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A state model for Kauffman polynomial of Dubrovnik-version is described using Gauss diagrams. Based on the state model, the Gauss diagram formulae for Vassiliev invariants are given from the coefficients of Kauffman polynomial following the method of Chmutov and Polyak. Some arrow diagram identities are given to simplify the Gauss diagram formulae of order 3, which give Polyak–Viro and Chmutov–Polyak formulae for the Vassiliev invariant of order 3. The models of Kauffman polynomial and HOMFLY-PT polynomial give different Gauss diagram expressions when specializing in Jones polynomial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we introduce new criteria for a given link to detect the non- p -periodicity for a prime p ≥ 5. For this we use a congruence of the quantum N -invariant of periodic links. Our result is naturally consistent with Traczyk's criterion and Przytycki's criterion, and can be regarded as a generalization of these classical criteria. We shall give computational results of all the (alternating and non-alternating) knots of crossing number ≤ 1 6 for their non- p -periodicity (p ≥ 5). The computational results also show that our criteria has somewhat different nature with the classical criterion of Murasugi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given a boolean predicate Π on labeled networks (e.g., proper coloring, leader election, etc.), a self-stabilizing algorithm for Π is a distributed algorithm that can start from any initial configuration of the network (i.e., every node has an arbitrary value assigned to each of its variables), and eventually converge to a configuration satisfying Π. It is known that leader election does not have a deterministic self-stabilizing algorithm using a constant-size register at each node, i.e., for some networks, some of their nodes must have registers whose sizes grow with the size n of the networks. On the other hand, it is also known that leader election can be solved by a deterministic self-stabilizing algorithm using registers of O(log log n) bits per node in any n-node bounded-degree network. We show that this latter space complexity is optimal. Specifically, we prove that every deterministic self-stabilizing algorithm solving leader election must use (log log n)-bit per node registers in some n-node networks. In addition, we show that our lower bounds go beyond leader election, and apply to all problems that cannot be solved by anonymous algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent days have stamped enormous upsurge about health awareness in society. Self tutoring systems for supervising the performed exercises offer numerous advantages and are therefore emerging as an entity of dire necessity in health-sector. Considering the significantly increasing global acceptance of ‘ Y o g a ¯ s a n a ’ as one of the most preferred exercise, this paper proposes a novel and an intelligent vision-based self-tutoring system for Y o g a ¯ s a n a . The proposed system, ’e-YogaGuru’ analyzes the body movements while performing Y o g a ¯ s a n a , provides feedback about its correctness and further, suggests amendment, if required. Incorporation of angle features in the novel state transition-based approach addresses the earlier reported issues raised due to human anthropometry and variance in the execution speed. Consideration of hold time and suggestion of amendment at two levels, abstract level and detailed amendment (sequences of pre-posture, main-posture and post-posture), make the proposed e-YogaGuru unique and efficient. System is trained for 21 postures derived from the skeleton stream of 8 experts exhibiting variations in anthropometry and execution speed (Knowledge base). A dataset composed of 1750 video sequences (7 Y o g a ¯ s a n a performed by 25 practitioners) is used to validate the efficacy of the devised approach. The proposed e-YogaGuru achieved 98.29 % accuracy in correctly identifying the Y o g a ¯ s a n a and has been able to suggest required amendment in the incorrectly performed Y o g a ¯ s a n a with an accuracy of 96.34 %. Proposed ‘e-YogaGuru’ incorporates significant parameters (hold time and amendment) and achieves appreciable accuracies, thus it not only out-performs the earlier reported systems but also marks a long bounce towards practical deployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to use a stand‐alone global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver to determine the stable instantaneous velocity, a new hybrid GNSS velocimetry approach combining carrier phase and Doppler measurements is proposed. This is a data fusion problem. The problem is expressed as a state‐space model, in which the deviation between the average velocity determined by the time difference carrier phase approach and the instantaneous velocity is represented by the uncertainty of the state model. In kinematic applications, this uncertainty is often variant and hard to be known in advance, a predefined process noise level of the state model is often not sufficiently accurate in the whole working time. Here, an adaptive Kalman filtering approach is employed to fix this problem. To verify the proposed approach, one static experiment and two dynamic experiments with different sampling intervals are performed, separately. All results demonstrate the validity and stability of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first part of the article, divided into two parts, dealing with the definition of a space-vector dynamic model of the linear induction motor (LIM) taking into consideration both the dynamic end-effects and the iron losses and its offline identification. This first part specifically treats the theoretical formulation of this model, which has been expressed in a state form, so to be, in perspective, suitably adopted for developing novel nonlinear control techniques, nonlinear observers as well as electrical losses minimization techniques. Besides the formulation of the dynamic model in space-vector state form, a steady-state analysis is proposed, highlighting the combined effects of the dynamic end-effects and the iron losses on the main electrical quantities of the LIM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we give several simple criteria to detect possible periods and linking numbers for a given virtual link. We investigate the behavior of the generalized Alexander polynomial Z L of a periodic virtual link L via its Yang–Baxter state model given in [L. H. Kauffman and D. E. Radford, Bi-oriented quantum algebras and a generalized Alexander polynomial for virtual links, in Diagrammatic Morphisms and Applications, Contemp. Math.318 (2003) 113–140, arXiv:math/0112280v2 [math.GT] 31 Dec 2001]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In oil transmission station, the operating condition (OC) of an oil pump unit sometimes switches accordingly, which will lead to changes in operating parameters. If not taking the switching of OCs into consideration while performing a state evaluation on the pump unit, the accuracy of evaluation would be largely influenced. Hence, in this paper, a self-organization Comprehensive Real-Time State Evaluation Model (self-organization CRTSEM) is proposed based on OC classification and recognition. However, the underlying model CRTSEM is built through incorporating the advantages of Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Model (FCEM) first. That is to say, independent state models are established for every state characteristic parameter according to their distribution types (i.e. the Gaussian distribution and logistic regression distribution). Meanwhile, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is utilized to calculate the weights of state characteristic parameters. Then, the OC classification is determined by the types of oil delivery tasks, and CRTSEMs of different standard OCs are built to constitute the CRTSEM matrix. On the other side, the OC recognition is realized by a self-organization model that is established on the basis of Back Propagation (BP) model. After the self-organization CRTSEM is derived through integration, real-time monitoring data can be inputted for OC recognition. At the end, the current state of the pump unit can be evaluated by using the right CRTSEM. The case study manifests that the proposed self-organization CRTSEM can provide reasonable and accurate state evaluation results for the pump unit. Besides, the assumption that the switching of OCs will influence the results of state evaluation is also verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the main indicator for attack graph of network is the cost of an attack, and it is assumed that cost and benefit are independent of each other, and quantitative analysis of the correlation among these key elements is ignored. In order to solve this problem, firstly, this paper defined an internal network attack model based on state transition. It introduced a strength coefficient to quantitatively analyze the relationship between the attack complexity and the risk value of display. Then it gave a realization method of the above variable to analyze the relationship between the attack complexity and the risk value of display. Secondly, based on this variable, the improved generation algorithm for attack graph was used to obtain the optimal cost. Finally, the simulation experiment shows that the new attack graph is more concise and more intuitive, in addition, the attack graph can also reflect the reality of the attack process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An operation profile is a detailed description of machinery use and provides information about the production process (e.g. time and energy requirements). The high complexity of agricultural machine use over time with its various implements and production processes makes it difficult to automate the operation profile generation for agricultural machinery. Today, modern communication interfaces, like the ISO 11783 (ISOBUS), allow a comfortable data acquisition with comprehensive parameter information of the machine and production process status. This paper describes how the generation of operation profiles can be automated and what kind of machine data and status information are required. Experiments were conducted with a tractor-machine combination during field cultivation. The machine was equipped with a CAN data logger to record ISOBUS messages and GNSS position data during normal operation. A software tool was setup and programmed to drive the data logger. Fields were automatically detected by algorithms to avoid the time consuming manual definition of field boundaries. A graphical user interface simplified the setup and use of the software application. Furthermore, the algorithms analyzed the machine communication regarding the actual machine state based on position, machine activity and work state. The KTBL time classification 2013 was used as a basis for working time analysis as it is designed to divide the overall operational time of agricultural machines into clearly defined, qualitatively different partial time fractions. The machine state could be visualized in the software by a map to show the user where problems occurred e.g. in time losses while waiting or machine breakdown. A diagram presented the timespans spent in different time fractions for comparison to other, similar operations. Combined with other infrastructure data, specific operation profiles could be used to gain more detailed knowledge about machine use or to improve future operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The twentieth century, in the words of Eric Hobsbawm, began in 1914 with World War I and ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The end of the Soviet Union still resonates with many questions to be explained; this article aims to examine the causes of the end of the USSR. As for the methodological procedures, it will be a qualitative work of historical reconstitution, emphasizing the decades of 1980 and 1990. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A. S. Lipson constructed two state models yielding the same classical link invariant obtained from the Kauffman polynomial F(a, u). In this paper, we apply Lipson's state models to marked graph diagrams of surface-links, and observe when they induce surface-link invariants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a neural based full-order Luenberger adaptive speed observer for sensorless linear induction motor (LIM) drives, where the linear speed is estimated with the total least squares (TLS) EXIN neuron. A novel state space-vector representation of the LIM has been deduced, taking into consideration its dynamic end effects. The state equations of the LIM have been rearranged into a matrix form to be solved, in terms of the LIM linear speed, by any least squares technique. The TLS EXIN neuron has been used to compute online, in recursive form, the machine linear speed. A new gain matrix choice of the Luenberger observer, specifically taking into consideration the LIM dynamic end effects, has been proposed, overcoming the limits of the gain matrix choice based on the rotating-induction-machine model. The proposed TLS full-order Luenberger adaptive speed observer has been tested experimentally on an experimental rig. Results have been compared with those achievable with the TLS EXIN MRAS, the classic MRAS, and the sliding-mode MRAS observers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we offer a systematic development of state representation theory for singular linear systems in the behavioural setting of Willems. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents the state space-vector dynamic model of the linear induction motor (LIM) taking into consideration the dynamic end effects. Starting from the space-vector equivalent circuit of the LIM, the complete set of space-vector equations has been deduced. Afterward, first the so-called voltage and current flux models have been written, from which the complete state space-vector representation has been given. The complete thrust expression including the end-effect braking force has also been introduced in the model. The complete state space-vector model, electromagnetic and mechanical part, has been implemented in numerical simulation and has been validated by comparing the results with those obtainable with a finite-element analysis and experiments. Results show that, even with a machine with a limited presence of the dynamic end effects, the adoption of a this model permits a better estimation of both the electric quantities, e.g., inductor current, and the mechanical quantities, e.g., linear speed, with respect to the classic rotating induction motor model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The twentieth and nineteenth centuries were marked by an unprecedented process of westernization of the forms of political and legal organization of societies around'the entire world, which resulted in the marked predominance that the Western State model -both in its Civil and Common Law manifestations- has in the contemporary international State system. The present essay intends to delve into the roots of this expansion of the Western State model over non-Western societies, arguing that what has been termed the "civilizing mission" of the West: a complex interaction between imperialism and ethnocentrism that motivates intervention upon the political, legal and social systems of non-Western societies, has played a definitive role in this process, which should not be overlooked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes three qualitative models that were applied for modeling of Small Water Cycle violation in ecosystem of Trebon region, South Bohemia. SWC refers to the behavior of the local ecosystem (e.g., the Trebon region), in which the volume of water that comes into the ecosystem is evaporated and falls back into this system. SWC is characterized by early morning dues and frequent small rain precipitation. In the Trebon Biosphere Reserve characterized by wetlands, forests and agriculture land, the evaporated water rises quickly inside the zone and does not have time to recondense before it is transported outside the ecosystem to the distant mountains, where it condenses spontaneously in the rising air streams. The essential pre-model for developing our qualitative models is the database model implemented in the MS SQL environment. The data in this model were collected for last five years and contain information about SWC violation and about the landscape stability development. The database system is used for standard reports, for correlating digital and graphic runs from associated meteorological stations, and for computing the evapotranspiration at the points where the stations are located and also at approximate inter-points. In parallel, and in addition to this standard use of the database model, the data was applied in the development of qualitative models (state model, model for the detection of unexpected situations and matroid model). This transformation and compression of the data was done with help of experienced experts and with the help of special mathematical operations. Qualitative models introduced in this paper overcome experience with quantitative models namely in these items: (1) They provide compression of information contained in large volumes of numerical data. (2) On the contrary of individual quantitative modeling qualitative models enable to describe the function and properties of the whole ecosystem. (3) Conclusions from qualitative models are in many cases better than are the generalizations of results from quantitative models. The first goal of the paper is to model situations associated with violations of the Small Water Cycle (SWC) in this ecosystem, and to contribute to acceptable solutions. The second goal of the paper is to investigate temporary models for the stability of the landscape development and to propose qualitative models for software support for integrated environmental modeling. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Fuhrmann’s state-space construction (in its generalized form) is used to obtain a general theory of first order representations of Fliess models defined over an arbitrary noetherian commutative ring. The case of arbitrary linear delay differential equations is involved. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This work aims to validate experimentally a state model for a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) system control. In this model, the air-supply dynamic is analyzed. The air is assumed to be compressible, and the model takes into account the compressor, the humidification device, the inlet and outlet manifolds, the fuel-cell stack, and the proportional solenoid valve at the outlet. This model is described by the following variables: the total mass flow, the pressure, the temperature; and the relative humidity. The effect of the air-supply device on the system's behavior (stack voltage…) is analyzed and validated on a 600-W power PEMFC fuel experimental data. The model results fit well with the experiment and it will help to optimize the stack net power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new adaptive carrier recovery algorithm is proposed by using the decision-aided extended Kalman filtering technique. In order to reduce computational complexity of the Kalman recursions, the state model in the new algorithm uses only phase rather than both phase and frequency which are usually used in conventional modeling. The frequency is considered as an input term to the system equation and estimated by a phase error detector. A reduced observation model is also introduced to relieve computing load from multiple matrix to scalar operations in the Kalman recursions. Simulations show that the proposed one-state Kalman algorithm has better performance and lower complexity than the two-state Kalman algorithm for synchronization applications. The new algorithm is applied to the cable modem downstream system to demonstrate its effectiveness with FPGA implementation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper we study the question of how to define state representations of a linear system in terms of its trajectories. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Entry-time processes are finite-state continuous-time jump processes with transition rates depending only on the two states involved, the calendar time, and the most recent arrival time (entry time). Entry-time processes are transformed into Markov processes via the standard technique of incorporating entry time into the state variables. It is shown that the associated state-transition (Chapman–Kolmogorov) equations can be written as a coupled pair of integrodifferential equations. A finite-difference approximation to these equations is developed. This computational approach is verified, and some of its properties delineated, via two hypothetical examples. One of these examples admits a semi-analytic solution, while simulations provide the base of comparison for the other. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A method of representing the effects of magnetic saturation in a coupled-circuit model of a claw-pole alternator is presented. In the approach considered, the airgap flux density produced by each winding is expressed as a function of magnetic operating point. A challenge in the implementation is that the airgap flux densities consist of several significant harmonics, each of which changes at a distinct rate as iron saturates. Despite this complication, it is shown that relatively simple measurements can be used to determine model parameters. The model is implemented in the analysis of several alternator/rectifier systems using a commercial state-model-based circuit analysis program. Comparisons with experimental results over a wide range of speeds and operating conditions demonstrate its accuracy in predicting both the steady state and transient behavior of the systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the sensitivity analysis of a state variable model (Model S) proposed earlier. Model S captures the dominant behavior of the system test phase of the software test process. Sensitivity analysis is a mathematical methodology to compute changes in the system behavior due to changes in system parameters or variables. This is particularly important when parameters are calibrated using noisy or small data sets. Nevertheless, by mathematically quantifying the effects of parameter variations on the behavior of the model, and thereby the STP, one can easily and quickly evaluate the effect of such variations on the process performance without having to perform extensive simulations. In all cases studied, Model S behaved according to empirical observations which serves to validate the model. It is also shown that sensitivity analysis can suggest structural improvements in a model when the model does not behave as expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metrics of the SEMI standard E79 offers a good method to calculate the overall equipment efficiency (OEE) and finds increasing application and acceptance in the semiconductor industry. To effectively apply E79, communication with the host using the SEMI SECS and GEM standards is required. Beyond the application of the communication standards, equipment models for the different tools and especially for cluster tools have to be created. Up to now, there are no standardized OEE models available. The paper will give examples of modeling methods, models, and also of software tools for the calculation and monitoring of OEE. However, successful analysis on OEE only is not sufficient as no machine is isolated in a factory, but operates in a linked and complex environment. A wider approach has to focus also on the performance of the whole factory. The characterization of a semiconductor factory by qualified metrics is rather complicated and difficult. So far, no standardized methods and metrics are available. Different methods and metrics introduced in the literature are presented in the paper. All methods have in common that they do not directly consider the costs. Including cost analysis would require the use of metrics for characterization of overall Fab effectiveness (OFE) in order to obtain a result for the cost per die out. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]