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The aim of this paper is to analyze the formative and evaluative activities involving statistical graphs in the new textbooks for Chilean rural multigrade education. The methodology is qualitative, at a descriptive level and uses the content analysis technique. The sample is made up of the six primary education textbooks distributed by the Ministry of Education for rural multigrade schools. The results show the predominance of the bar chart, semiotic level 3, the task of calculating and the personal context in both types of activities, although with respect to the reading level, it is evident that level 4 predominates in the formative activities and level 2 in the evaluative ones. According to the results, it is recommended to incorporate graphs proposed by the curricular guidelines of the Ministry of Education, which are absent in textbooks as well as to include evaluative activities that require reflection on the nature of the data, context, representation and conclusions obtained from them.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the formative and evaluative activities involving statistical graphs in the new textbooks for Chilean rural multigrade education. The methodology is qualitative, at a descriptive level and uses the content analysis technique. The sample is made up of the six primary education textbooks distributed by the Ministry of Education for rural multigrade schools. The results show the predominance of the bar chart, semiotic level 3, the task of calculating and the personal context in both types of activities, although with respect to the reading level, it is evident that level 4 predominates in the formative activities and level 2 in the evaluative ones. According to the results, it is recommended to incorporate graphs proposed by the curricular guidelines of the Ministry of Education, which are absent in textbooks as well as to include evaluative activities that require reflection on the nature of the data, context, representation and conclusions obtained from them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Scientiae (1517-4492) is the property of Acta Scientiae and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Scientiae (1517-4492) is the property of Acta Scientiae and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Avances de Investigación en Educación Matemática is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Investigacion en Educacion Matematica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A statistical graph can offer an alternative compelling approach to statistical thinking that focuses on important concepts rather than procedural formulas. Nowadays, visualizing multidimensional/multivariate data is essential but can also be challenging. In sport analytics, the exploration and descriptive analysis of data using visualization techniques has increased in recent years to, for example, describe possible patterns and uncertainty of player performance. These visualization techniques have been used so far with different purposes by various professionals in the sport industry, such as managers, coaches, scouters, technical staff, journalists, and researchers. The abuse of graphs, such as the radar plot, and their frequent misinterpretation in the world of sports and possible implications for coaching decisions has led us to create more informative and accurate visualizations. Here, we propose new, more educational visualizations we have termed violinboxplots and enhanced radar plot for their use in the sports analytics and other fields. These allow us to visualize, besides distribution and statistical summaries, the extreme data values that can be fundamental in performance studies and allow us to benchmark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ikaselkar (Baga-Biga) and Erein editorials’ Elementary Education math textbooks are studied. The following was analyzed for each graph: the type of graph, the type of activity, the reading level and the semiotic complexity. In both editorials the bar graphs and the calculating and completing activities prevail. As regards to the level of readability, only activities reading the data and reading between the data appeared in Ikaselkar. Erein, on the other hand, adds some level of reading activities of level reading beyond the data (10.64 %). In terms of semiotic difficulties, Erein attributes the maximum weight to level data distribution representation (64.29 %), whereas Ikaselkar also offers space to level representation of a data set without representing the distribution in an attempt to reinforce the idea of a statistical variable.

Context is a key element in statistics education. The objective of this study is to examine the capacity of 14- and 15-year-old students to work with real data, analyse statistical graphs and frequency tables and interpret statistical data in its context. The results of the descriptive, exploratory analysis show that most students were correctly able to analyse and interpret data presented through statistical graphs and tables. However, some students had difficulties when it came to identifying the represented variables. More difficulties arose when calculating and interpreting means and medians — generally produced from the use of class midpoints — and making decisions. Students made little use of the context the data were presented in. Results reinforce the importance of using context in the teaching of statistics, encouraging justified decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical graphs are often used by mass media to convey information to the community. Hence, it is a requirement for pupils in school to understand and apply various statistical skills to help them interpret the statistical graph. Teachers must play a very important role in ensuring that the student understands and are able to interpret various types of statistical graphs by applying an appropriate statistical skill. However, an outlier in a set of data always causes problems to the graph reader. An outlier can cause serious problems in statistical analyses. An outlier lies at an abnormal distance from other values in a random sample from a population. Therefore, this study looked at how prospective Mathematics teachers interpreted and build their perceptions towards an outlier in two types of statistical graphs by using an in-depth interview with all of the participants of this study. There were two types of statistical graphs used in this study, which are frequency table and a bar chart. Based on the findings obtained from this study, five prospective teachers involved in this study agreed that the outlier had various effects on the distribution of data for the entire data represented by the frequency table. This issue will be discussed in detail in this report. Hopefully, the findings from this study will give a clear description on how far the participants of this study perceived the role and effects of outliers in a set of data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Avances de Investigación en Educación Matemática is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Investigacion en Educacion Matematica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ikaselkar (Baga-Biga) and Erein editorials' Elementary Education math textbooks are studied. The following was analyzed for each graph: the type of graph, the type of activity, the reading level and the semiotic complexity. In both editorials the bar graphs and the calculating and completing activities prevail. As regards to the level of readability, only activities reading the data and reading between the data appeared in Ikaselkar. Erein, on the other hand, adds some level of reading activities of level reading beyond the data (10.64 %). In terms of semiotic difficulties, Erein attributes the maximum weight to level data distribution representation (64.29 %), whereas Ikaselkar also offers space to level representation of a data set without representing the distribution in an attempt to reinforce the idea of a statistical variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze an activity built with a focus on the interpretation of statistical graphs based on themes that deal with the intersectionality of sex and race, considering economic and social aspects of the cities of Salvador-BA and São Paulo-SP, between 2011 and 2017. The importance of this theme is to present discussions regarding racial inequality, especially of black women, in the labor market and its visibility is relevant considering the persistence of structural racism in different economic sectors, as well as in the absence of social equity for the black population. A Teaching Case with a qualitative approach is presented, in order to critically and reflexively analyze the statistical data presented through national research bodies and institutions. The data were used to build activities for high school students in basic education to discuss, based on graphic analysis, the locus occupied by black women in Brazilian society, taking as a sample the cities already mentioned, in addition to the regions of the country in which they are located. Therefore, bringing them into this discussion becomes relevant, since the problem of structural racism is still visible in society, particularly in the labor market, the focus of this study. Thus, discussing this theme is necessary so that students can analyze and understand, from a critical and reflective look and through the interpretation of statistical graphs of data on education and income, the place of black women in society.

Copyright of Formación Universitaria is the property of Centro de Informacion Tecnologica (CIT) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Avances de Investigación en Educación Matemática is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Investigacion en Educacion Matematica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality and level of statistical graph reading skills of elementary school teachers. This study used a mixed approach, was descriptive, and the content analysis method was applied. The sample included 21 participants, 19 women and 2 men. The teaching experience mean was equal to 11.2 years. An instrument with three items related to the reading of statistical graphs was applied. The teachers surveyed showed quantification and calculation errors, poor understanding of graph core components, difficulties reading and analyzing graphs, and limited skills to explain the visual effects produced by scale modifications. In conclusion, the elementary school teachers surveyed lacked both knowledge of statistical graph core components and skills to analyze statistical graphs, which is a common and recurrent subject in the primary education curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Paradigma is the property of Universidad Pedagogica Experimental Libertador and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

International forums emphasize the need to promote statistical literacy in the classroom and, particularly, the reading of data-based information represented by statistical graphs. Because the prospective teachers' professional practice will depend on current knowledge and skills in reading, interpreting and arguing statistical information, an evaluation is required to indicate whether an educational reinforcement in their current training is pertinent. This work assesses the graphic reading level of the information represented by media statistical graphs in 653 primary education prospective teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cumhuriyet International Journal of Education is the property of Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to analyse the results of GPEMAR's research on the interpretation of statistical graphs. For this, monographs and articles by members of the group and in coauthorship were analysed by a qualitative study based on the triangulation of the investigations, composing a mosaic of research works. The studies started from a doctoral project, especially on the interpretation of the graphs, including the levels of understanding and socio-cultural aspects. The results show that the students usually did not have difficulties reading the data. At the reading between the data level, the types of comparison, combination, and equalisation were detailed here, with other types being found. Also, when the sociocultural aspects were incorporated into the interpretation of the graphs at the read between the data and read beyond the data levels, we identified that the students had better conditions to succeed in their understandings, different from what is usually highlighted in the literature, besides qualitative analysis, especially when students find it difficult to understand the graphs. Finally, we point out that reflections on the importance of prior mathematical and statistical knowledge and studies on the level of reading beyond data must be expanded, both articulated with the socio-cultural aspects and with the skills of statistical education, broadening the reflections on the mosaic of GPEMAR research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we argue that statistical sense is particularly needed in the COVID-19 era, when we receive continuous information about the evolution of the pandemic through a wide variety of statistical data, graphs, and tables. Citizens need to confront the arguments based on statistical information to understand decisions that may change every few days. Moreover, students should have adequate statistical and graphical training at any stage of their education to become critical and reflective citizens when facing this type of information. In this paper, we examine some examples of different ways in which this graphic information is distributed in different media and analyse the components of statistical sense needed by students to understand and make decisions based on them. We also argue the need to complement the teaching of statistics with the study of a more complete range of graphs than those included in the curriculum. Finally, we propose that these graphs provided by the government, media, and international organizations are used by teachers as didactic resources to increase the statistical sense in their students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Espacios is the property of Talleres de Impresos Oma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the first half of XIXth century in Bohemia, statistics had been developed in the understanding of the school of Achenwall and Schlözer. Its main exponent there was G. N. Schnabel (1791-1857), who was a professor of statistics at the university in Prague. This article is about all the main statistical publications of Schnabel, and demonstrates their gradual modernization, usage of comprehensive tables, and basic statistical analysis according to the patterns of political arithmetic and statistical graphs. Schnabel's activity was the culmination, but also the final stage, of the development of traditional university statistics in Bohemia. It also mentions the activity of Schnabel in organizing official statistics in Bohemia, his disputes with Austrian censorship and the later controversies in the matter of national statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Profesorado: Revista de Currículum y Formación del Profesorado is the property of Profesorado: Revista de Curriculum y Formacion del Profesorado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

OBJETIVO: Monitorizar a tendência de ocorrência e identificar surtos de infecções hospitalares utilizando diagramas de controles. MÉTODOS: No período de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2000, a ocorrência de infecções hospitalares foi avaliada em uma coorte de 460 pacientes, internados em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica de um hospital universitário, segundo os conceitos e critérios da metodologia do sistema "National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance", do "Centers for Disease Control" (EUA). Os gráficos foram construídos de acordo com a distribuição probabilística de Poisson. Quatro linhas horizontais foram plotadas. A linha central foi representada pela incidência média das infecções hospitalares no período estudado e as linhas de alerta superior e de controle superior foram calculadas a partir de dois e três desvios-padrão acima da incidência média das infecções hospitalares, respectivamente. Os surtos de infecção hospitalar foram identificados quando sua incidência mensal permaneceu acima da linha do limite de controle superior. RESULTADOS: A incidência média de infecções hospitalares por mil pacientes dia foi de 20. Um surto de infecção do trato urinário foi identificado em julho de 2000, cuja taxa de infecção foi de 63 por mil pacientes dia, ultrapassando a linha de controle superior, configurando um período epidêmico. CONCLUSÕES: A utilização dos diagramas de controle do nível endêmico, tanto por avaliação global e sítio específica, possibilitou identificar e distinguir das variações naturais nas taxas de ocorrência de infecções hospitalares aquelas de causas incomuns, como os surtos ou epidemias, dispensando o uso de cálculos e testes de hipóteses.OBJECTIVE: To monitor occurrence trends and identify clusters of nosocomial infection (NI) using statistical process control (SPC) charts. METHODS: Between January 1998 and December 2000 nosocomial infection occurrence was evaluated in a cohort of 460 patients admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of a university hospital, according to the concepts and criteria proposed by the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System of the Centers for Disease Control, in the United States. Graphs were plotted using Poisson statistical distribution, including four horizontal lines: center line (CL), upper warning limit (UWL) and upper control limit (UCL). The CL was the arithmetic mean NI rate calculated for the studied period; UWL and UCL were drawn at 2 and 3 standard deviations above average NI rates, respectively. Clusters were identified when NI rates remained above UCL. RESULTS: Mean NI incidence was 20 per 1,000 patient days. One urinary tract infection cluster was identified in July 2000, with an infection rate of 63 per 1,000 patient days, exceeding UCL and characterizing a period of epidemic. CONCLUSIONS: The use of SPC charts for controlling endemic levels of NI, through both global and site-specific evaluation, allowed for the identification of uncommon variations in NI rates, such as outbreaks and epidemics, and for their distinction from the natural variations observed in NI occurrence rates, without the need for calculations and hypothesis testing.

In this article we show the elements of the statistical thinking through two teachers' practice. As we start from the professional practice the methodological framework is the knowledge quartet model. This model is used to determine the knowledge mobilized in a classroom by different situations and tasks posed by the teacher. We briefly describe the elements of statistical knowledge and their relation with each quartet knowledge dimension through various classroom events when graphical representations are taught. This review can be a sample of required teacher's knowledge and can be a guide to the design of the teacher instruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Statistical graphs—in particular, line graphs and bar graphs—are efficient means of communication in a wide range of non-expert settings. In communication settings, statistical graphs do not only serve as visualizations of individual data points but also provide visual access to various aspects of the information contained in data. Moreover, specific types of graphs are better means for providing visual access to certain aspects of data. For instance, trend information is visually conveyed through line graphs and bar graphs in the time domain. The interpretation of the information content in a graph is influenced by several factors, such as perceptual salience of line segments in a line graph. In addition, the presence of graphical cues substantially influences the interpretation of graph readers. Graphical cues are visual elements, usually in the form of point markers, non-directional lines, curves and arrows. They play a communicative role in communication through graphs. The present study reports an experimental investigation, in which the participants provided verbal descriptions of a set of graphs with/without graphical cues. The stimuli involved line graphs and bar graphs that represented the same data. The analyses of eye movements and verbal protocols reveal that the interpretations of the participants are systematically influenced by the presence or absence of a graphical cue, the type of the graphical cue (i.e., a point marker vs. an arrow), as well as the type of the graph (i.e., a line graph vs. a bar graph). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article reports a case study of the iterative design and evaluation of a natural language-driven assistive technology, iGraph-LITE, providing people who are blind access to line graphs. Two laboratory-based usability studies involving blind and sighted people are presented with a discussion of the ensuing implementation of changes. Blind participants were found to adopt different graph interrogation strategies than sighted participants. A small field study is then reported in which a blind user who works with graphs took part to determine the degree to which the iGraph-LITE commands would meet the needs of blind graph experts. The final study invited sighted graph experts and novices to visually inspect and explain a set of line graphs comparable to those used in the usability studies. It aimed to highlight the concepts and the range of words sighted people use, to ascertain the appropriateness of the iGraph-LITE lexicon. A set of preliminary guidelines is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During and after the Great Recession, U.S. public library advocacy messages focused on cuts in funding and significantly increased utilization of services, particularly technology services. This article analyzes quantitative evidence appearing in advocacy materials and offers alternative data for evaluating the validity of claims made in such materials. For the most part, summary statistical accounts of the experiences of public libraries during the recession paint an incomplete picture. It is suggested that portraying U.S. libraries in general as “doing more with less” is a considerable overstatement since the majority of libraries had funding increases in the aftermath of the recession. Only 23 percent of all U.S. public libraries delivered more services while simultaneously experiencing funding decreases. The article recommends that library advocacy campaigns strive to present accurate, balanced, and complete information in their promotional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A cycle plot or a multiway chart often dramatically improves the presentation of data that some charts in common use do not communicate clearly. Yet these two graph forms are not well known. This article presents them through the use of before and after examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]