutions to issues regarding sustainability, health, and animal welfare. Further, they will have to do so in spite of competition from emerging non-traditional meat products in an increasingly complex regulatory environment. In order to meet the issues facing the traditional meat industry, these novel meat products, otherwise known as ‘artificial meat’, are utilizing ground-breaking technologies. However, there is no real capacity for these artificial meats, in vitro or cultured meat, as well as meat from genetically modified organisms, to compete with conventional meat production in the present environment. Artificial meat is a promising, but early-stage, technology with different technical challenges. Recognizing the importance of the political and regulatory forms an artificial meat industry might take is also crucial. Thus, this thesis investigates the likelihood of artificial meat production in Norway, as well as enhancing our knowledge about how artificial meat can be produced, by looking at the necessary implementations needed and how it can serve as a mitigation pathway for combating climate change. Based on the problem statement and research questions proposed, an abductive and qualitative methodological approach was applied to the case study of two actors. The findings throughout the research of this thesis showcase many factors that must be in place for a feasible and sustainable rapid large-scale artificial meat technology – the biggest one being able to scale up production. Such large-scale production is significantly more challenging, having a key issue of producing effective culture media. Through the research, findings and discussions of this thesis, it becomes evident that having artificial meat production on a scale that makes an impact on global climate change would likely take many decades. Thus, a rapid large-scale production might seem unlikely as of today

Master's thesis in Risk management and societal safety Denne oppgaven undersøker problemstillingen “Normative grunnlag og narrativer knyttet til strekningsmåling i Ryfast - trenger vi egentlig fotobokser i de tre tunnelene?”. Den første delen av prestisjeprosjektet Ryfast åpnet 30.12.19, og knapt en uke senere hadde to sjåfører mistet førerkortet på grunn av råkjøring. Siste del av Ryfast ble åpnet 22.04.20, og mindre enn en time etter åpning hadde første sjåfør blitt tatt for råkjøring i Hundvågtunnelen. I forkant av åpningen og i ettertid har det vært diskutert heftig i kommentarfeltene i en rekke nettavis-artikler om hvorvidt det burde etableres automatisk trafikkontroll i tunnelene eller ikke. ATK-utstyr var allerede montert og var planlagt tatt i bruk i tunnelene ved åpning, men dette ble forkastet på grunn av vedtaket om restriksjoner på bruk av ATK fra Regjeringens side. ATK har siden det ble tatt i bruk i Norge vært et svært viktig redskap i arbeidet med å nå Nullvisjonens mål, og har dokumentert virkning på kjørehastigheter og ulykkesreduksjon. Undersøkelsene er gjennomført ved å analysere debatten i kommentarfelter fra nyhetsartiklene som omhandler Ryfast og fotobokser. Her er det særlig tre temaer som opptar kommentarfeltdeltakerne: Fart, overvåking og trygghet. Førstnevnte omhandler hvorvidt fartsgrensene i tunnelen er riktige, noe det hersker store uenigheter om. Her er verdier som effektivitet, muligheten til å ferdes fritt uten trusler om sanksjonering, og et ønske om at sikkerheten er ivaretatt viktige. I tillegg diskuteres det om ATK vil føre til en dårligere trafikkflyt, og også om det vil føre til kengurukjøring, noe som blir tilbakevist av etablert forskning. Videre diskuteres det om hvorvidt man har rett til å kjøre så fort man vil eller ikke, og oppgaven tar her for seg teorier som dilemmaet mellom sikkerhet og frihet, samt liberalisme som ideologi. Overvåking er også et tema som engasjerer mange, her er meningene todelt; de som er for bruk av ATK-overvåking, og de som er mot bruk av ATK-overvåking. Mange av kommentarfeltdeltakerne ønsker ikke denne formen for overvåking, mens andre ser på det som et nødvendig tiltak for å få ned antallet drepte og skadde i trafikken. Denne delen diskuterer også “frihet til” å kjøre som man vil, satt opp mot “frihet fra” ulykker med skadde og drepte i trafikken. I tillegg diskuteres det her om ATK-overvåking utgjør noen forskjell i et samfunn hvor det allerede er en høy grad av overvåking i det daglige. Noen argumenterer også for at politiet skal ha ansvar for å luke ut fartssynderne ved hjelp av ordinære trafikkontroller, men dette har vist seg å være en farlig og til dels umulig metode å gjennomføre i en tunnel for å få ned gjennomsnittshastighetene og redusere ulykkesrisikoen. Det tredje temaet omhandler trygghet. Ryfylketunnelen er omtalt som “verdens tryggeste tunnel”, noe som kan bidra til å skape en uriktig risikopersepsjon hos trafikantene, hvor den formentlige tryggheten reduseres på grunn av økte kjørehastigheter. Til slutt diskuteres en rekke mindre temaer, som politikernes ansvar rundt ATK-bruken, preventiv skilting, og ny teknologi og forskning. Avslutningsvis vil det i oppgaven bli presentert ulike utfordringer vi vil stå overfor i arbeidet med å skape en forståelse for bruken av ATK. Her nevnes forståelse for hvorfor tunnelene har fartsgrense 80 km/t, og et behov for å klart og tydelig nå ut til trafikantene om hvorfor behovet for ATK er der. Andre utfordringer er manglende kunnskap om ulykkesårsaker og virkningen av ATK på fartsreduksjon og ulykkesreduksjon, samt en tro om at ATK er et grep fra myndighetene med formål å overvåke samfunnsborgerne enda mer. Totalt sett kan man si at manglende informasjon og kunnskap er en av hovedutfordringene i forbindelse med mulig etablering av ATK i Ryfast.

Samfunnssikkerhet er et fagfelt i utvikling og vi ser en økning i antall institusjoner som tilbyr utdanninger innenfor fagfeltet. Disse utdanningene er etablert på bakgrunn av et behov i markedet som understreker tverrfaglighet og bredde i fagfeltet. Med bakgrunn i dette ser oppgaven nærmere på de ulike fagmiljøene i samfunnssikkerhet og hvordan de står i forhold til hverandre med et spesielt fokus på hvorvidt vi ser det har oppstått ulike fagtradisjoner i de ulike miljøene, eller hvorvidt vi ser en koherens knyttet til begrepet. Dermed er oppgavens problemstilling: Hvordan står de ulike studietilbudene knyttet til samfunnssikkerhet i forhold til hverandre? Oppgaven baserer seg på data fra 8 studieprogrammer gjennom intervju og spørreundersøkelse, i tillegg til innholdsanalyse. Funnene tyder på at det er en variasjon i tematisk fokus fra fagstabene sitt ståsted. Noen ulikheter vektlegges muntlig, men som ikke nødvendigvis manifesterer seg i studieplanene og emnebeskrivelsene, og motsatt. Funnene viser også til at det tematiske fokuset studentene vektlegger ikke nødvendigvis henger sammen med hva som faktisk vektlegges i studiet men er påvirket av blant annet sosiale faktorer. Det sosiale aspektet kan også gjenspeiles i studienes innhold som også påvirkes av enkeltpersoner og individer som legger føringer for hva som skal vektlegges. Allikevel viser det seg en viss koherens i studentenes forståelse av samfunnssikkerhet. Selv om studentene beskriver hendelser på en større, samfunnsmessig skala, er det allikevel vanskelig å utelukke de mindre, dagligdagse hendelsene fra begrepet. Oppgaven konkluderer med at vi på dette tidspunkt ikke kan konkludere med at det finnes markerte tradisjoner, men at dette kan endres med tiden grunnet den sentrale rollen enkeltindivider og ildsjeler i et fagmiljø spiller i en slik utvikling.