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The recognition of Holarctic species, those shared between Nearctic and Palaearctic regions, often implies continuous or recent events of gene flow across the 85-km-wide Bering Strait between Alaska and Russia. During the Pleistocene (2.8–0.012 Mya), the Bering land bridge has provided frequent episodes of continuous, tundra habitat across this barrier, while the taiga forests of the northern hemisphere has been separated for much longer, at least 5.4 Mya. This more ancient divergence has led to allopatric speciation in nearly all forest-specialized organisms, including all tree species, and casts doubt on the taxonomic validity of the few subcortical beetle species that are considered to be Holarctic. Here we test the apparent Holarctic distribution of one such species, the morphologically variable rove beetle Quedionuchus plagiatus. Drawing upon morphological and molecular evidence, including morphometric analysis of male genitalia and phylogenetic and cluster analyses of DNA barcodes, we demonstrate that species-level diversity has been greatly underestimated in this lineage and conclude that none of its members are Holarctic. We propose complete allopatric divergence across Beringia in obligate forest beetles and discuss the role of biological constraints as barriers to Holarctic geneflow. We describe Quedionuchus caucasicus Brunke, sp. nov., Q. deceptor Brunke sp. nov., Quedionuchus gilaensis Brunke sp. nov., and Quedionuchus yunnanensis Brunke sp. nov.; revalidate Quedionuchus glaber (O. Müller) and Quedionuchus longipennis (Mannerheim); and propose the following: Quedius longipennis Mannerheim, 1846 = Quedius rufipennis Mäklin, 1853 syn. nov. (previous synonym of Q. plagiatus Mannerheim); Staphylinus glaber O. Müller, 1776 = Quedius planatus Sharp, 1884 syn. nov.

Miobdelus humilis sp. nov. is described as new. A lectotype is designated for Staphylinus (Xanthocypus) miwai Bernhauer, 1943 and Thoracostrongylus miyakei Bernhauer, 1943. Ocypus (Ocypus) miwai (Bernhauer, 1943) is transferred from Ocypus Leach, 1819 to Sphaerobulbus Smetana, 2003 and the species is re-described based on types and modern specimens. A female description of Apecholinus imitator Smetana & Hu, 2019 is provided. Creophilus flavipennis Hope, 1831, Nelmanwaslus ornatus Smetana, 2006, Ontholestes oculatus (Sharp, 1874) and Platydracus juang Smetana, 2005 are reported for the first time from Taiwan. Ontholestes oculatus is re-described based on Taiwanese material, representing the first record of the genus Ontholestes Ganglbauer, 1895 in Taiwan. Platydracus juang is considered to be a termitophilous species, associated with Reticulitermes leptomandibularis (Hsia & Fan, 1965), which would represent the first report of termitophily in the subtribe Staphylinina. Additional records of C. maxillosus maxillosus (Linnaeus, 1758), Agelosus auricomus Smetana & Hu, 2019, Apecholinus fraternus Fairmaire, 1891, Miobdelus taiwanensis taiwanensis Smetana, 2001, Naddia taiwanensis Shibata, 1979 and Thoracostrongylus formosanus Shibata, 1982 are provided. Habitus photos of the above species and Dinothenarus choui Smetana, 1992 are also provided. A preliminary checklist of Staphylinina in Taiwan is proposed.

The rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) are one of the most diverse families of beetles comprising more than 63650 species worldwide (Irmler et al. 2018). It is the best studied coleopteran family in Georgia (Herman, 2001; Schülke & Smetana, 2015), with more than 750 species recorded (Tarkhnishvili & Chaladze, 2019). The first records of Staphylinidae from Lagodekhi were reported by Zhizhilashvili (1941), who recorded 12 species of rove beetles from the reserve: Anotylus hybridus Eppelsheim, 1878 as Oxytelus; Anotylus gibbulus Eppelsheim, 1878 as Oxytelus; Xantholinus variabilis Hochhuth, 1851; Cordalia obscura Gravenhorst; Philonthus parvicornis Gravenhorst, 1802 as P. agilis Gravenhorst; Stenus circularis Gravenhorst, 1802 as S. clavulus Hochhuth; S. cribratus Kiesenwetter, 1850; Tachyporus hypnorum (Fabricius, 1775); Ocypus nitens (Schrank, 1781) as Staphylinus similis Fabricius; Quedius minor Hochhuth, 1849 as Q. distincticolor Roubal; Aleochara intricata Mannerheim; Olophrum caucasicum Fauvel, 1875. The record of Medon bicolor (Olivier, 1795) (as Sunius) in the same paper is erroneous because the species is absent from Georgia. Coiffait (1969) described Quedius grouziacus as a new species from Lagodekhi, however the species was later synonymized with Q. suramensis Epelsheim, 1880 by Solodovnikov (2002). Ushakov (1988) recorded Gauropterus sanguinipes Reitter, 1889, Gyrohypnus angustatus Stephens,1832 and Atrecus affinis (Paykull, 1789) as Baptolinus affinis caucasius Roubal, 1933. Gusarov and Koval (2002) registered Korgella caucasica (Gusarov & Koval, 2002; Özdikmen, 2005), as Heinzia. Later Shavrin & Khachikov (2019) added Acrolocha amabilis (Heer, 1841) which was new to the staphylinid fauna of Georgia. There have been no other focused studies on the Staphylinidae of Lagodekhi Protected Areas (LPA), though we recognize that there are likely further records in the literature.

This paper reports one new genus, Cyanocypus gen. nov. and one new species, Cyanocypus leukos sp. nov. from Yunnan, China. A comparison between the new genus and other related genera is provided and the diagnostic characters are illustrated.

The phylogenetic relationships of four dioecious populations and one parthenogenetic population of the harpacticoid Canthocamptus staphylinus (Jurine, 1820) were studied. Analysis of the mtCOI gene revealed two main clades as a phylogenetic tree and a network of haplotypes: a clade with Fennoscandian populations in Lake Paajarvi (Finland) and Lake Vanern (Sweden), and a second clade with populations in Lake Vortsjarv (Estonia), Orlov Pond in Saint Petersburg (Russia), and the type locality of the species in Lake Geneva (Switzerland). The parthenogenetic population of C. staphylinus showed the smallest nucleotide and haplotype polymorphisms and could have evolved as a reaction to the changing environmental conditions following the Last Glacial Maximum, 20K YBP.

External morphological and genetic structures of 94 individuals of Canthocamptus staphylinus Jurine (Harpacticoida, Copepoda, Crustacea) from ten European water bodies differing in type, including species type locality, have been analyzed. Significant distinctions of populations on six morphological features and morphometric indexes are established. The variability of both morphological and genetic markers is noted. As a result, two main species morph forms are allocated, typical and small. According to nucleotide, the variety of mitochondrial DNA harpacticoid specimens falls into ten haplotypes and three clades on the phylogenetic tree. One of them corresponds with the group isolated on morphological features (harpacticoids from the Sysola River basin, Komi Republic). The same-sex population from Lake Paajarvi (Finland), which is morphologically indistinguishable from the population from a type locality, is considerably divergent by nucleotide sequences of mtDNA. The role of geographical isolation and ecological factors in C. staphylinus microevolution is shown.

Sericothrips staphylinus was introduced to New Zealand as a biological control agent for gorse, Ulex europaeus (Fabales: Fabaceae), an invasive weed of European origin, but has proven to be an ineffective agent. We investigated and compared the functional responses of a predatory mite found on gorse in New Zealand, Amblyseius herbicolus, with two well-known mite predators of thrips: Amblydromalus limonicus, and Neoseiulus cucumeris when fed on varying densities (2, 4, 8, 16, and 24/491 mm2) of S. staphylinus first instar larvae. We also compared the functional response of A. herbicolus on S. staphylinus with previously published data for mite predators of thrips. Amblyseius herbicolus, A. limonicus, and N. cucumeris all exhibited a type II functional response. A. herbicolus generally exhibited higher capture rates and lower handling times than those reported for other predatory mites that are effective biocontrol agents of pest thrips on crops, except for A. limonicus. These results indicate that the presence of A. herbicolus on gorse in New Zealand is a likely explanation for the failure of S. staphylinus as a weed biocontrol agent.

The structure of ecological and zoogeographic groups of rove beetles, which inhabit the beech forests of the Lower Forest Belt of the Northeastern macro-slope of the Ukrainian Carpathians, was studied. A total of 616 specimens of Staphylinidae, which belong to 55 species in 12 subfamilies, were recorded from the investigated area. The Staphylininae subfamily is characterized by the largest individual number (396) and the highest species richness (19). The dominant Staphylinidae species were Ocypus bicharicus (68 individuals, 11.2%), Ocypus olens (63 individuals, 10.4%), Staphylinus erythropterus (35 individuals, 5.8%), Staphylinus caesereus (35 individuals. 5.8%), Nudobius lenthus (33 individuals, 5.4%). The study of ecological and morphological adaptations of rove beetles to the habitats showed that the recorded species are representatives of 13 ecological/morphological groups in three classes. The highest species richness was typical to the representatives of the epibionts class (47.3% of the total species registered). A smaller number of species belonged to borers (36.3%). However, it should be noted that this class included the largest number of ecological/morphological groups of rove beetles (8 groups). The highest individual abundance within the given class was typical to the groups of running borers coprobionts and burrowing borers micetobionts that in total covered 14.6%. The class of cryptobionts makes up 16.3% of all identified species. Running subbark cryptobionts were the most numerous group within the given class (10.9%). By trophic specialization, most recorded species were predators (74.6%). A minor part of species belonged to myxophages, which combine zoophagia with miceto- or saprophagia. Together they made up 16.4% of the species found. Only two species belonged to micetophages and three species to nematophages. Analysis of geographic ranges has shown the prevalence of species with European and Holarctic distribution.

Staphylinus (Tasgius) a uroguttatus Cameron, 1932 Type locality. India: Bengal. Type specimen studied. Holotype (male), by mοnοtypy, in BMNH: “ Type (rοund red margined label) / India / Sharp cοll. 1905-313 / Bengal / B M / S. aurοguttatus Cam. TYPE (Handwritten) / M. Camerοn Bequest. B.M. 1955-147” /. The specimen is in fair shape, οnly five segments οf right antenna and twο οf the left οne are present and the right hind tibia is missing., Published as part of Smetana, Aleš, 2018, Review of the genera Agelosus Sharp, 1889, Apostenolinus Bernhauer, 1934 and Apecholinus Bernhauer, 1933 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylinini: Staphylinina), pp. 201-244 in Zootaxa 4471 (2) on page 224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4471.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1439596

Staphylinus (Tasgius) bimaculatus Cameron, 1932 Type locality. N. India. Type specimen studied. Holotype (male), by mοnοtypy, in BMNH: “ Type (rοund red margined label) / N. India / Sharp cοll. 1905-313 / India bοr., yellοw οval label / S. bimaculatus Cam. TYPE (handwritten). The specimen is in bad shape, οnly fοur segments οf the right antenna and three οf the left οne are present, and right frοnt tibia and tarsus, entire right middle and left hind leg and right hind tibia and tarsus are missing. Additional material studied. India: Sikkim, Lake Khecheopari, 3.VI. 1999, E. Kučera leg., 1♂ (MSC); “ Sikkim India / sikkimensis Bh. det. Bernh. Bang-Haas ”, 1♂ FMNH). Diagnosis. Species with gοlden-yellοw tοmentοse pubescence present οnly οn the elytra; head and prοnοtum dark bluish tο dark purple bluish; elytra dark blue; elytra mοderately lοng, at suture slightly shοrter, at sides abοut as lοng as prοnοtum at midline; abdοminal tergite 7 with apical seam οf palisade setae. Description. Head and prοnοtum dark bluish tο dark bluish purple, elytra dark blue, abdοmen black; pubescence οn head, prοnοtum and abdοmen black, each elytrοn with small patch οf gοlden-yellοw tοmentοse pubescence at abοut middle οf lateral margin; maxillary and labial palpi brunneοus tο piceοus; antennae piceοusblack, becοming gradually paler tοward apex; legs piceοus-black tο black with frοnt tarsi mοre οr less paler. Head οf rοunded quadrangular shape with rοunded pοsteriοr angles, wider than lοng (ratiο 1.33), eyes small, mοderately cοnvex, slightly shifted dοrsad, tempοra markedly lοnger than length οf eyes seen frοm abοve (ratiο 1.56); disc οf head finely, densely punctate, punctatiοn becοming gradually sparser tοward clypeus and tο the cοntrary finer and denser pοsteriad and pοsteriοlaterad; indistinct trace οf impunctate midline; interspaces between punctures withοut micrοsculpture. Antennae relatively lοng, slightly thickened tοward apex, segment 3 lοnger than segment 2 (ratiο 1.25), fοllοwing segments lοnger than wide, gradually becοming shοrter, last segment shοrt, asymmetrically emarginated, alοng lateral margin shοrter than penultimate segment. Prοnοtum abοut as lοng as wide, mοderately cοnvex, narrοw marginal grοοve disappearing dοwnwards at abοut anteriοr fοurth οf prοnοtal length; punctatiοn οn disc very dense, slightly finer than that οn disc οf head, interspaces between punctures withοut micrοsculpture; very fine impunctate midline almοst cοmplete, missing οnly near anteriοr margin οf prοnοtum. Scutellum densely punctate/setοse, with granulοse micrοsculpture. Elytra mοderately lοng, hardly dilated pοsteriad, at suture slightly shοrter than prοnοtum at midline (ratiο 0.82), at sides abοut as lοng as prοnοtum at midline; punctatiοn very fine and very dense, interspaces between punctures with fine micrοscοpic irregularities, elytra therefοre appearing slightly dull. Wings fοlded under the elytra. Abdοmen with fifth visible tergite with pale apical seam οf palisade setae; tergite 2 (in frοnt οf first fully visible tergite) with sοme fine punctures in frοnt οf apical margin; all tergites very finely and very densely punctate, punctatiοn becοming slightly sparser tοward pοsteriοr margin οf each tergite, and in general tοward apex οf abdοmen, interspaces with extremely fine, granulοse micrοsculpture. Male. Sternite 8 with very shallοw, incοnspicuοus, οbtuse mediοapical emarginatiοn. Genital segment with tergite 10 narrοw, markedly, evenly narrοwed tοward narrοwly arcuate apex, with numerοus lοng setae οn apical pοrtiοn and with numerοus fine setae cοvering entire remaining bοdy οf the tergite (Fig. 49); sternite 9 with minute basal pοrtiοn, markedly, evenly narrοwed tοward narrοwly arcuate apex, withοut differentiated lοng setae apically (Fig. 50). Aedοeagus (Figs 47,48) with apex οf median lοbe truncate, slightly sinuate; paramere nοt quite reaching apex οf median lοbe, with numerοus distinctive, unequally lοng apical setae, underside with numerοus clοsely set sensοry peg setae arranged as in Fig. 48. Female. Genital segment nοt studied. Length 19.0–20.0 mm. Geographical distribution. I have seen Agelosus siikkimensis οnly frοm Sikkim and frοm West Bengal. The species has been recοrded, as Tasgius sikkimensis, frοm Bhutan by Cοiffait (1977:212), and as Nudabemus auroguttatus, frοm Nepal by Cοiffait (1982: 233). Bionomics. Nοthing is knοwn abοut the habitat preference οf the species., Published as part of Smetana, Aleš, 2018, Review of the genera Agelosus Sharp, 1889, Apostenolinus Bernhauer, 1934 and Apecholinus Bernhauer, 1933 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylinini: Staphylinina), pp. 201-244 in Zootaxa 4471 (2) on pages 224-225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4471.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/1439596

A taxonomic review of the genera Agelosus Sharp, 1889, Apostenolinus Bernhauer, 1934 and Apecholinus Bernhauer, 1933 is presented, including taxonomic history of the genera, their descriptions and keys to the species where applicable. Each species is described and illustrated, and all available bionomic and distributional data are presented. Agelosus caerulescens sp.n. (Yunnan), A. distigma sp.n. (China: Zhejiang), A. haeckeli sp.n. (Nepal), A. longicornis sp.n. (Japan: Shikoku), A. nigricollis sp.n. (China: Beijing Municipality, Hubei, Sichuan; North Korea), and A. schillhammeri sp.n. (China: Hubei) are described as new.Xanthocypus J. Müller, 1925 is removed from synonymy with Ocypus Leach, 1819 and moved as a resurrected synonym to Agelosus Sharp, 1889 (stat.res.)Ocypus fraternus Fairmaire, 1891, Agelosus ohkurai Hayashi, 1973, Ocypus aglaosemanticus He & Zhou, 2017, Ocypus liui He & Zhou, 2017 and Ocypus pterosemanticus He & Zhou, 2017 are transferred from Agelosus to Apecholinus Bernhauer, 1933 (comb.nov.), and Agelosus ohkurai and Agelosus pterosematicus are placed in synonymy with Apecholinus fraternus (syn.nov.).Staphylinus auroguttatus Cameron, 1932, Staphylinus bimaculatus Cameron, 1932 and Ocypus cameroni Smetana & Davies, 2000 (replacement name for bimaculatus Cameron, 1932) are transferred from Ocypus to Agelosus (comb.nov.) and placed in synonymy with Agelosus sikkimensis Bernhauer, 1920 (syn.nov.).Agelosus brevipennis Naomi, 1983, described as subspecies of Agelosus carinatus (Sharp, 1874), is placed in synonymy with Agelosus carinatus (syn.nov.).Agelosus chinensis J. Li, 1992 is transferred from Agelosus to Apecholinus Bernhauer, 1933 (comb.nov.) and placed in synonymy with Apecholinus fraternus (syn.nov.).Agelosus fushunicus J. Li, 2015 is placed in synonymy with Ocypus coreanus J. Müller, 1925 (syn.nov.).Agelosus unicolor masaoi Hyashi, 1991 is elevated to species rank (stat.nov,).Lectotype is designated for Ocypus weisei Harold, 1877.

Several case studies confirm that habitat and seasonal preferences of necrophilous insects are the source of valuable information about the season of death or corpse relocation. Rove beetles (Staphylinidae) are common predators found on corpses and subfamily Staphylininae includes species of the largest forensic importance. In order to evaluate usefulness of Staphylininae as indicators of season of death or corpse relocation, a pig carrion experiment was made from April to October in open and forest habitats of Central Europe. Forty species of Staphylininae were collected, with hairy rove beetle (Creophilus maxillosus) being the most abundant. Some species exhibited a clear preference towards particular habitats. It was found that Philonthus lepidus was exclusive to open habitats and therefore may be useful as indicator of corpse relocation from open to forest habitats. Philonthus decorus was the only species found exclusively on carcasses in forests. Clear seasonality was present in nine species. Philonthus lepidus, Bisnius nitidulus, Philonthusconcinnus and Gabrius osseticus were spring-early summer species, while Philonthusspinipes and Ocypus olens were late summer-early fall species. Bisnius fimetarius and Staphylinus erythropterus were spring-summer species. Platydracus stercorarius was summer species. These results indicate that some Staphylininae are good candidates for indicators of season of death or corpse relocation.

Platydracus breviantennatus n. sp., is described and figured based on an impression fossil from the upper Eocene Florissant beds of Colorado, the United States. Based on the large and densely setose body, relatively small eyes, and robust mandibles (right mandible seemingly with one simple preapical tooth), tibiae and antennae, the new species is placed in the modern genus Platydracus Thomson, 1858. It differs from other species of Platydracus by its large body, small head, and distinctly short antennae.

Rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) have been reported as predators of animal and human disease vectors and of insect pests associated with field and greenhouse crops including species in the genera Aleochara, Holobus, Paederus, Dalotia, Staphylinus and Philonthus; however, there is limited information on their life history parameters. The rove beetle Dalotia coriaria (Kraatz) is a predator of greenhouse pests including fungus gnats. In this study, stage-specific and total development, fecundity, longevity, and sex ratio were investigated under laboratory conditions using growing medium as a substrate, which was designed to simulate what rove beetles would experience under greenhouse conditions. Duration of life stages was 2.2, 7.1, and 7.8 days for egg, larva and pupa respectively, whereas total development time from egg to adult was 17.0 days. Average fecundity was 90.2 eggs per female and the number of adults produced per female was 69.1. In addition, D. coriaria male and female adult longevity was 60.3 and 47.8 days. The sex ratio was 1∶1 (females∶males). These results will be helpful in improving augmentative biological control and mass-rearing.

Gorse, Ulex europaeus, is an invasive weed that has serious agricultural, economic and ecological impacts. Although various biological control agents have been released in New Zealand, these have showed no noticeable impact on gorse populations. One such agent, Sericothrips staphylinus, was introduced to New Zealand in 1990 and although laboratory impact studies indicated it was a highly promising gorse biological control agent, it has not been as effective as was hoped. We hypothesized this was due to predation by natural enemies. This study investigated the predation and oviposition rates of three phytoseiid mites (Amblydromalus limonicus, Amblyseius herbicolus, and Neoseiulus cucumeris) that have been found on gorse plants in New Zealand on three S. staphylinus stages (1st instar larvae, 2nd instar larvae, and prepupa) in both choice and non-choice conditions. In non-choice conditions, A. limonicus had the highest predation and oviposition rate across all three immature stages, and N. cucumeris had the lowest. Amblydromalus limonicus, A. herbicolus, and N. cucumeris all had their highest predation rate when consuming 1st instar larvae, and their lowest predation rate when consuming prepupa. In the choice experiment, all three predatory mite species consumed their highest proportion of 1st instar larvae, and their lowest proportion of prepupae. The oviposition rate of all three mite species in the choice experiment was similar to the oviposition rate when presented with 1st instar larvae only. The results from this study confirm that A. limonicus, A. herbicolus, and N. cucumeris can predate and reproduce on S. staphylinus 1st instar larvae, 2nd instar larvae, and prepupa. This indicates that predation may be the reason why S. staphylinus is an ineffective biocontrol agent in New Zealand.

The genera Dysanellus Bernhauer and Torobus Herman are illustrated and reviewed. Two species are recognized in Dysanellus, D. bruchi Bernhauer and D. transverserugosus Bernhauer. Two valid species are recognized in Torobus as well, T. laetipes (Bernhauer) and T. purpurascens (Nordmann) after the following taxonomic changes. Trigonurus brasilianus Bernhauer is recognized as a junior synonym of Staphylinus purpurascens Nordmann, new synonymy. Torobus mautnermarkhofi (Scheerpeltz) is transferred to Scariphaeus Erichson as Scariphaeus mautnermarkhofi, new combination. Synoptic catalogue entries are provided for all species that have ever been placed in either Dysanellus or Torobus to clarify the status of those species.

From 2004 till 2008, Diplura were sampled at 96 localities in Belgium. Nine different species of Campodea were collected: Campodea fragilis Meinert 1865, Campodea lankesteri Silvestri 1912, Campodea lubbocki Silvestri 1912, Campodea meinerti Bagnall 1918, Campodea plusiochaeta Silvestri 1912, Campodea remyi Denis 1930, Campodea rhopalota Denis 1930, Campodea staphylinus Westwood 1842 and Campodea wallacei Bagnall 1918. The ordination technique non-metric multidimensional scaling indicated that pH and temperature/humidity were probably the most important variables determining species composition. However, it was remarkable that almost all combinations of species were encountered in the field, often even under the same stone. As no temporal segregations seem to take place, it remains unknown how these very similar species can occur together.

Large variations in population densities of Sericothrips staphylinus were observed between gorse bushes at a field site in an earlier Tasmanian study. A replicated potted plant experiment was conducted to assess whether genetic variation between gorse bushes could affect densities of S. staphylinus. There were significant differences in the number of S. staphylinus recovered from the individual bushes sampled within sites and individual bushes across all sites. This provides evidence that genetic variation between gorse bushes is at least partly responsible for the observed variability in field populations. The result validates the current release strategy used for the field establishment of S. staphylinus in south-eastern Australia. This strategy involves making multiple small releases (ca. 250 adults per bush per site) instead of a small number of large releases (ca. 1000 per bush per site), thereby reducing variation in numbers due to genetic affects. Genetic variation between individual plant...

Sericothrips staphylinus was released as a biological control agent for Ulex europaeus in New Zealand and Hawaii following tests on ca. 80 plant species which showed it was narrowly oligophagous. To determine the suitability of S. staphylinus for release in Australia, further host specificity tests were conducted on 38 species and cultivars of Australian plants. These tests confirmed that S. staphylinus would feed only on U. europaeus in Australia and, following formal approval, was released in Tasmania during January 2001. To develop an optimal release strategy for S. staphylinus under Australian conditions, a field trial based on an earlier New Zealand study was conducted by replicating releases of 10, 30, 90, 270 and 810 adults. Results showed that population growth, reproduction rate and the number of S. staphylinus recovered 14 months after release can be non-linear functions of release size and establishment could be achieved with as few as 10 thrips. As S. staphylinus is easily cultured ca. 250 thrips were chosen as the minimum number for release because, based on a negative binomial model, this release size produced close to the maximum population growth. Surveys in early 2007 recovered S. staphylinus from 80% of 30 sites in Tasmania, the post release period ranging from 1 to 6 years. However, densities were low (

Data of more than 30 years about the harpacticoid copepods of the North-East of European Russia were used to investigate planktonic and benthic species in different types of water bodies. All 28 species and subspecies of harpacticoids known for the study region were found in summer. In spring, Attheyella nordenskjoldi nordenskjoldi and Moraria brevipes reproduced in the rivers and Canthocamptus staphylinus staphylinus bred in temporary water bodies. In the investigated river, the harpacticoid abundance was controlled primarily by water level, while in lentic habitats water temperature determined the formation of egg-sacs in females. Temperature conditions also influenced the speed and duration of ontogenesis. Timing of reproduction of the widespread and dominant species varied depending on temperature conditions for each area of the region under study.

The paper deals with the species of the semenowi -lineage of the subgenus Pseudocypus Mulsant & Rey, 1876 of the genus Ocypus Leach, 1819, known to occur at present on the territory of the People’s Republic of China. Thirty three species are treated, of which twenty nine are described as new: O . ballio , O . bion , O . calamis , O . elpenor , O . glabrio , O . hecato , O . itys , O . laelaps , O . orodes , O . pammenes , O . pelias , O . quiris , O . sarpedon , O . scaevola , O . teuthras , O . vindex , O . xerxes and O . zetes , (all from Sichuan), O . palamedes (from Sichuan: Jiuding Shan), O . abaris , O . sadales and O . gorgias (all from Gansu), O . hyas (from Yunnan), O . dryas (from Xinjiang), O . zeuxis (from Hubei: Da Shennongjia range), O . neocles and O . rhinton (both from Shaanxi: Qinling Shan), O . dolon and O . menander (both from Shaanxi: Daba Shan). The lectotype is designated for Ocypus semenowi Reitter, 1887. Protocypus puer Smetana, 2005 is transferred to the subgenus Pseudocypus of Ocypus (new combination). Each species is described, illustrated and all available distributional and bionomic data are given. A key to the Chinese species of the semenowi -lineage of the subgenus Pseudocypus is given.

The rove beetle genus Physetops (Staphylinidae, Staphylininae, Staphylinini), which included five species and one subspecies, is revised. Based on morphological characters, Physetops is considered a monotypic genus with one widely distributed and polymorphic species, P. tataricus Pallas. A geographic pattern of intraspecific variability of P. tataricus is shown and its possible climate-based explanation is hypothesized. Five new synonyms are established: P. tataricus (Pallas, 1773) (senior synonym) = P. giganteus Semenov, 1906 = P. giganteus herculeanus Semenov, 1906 = Physetops tataricussyriacus Pic, 1907 = Physetops ahrendti Wendeler, 1921 = Physetops spilleri Bernhauer, 1923 (junior synonyms). Lectotypes of Staphylinus tataricus Pallas, Physetops giganteus Semenov, P. giganteus herculeanus Semenov and P. transcaspius Bernhauer, 1910 are designated. The paper summarizes all hitherto available data on this poorly known genus. Because the revision displayed radical departure from the views on taxonomy of Physetops previously accepted in literature, history of systematic exploration of the genus is discussed, and grounds for multiple accumulated confusions are explained. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

WOS: 000327322500001, Troughs are one of the main components of villages in Turkey. They are constructed by converting springs or underground waters. Until now, there has been no extensive study investigating the composition and diversity of trough zooplankton species. In order to contribute knowledge on the zooplanktons in troughs, 142 troughs were randomly sampled from 17 districts in Ankara Province between 22 June and 3 July 2011. A total of 18 zooplanktons including 11 Copepoda and 7 Cladocera species were determined. Twelve of the 18 (Paracyclops chiltoni, Paracylops fimbriatus, Paracyclops imminutus, Tropocyclops prasinus, Diacyclops bisetosus, Acanthocyclops vernalis, Canthocamptus staphylinus, Attheyella crassa, Bryocamptus minutus, Macrothrix hirsuticornis, Oxyurella tenuicaudis, Moina macrocopa) are new records for Ankara. Paracyclops imminutus was reported for the third time in Turkey in the last 50 years. UPGMA illustrated 4 main clustering groups of species corresponding to some of their ecological characteristics. Poisson distribution analysis showed almost random distribution of species among the troughs (s(2)/mu = 1.04). With their cosmopolitan characteristics, 3 species (M. hirsuticornis, E. serrulatus, and C. sphaericus) are the most common species. Their ecological tolerance and optimum values were higher than the mean tolerances for different environmental variables. The results show that troughs may provide suitable conditions for zooplankton species.

This paper presents the results of tests to determine the host range of Sericothrips staphylinus Haliday (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), an agent selected for control of Ulex europaeus (Fabaceae). It also describes the biology of the thrips and its release and establishment in New Zealand and Hawaii. Eighty-three plant species were tested. Research was conducted in several institutions by use of five testing methods. Adult thrips survived for up to 15 days without food or longer on nonhost plants (causing small feeding scars). Female thrips laid eggs on several species of the Fabaceae other than U. europaeus, but with one exception, larvae died. Chamaecytisus palmensis (Christ) Bisby et K. Nichols supported the development of one adult in nine laboratory tests. Thrips produced adults on this plant in field cage tests, but in small numbers compared to controls. S. staphylinus appears to be narrowly oligophagous, but might establish on C. palmensis. At 19°C, females laid 1 egg per day on seedlings, for up to 8 weeks. Lifetime fecundity averaged 76 eggs per female. Development from egg to adult took 42 days. Thrips originating from the United Kingdom were released at 129 sites in New Zealand and have established at 59% of sites to date. Thrips originating from the United Kingdom, Portugal, and France were released in Hawaii, and all established. Thrips have caused heavy foliar damage at some field sites, and growth of the target weed has been significantly reduced in laboratory experiments. However, the impact of S. staphylinus on the gorse problem in New Zealand and Hawaii remains to be seen.

This paper presents a reclassification of the north temperate taxa associated with the genus Staphylinus sensu lato, and comments on relevant subtribes of the tribe Staphylinini. The treatment contains the following: (1) a historical introduction to the past and recent classification of these genera; (2) a discussion of the characters used herein, many of them being unconventional and used for the first time, and many of which are illustrated either by SEM photomicrographs or by line drawings; (3) a key to the north temperate subtribes of the tribe Staphylinini; (4) a discussion of the diagnostic characters of each of the five relevant subtribes (Philonthina, Quediina, Anisolinina, Staphylinina, and Xanthopygina); (5) a key to the north temperate generic- and subgeneric-level taxa associated with the genus Staphylinus sensu lato; (6) type species information and a discussion of diagnostic characters for each taxon at the generic and subgeneric level; (7) a discussion of reasons for taxonomic and ...

The external features of the embryo of the dipluran, Lepidocampa weberi Oudemans are described. The long germ band is formed, and blastokinesis is a simple flexion of the germ band. The primary dorsal organ is formed between the cephalic and abdominal ends by concentration of serosal cells. The mouth fold is formed by ventral extension of the intercalary, mandibular, and maxillary terga, through which entognathy is completed. The posteroventral region of the mouth fold develops into the admentum. Rotation of the labial anlagen is involved in labial formation, and the glossa, paraglossa, and labial palp acquire a tandem arrangement. The postmentum is formed by fusion of the labial subcoxae and is appendicular in origin. The styli and exertile vesicles are derived from the distal parts of bifurcated appendicular anlagen of the second to seventh abdominal segments. The columnar appendage of the first abdominal segment is serially homologous with the exertile vesicles of the following segments. The abdomen is composed of ten segments, and the cercus is the appendage of the tenth, last abdominal segment. Embryogenesis of Lepidocampa weberi resembles that of the rhabduran Campodea staphylinus (Uzel, 1898) as well as that of the dicelluratan Japyx major (Silvestri, '33). It may be emphasized that the rhabduran and dicelluratan diplurans share important features such as entognathy formation and abdominal organization, and the resemblance between them seems to be close enough to postulate their close affinity. Some embryogenetic features, which Diplura and Collembola share, are recognized as plesiomorphic and the manner of entognathy formation may significantly differ. J. Morphol. 237:101–115, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

The groundwater fauna, of which scarcely anything has previously been studied in formerly glaciated areas, was richest close to the water table and diminished markedly at greater depths. However, few individuals were generally recorded per 1 m 3 of water. Bryocamptus minutus was the most abundant species of copepod at an esker site, the other species recorded being Attheyella crassa , Bryocamptus pygmaeus , Moraria brevipes and Parastenocaris phyllura , and some species from the genus Diacyclops . At a shore bank infiltration site M. brevipes was the most numerous species. However, one esker site examined did not have any animals. Springs, which were grouped into those in a natural state and those under anthropogenic influence, had some species in common with esker groundwater, but also Paracyclops fimbriatus , Acanthocyclops robustus , Acanthocyclops vernalis , Diacyclops bicuspidatus , Megacyclops viridis , and the harpacticoid species Bryocamptus cuspidatus , Bryocamptus echinatus and Canthocamptus staphylinus . Of the spring copepods, P. fimbriatus appeared to withstand the influence of road de-icing with NaCl, but numbers of Moraria brevipes were reduced under this influence. Bryocamptus echinatus was more numerous in springs having a high oxygen content and high pH. The species found in esker groundwaters and springs were in part the same evidently cold-stenotherm species which inhabit the profundal zone of oligotrophic lakes.

Many biocontrol agents released against alien weeds and pests fail to establish in the field. Here, we ask whether better release strategies could improve the likelihood of successful establishment. A manipulative field experiment was used to investigate the relationship between the probability of establishment and the number of individuals released for a weed biocontrol agent. In this experiment, replicated releases of 10, 30, 90, 270 and 810 gorse thrips, Sericothrips staphylinus Haliday, were made on to isolated gorse bushes in New Zealand. The sampling eY ciency was determined using a further experiment in which known numbers of thrips were released on to bushes. The data obtained showed that in approximately nine out of 10 releases of 10 thrips, at least one thrips would be found. The thrips in the size of release experiment were sampled 1 year after their release. A higher proportion of the small releases became extinct during this time period: thrips were recovered from 100% of the releases of 270 ...

The strumosus species group Head wide, about as wide as long, eyes slightly longer than temples, frontal, triangular depression with sparser puncturation and setation as on rest of head. Antennomere III longer than pedicel and longer or at most as long as IV, all antennomeres matt, with dense microsculpture. Pronotum strongly transverse, more rectangular than trapezoidal in shape, with excavation on anterior margin, lateral margin matt, with tubercles and setae and with well-defined microsculpture, medial groove well-defined, pronotal disc with tubercles with erect setae, microsculpture variable, with setation. Metaventral process lacking depression, punctures with long setae, medial groove punctured and setose, surface with microsculpture and macrosetae. Tergites III–IV finely punctured on posterior margin with fine setae and macrosetae (14–18), tergite V–VIII lacking puncturation, surface with uneven microsculpture and setae. Sternites with long setae, on sternite III–IV exceeding posterior margin of sternite, on other sternites setae not exceeding its posterior margin. List of species. L. inflatus (Zetterstedt), L. mongolicus (Wasmann), L. sibiricus (Motschulsky), L. strumosus siculus (Fiori), L. strumosus strumosus (Fabricius), L. teres (Eppelsheim). Distribution. Almost the whole Palaearctic region, from Spain, central and northern Europe, Caucasus, Mongolia, China and Russia Far East.

The strumosus species group Head wide, about as wide as long, eyes slightly longer than temples, frontal, triangular depression with sparser puncturation and setation as on rest of head. Antennomere III longer than pedicel and longer or at most as long as IV, all antennomeres matt, with dense microsculpture. Pronotum strongly transverse, more rectangular than trapezoidal in shape, with excavation on anterior margin, lateral margin matt, with tubercles and setae and with well-defined microsculpture, medial groove well-defined, pronotal disc with tubercles with erect setae, microsculpture variable, with setation. Metaventral process lacking depression, punctures with long setae, medial groove punctured and setose, surface with microsculpture and macrosetae. Tergites III���IV finely punctured on posterior margin with fine setae and macrosetae (14���18), tergite V���VIII lacking puncturation, surface with uneven microsculpture and setae. Sternites with long setae, on sternite III���IV exceeding posterior margin of sternite, on other sternites setae not exceeding its posterior margin. List of species. L. inflatus (Zetterstedt), L. mongolicus (Wasmann), L. sibiricus (Motschulsky), L. strumosus siculus (Fiori), L. strumosus strumosus (Fabricius), L. teres (Eppelsheim). Distribution. Almost the whole Palaearctic region, from Spain, central and northern Europe, Caucasus, Mongolia, China and Russia Far East., Published as part of J��szay, Tom���� & Hlav����, Peter, 2013, A taxonomic revision of the myrmecophilous genus Lomechusoides Tottenham, 1939 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) Part I. Redescription of the genus, definition of species groups and the revision of the amurensis Wasmann 1897 species group, pp. 65-81 in Zootaxa 3683 (1) on page 70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3683.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/284134

The neotropical myrmecophilous genus Smilax is revised and a new species, Smilax deneinephyto Chatzimanolis is described from southern Brazil. Lectotypes are designated for Smilax cyanea Wasmann and Staphylinus pilosus Fabricius. Smilax cyanea is shown to be a junior synonym of Smilax pilosa . A key and illustration of morphological features are provided for the identification of taxa. The types of the two species of Smilax were not available for study even though they are deposited in public museums.

Staphylinus Generic diagnosis of mature larvae. The larval description of S. erythropterus presented in this paper is not in agreement with the earlier one by Boháč (1982). Therefore, these literature data were not applied in further diagnostic analysis. The morphological data regarding S. erythropterus presented below combined with the data extracted from the superficial description of S. cesareus (Pototskaya 1967) were used to determine the diagnostic characters of genus Staphylinus. They are as fallow: frayed setae absent; anterior margin of labrum with 9 very weekly visible, slightly separated to each others, low teeth; mandible with four setae; small tooth on mandible; stalk of apotome wide; ligula stump-shaped with two pairs of setae; hypopharynx membranous and thickly pubescent; stipes of maxilla with hair-like cuticular processes; mala short (2.5 times shorter to segment I of maxillary palp); maxillary and labial palp three- and two-segmented, respectively; foretibia with comb of bifid setae; tarsungulus bisetose; cervicosternum triangular divided at least partially; urogomphi longer to pygopod. Generic diagnosis of pupa. The description of pupae of S. erythropterus given by Szujecki (1960) is incomplete. The author described and illustrated the pupae exclusively based on one specimen collected in the field. Due to this, some significant morphological structures could be broken, and therefore not recorded or illustrated. The combination of characters permitting the distinguishing of pupae of Staphylinus from other known pupae of subtribe Staphylinina (Creophilus, Ocypus, Ontholestes, Platydracus, Tasgius) is as follows: the length of hind leg reaching half length of the 5 th (morphologically 7 th) well visible from ventral side abdominal segment; the presence of pair setae on three terminal, abdominal segments (VII – IX); the number of setiform projections on pronotum (19 – 25); antenna, not protruding half length of the shortened elytra; the body length: 9 – 10.2 mm (Dajoz & Caussanel 1968; Schmidt 1994; Staniec 2004; Staniec & Pietrykowska 2005; Staniec et al. 2009). A brief description and sketchy figure of pupal second member of Staphylinus—S. cesareus were given by Boháč (1982). Considering a scant, intrageneric comparison, S. erythropterus differs from S. cesareus in the tarsi reaching half length of the 5 th well visible abdominal segment (S. cesareus have tarsi protruding to anterior margin of the 3 rd abdominal segment). Description of mature larva and pupa of S. erythropterus (adult habitus and aedeagus as in Figs 62, 65, 66) Larva (L 2 ) (larval habitus as in Figs 4–6) (only selected features) Body length: 16.9 – 21.5 mm (mean 18.4 mm); head width (HW 1): 2.0 – 2.7 mm (mean 2.4 mm), head width (HW 2): 2.3 – 2.9 mm (mean 2.5 mm); head length: 1.6 – 2.9 mm (mean 2.1 mm); pronotum width: 2.0 – 2.7 mm (mean 2.3 mm). Colour: head dark brown, mandibles almost black, antennae, maxillae, labium and legs yellowish brow, pronotum and mesonotum brown, metanotum dark brown, abdominal tergites I – VIII almost black, tergite IX and sternites I – IX grey, urogomphi and apical part of segment X dark yellow, all setae (macro and micro) brown and simple. Body elongated, cylindrical first abdominal segments narrower than second one, segments II – V more or less equal in length then gradually narrowed to the terminal segment of the body. Head (Figs 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 26, 27, 30, 31, 35 –37, 39, 42): lateral margins almost parallel, widest about at the stemmata level (Fig. 15). Each side of head with four stemmata in a cluster, three stemmata almost of equal size, the hind one distinctly bigger than others (Fig. 14). Epicranial part (E) with 20 (2 x 10) macro setae located symmetrically in relation to epicranial suture (Fig. 15). Nasale (Na) without asymmetrically setae (Fig. 18); anterior margin of nasale with 9 weakly visible, slightly separated each other, low and wide teeth; all teeth (Mt, Pmt, Lt 1 – 3) equal in length (Fig. 17). Ventral side of head with 14 (2 x 7) macro setae located symmetrically in relation to ventral suture, without micro setae (Fig. 20). Apotome (Ap) (Figs 20, 22) in broad outline triangular, with wide stalk, slightly extending beyond tentorial pits. Antenna (Figs 26, 27) 4 -segmented, length ratio of segments I – IV 1.2: 2.5: 1.7:1.0, respectively; segment I as wide at the base as long; segment II 4.2 times as long as wide, with two pores (one dorsally, one ventrally); segment III 3.5 times as long as wide in the widest place, with three macro setae laterally, three sensory appendages (Sa) – one biggest acorn-shaped and two tiny (Fig. 26); segment IV about 3.5 times as long as wide, about 3.9 times as long as acorn-shaped sensory appendage of segment III, with 3 setae short or long (Figs 26, 27) and 4 solenidia (So) apically (Fig. 26). Mandible (Figs 30, 30A, 31) slender and narrow relatively, with 4 setae (coded: 1 – 4) at the outer margin, among them: one (coded: 3) distinctly longer than others and one tiny (coded: 1 or 2) very often invisible, 1 pore dorsally; inner margin with two teeth–tiny, poorly visible in basal part (Fig. 30 A) and bigger one, obtuse, low in about 1 / 3 length from the base. Maxilla (Figs 35 – 37): length ratio of cardo (Cd) and stipes (Stp) 1: 2.5; cardo 1.3 times as wide as long bearing 1 seta ventro-laterally; stipes 2.6 times as long as wide with 9 setae (4 near outer margin, 3 near inner margin, and 2 near mala) and region of hair-like cuticular processes laterobasally (Fig. 36 A). Mala (Ma) (Figs 35, 35A) finger-shaped, slightly narrowed apically, with 2 setae, 3 micro sensory appendage apically and 3 pores; length ratio of mala and segment I of maxillary palp: 1: 2.4. Palpifer (Pf) (Fig. 35) with 1 pore and 1 seta ventrally. Maxillary palp (Pm) 3 -segmented, slim relatively, segments I and II almost equal of width; length ratio of segments I–III: 1: 1.1: 1.2, respectively; segment I 3.7 times as long as wide, slightly and gradually winded to its apical, with 2 pores ventrally; segment II 4.9 times as long as wide, slightly winded to its apical, with 2 setae (1 at the outer margin near apical, 1 at the inner margin in 1 / 3 length from the base) and 2 pore near apical (Fig. 36); segment III slightly narrower than others, 8.8 times as long as wide, with 1 digitiform sensory appendage basally on outer margin, 2 pores near apex and a few micro sensory appendages apically, length ratio segment and digitiform sensory appendage: 7.5: 1 (Fig. 37). Hypopharynx: dorsal side of labium membranous and thickly pubescent, apex sinuate (Figs 39, 39A). Prementum (Fig. 42) consists of two parts: anterior–wider and membranous with ligula (Lg) and a pair of labial palps, and posterior–narrower, sclerotized, narrowed basally with 4 setae (2 long anteriorly, 2 short laterally); ligula short and rounded, with 4 micro setae, separated from prementum by wide sclerotized stripe (Fig. 42 A). Labial palp (Lp) 2 -segmented (Fig. 42); length ratio of segments I – II 1.2: 1, respectively; segment I slightly and gradually widened to the apical, 4.6 x as long as wide in the widest place, with 1 pore at the inner margin; segment II slightly narrower than the first one, gradually narrowed to the apical, 5.4 x as long as wide in the widest place, with one pore near apical and few micro sensory appendages apically. Thorax (Figs 44, 46, 48). Foreleg (Fig. 44): femur (Fe) with about 45 setae (20 thick, spine-shaped) and 2 – 3 pores; tibia (Tb) with 30 thick, spine-shaped setae (3 short) and comb of 10 – 13 bifid setae near apex (Figs 44, 44 A); tarsungulus (Tu) with 2 spine-shaped setae (Fig. 44 B); length ratio of profemur, protibia and protarsungulus 3.3: 2.2: 1, respectively. Pro-, meso, and metanotum with mid-longitudinal ecdysial line; tergite I with a pair of sensilla (S) antero-laterally; chaetotaxy of pro- and mesonotum as in Fig. 46; chaetotaxy of meso- and metanotum identical. Cervicosternum (Cr) triangular, divided not completly by ecdysial longitudinal line (Fig. 48). Abdomen (Fig. 53). Urogomphi (Ug), each one with two clearly visible segments (Fig. 53): segment I slightly arched to inner side with about 30 setae (about 25 short, 5 long) and a few pores; segment II straight with 3 setae (two micro, one long apically); length ratio of segments I, II of and apical seta 3.0: 1.3:1.0, respectively. Urogomphi (without seta apically) distinctly longer than pygopod; length ratio of segment I, II of urogomphi and pygopod 2.3: 1: 2.3. Pupa (habitus as in Figs 56–60) [supplement to description of Szujecki (1960)]. Body length: 9.04 – 10.16 mm (mean 9.59 mm); body width: 4.31 – 4.80 mm (mean 4.60 mm); head width: 2.94 – 3.36 mm (mean 3.17 mm); head length: 3.13 – 3.45 mm (mean 3.29 mm); pronotum width: 2.79 – 3.11 mm (mean 2.98 mm), pronotum length: 2.89 – 3.16 mm (mean 3.01 mm); colour bricky-brown, body stocky. Head almost as long as wide (Figs 56, 57), antennae reaching about one four of the elytra length, labrum about 1.6 times as broad (at the base) as long; mandible crossed on their apexes. Anterior margin of pronotum with 19 – 25 projections (NPP) (13 /12, 12/13, 12/12, 13/11, 11/12, 10/12, 10/11, 10/10, 9/11, 8/12, 10/ 9 on sides in individuals) (Fig. 57 B). Wings reaching the posterior margin of 1 st (morphologically 3 rd) clearly visible from ventral side, abdominal segment (Figs 56, 57). Each middle tibiae with at least 15 outlines of protuberances (Fig. 57 A), hind tibiae with 4–5 clearly visible protuberances on tarsi. Tarsi of hind legs reaching half length of the 5 th (morphologically 7 th) well visible from ventral side abdominal segment (Fig. 56). Abdominal tergite I 1.6 times longer than tergite II. Tergites I – IV with tuberculate, functional spiracles (Fig. 58), the first pair situated more laterally than the rest, moderately protruding; tergites V – VIII with externally visible, but apparently atrophied spiracles (Fig. 58 A). Segments VII – VIII each bearing a pair of setiform projections on sides (Fig. 58 B). Setiform projections on segment VII longer to VIII. Terminal sternite with well marked sexual dimorphism: female pupa with double gonotheca, male pupa with single gonotheca (Figs 59, 60), each sex with a pair of curved, terminal prolongation with numerous, cuticular processes (Fig. 60 A). Notes on the life history of S. erythropterus in laboratory condition. During the rearing, conducted from 3 May to 15 June 2011, the insects were able to fully complete their life cycle. Immediately after catching, imagines started copulation that repeated with intervals for a period of 6–12 days (from 5 to 17 May). The female oviposition lasted from 6 to 21 May (15 days in total). The time of the copulation stage coincided with the oviposition in laboratory conditions. This suggests that the actual time of oviposition (in field conditions) could have started before 3 May. During the oviposition period, insects hid in the ground and laid eggs every day. One female laid 1 – 2, sporadically 3 eggs per day. These data, however, may not be reliable, because they result from rearing of only two females (the third female died after laying 3 eggs). Eggs were laid separately, distributed in the soil filling the rearing containers. During the oviposition (15 days) one female laid a total of 26 eggs. The period of embryonic development varied from 8 to 10 days (mean 9 days). In the laboratory conditions the larval development lasted from the middle of May (14.05) to the middle of June (12.06). The development of particular larval stages ranged from 5 to 7 days (mean 6 days) for the first stage (L 1), and 7–9 days (mean 8 days) for the second (L 2). The time of occurrence of both larval stages lasted 4 weeks. Shortly before pupation, S. erythropterus larvae, as usually most of the known larvae of Staphylinini, were becoming less and less active. The mean duration of development of the prepupae and pupae was 2 and 12 days, respectively. Prepupae and pupae were observed in the laboratory from the end of May (29.05) to June (26.06). After the metamorphosis, the mature specimens of the new generation came out onto the soil surface in the first decade of June (10.06). Their appearance coincided with the presence of previous-generation specimens. The complete duration of the development of S. erythropterus under laboratory conditions, from the egg until the emergence of the adult form of a new generation, was 36 days on the average (Fig. 67). Remarks on the inherency of two larval instars of S. erythropterus unique within Staphylinini. The present paper provides a new insights into the life cycle of representatives of tribe Staphylinini. S. erythropterus has only two larval instars, in contrast to three instars observed in the case of other closely related species: Acylophorus wagenschieberi, Creophilus maxillosus, Ocypus fulvipennis, Philonthus rubripennis, Platydracus latebricola, Quedius brevicornis (Dajoz & Caussanel 1968; Staniec 2003; Staniec 2005; Staniec & Pietrykowska- Tudruj 2007; Staniec et al. 2009). The following evidences lack of the third larval instar in the life cycle of S. erythropterus: differences in the size of morphological structures between successive larval stages, short time of the total duration of the life cycle, amounting to 13,6 days, and the presence of only two larval exzuviae (belonging to L 1 and L 2) in the rearing chambers. Table 3 presents the comparison of the size of the most important morphological structures: head width and length, as well as pronotum width and body length of the first and second larval stage and prepupa. The convergence of the size of all the selected structures in the second larval instar and prepupa strongly suggests that this (second) larval stage is the last one. The distinction of two larval stages in the life cycle of S. erythropterus is in accordance with the determinations by Tikhomirova & Melnikov (1970), and contradicts those by Boháč (1982). Based on laboratory rearing, Boháč distinguished and described three larval stages. The comparison of the head width of all larval stages, presented herein, however, firmly denies his statement, and confirms the lack of the third larval stage. It is interesting, how the process of embryonisation is reflected on the larval morphology. In their study on the late embryogenesis of Staphylinus, Tikhomirova and Melnikov (1970) maintain that the first larval stages are the “missing” ones. According to the authors, the process of embryonisation has gone so far that the first larval stage has been completely included in the egg. Newly hatched larvae of Staphylinus have well sclerotised slerites and developed chaetotaxy. Their morphology is similar to that of the second larval instars of other known larvae of Staphylinini. Our evaluation of larval characters, however, is not in complete accordance with the the statement of Tikhomirova and Melnikov (1970). In the case of Staphylinini, as far as their immature stages are known, the newly hatched larvae of S. erythropterus have characters also observed in both the second and first larval stage (Staniec 2003; Staniec et al., 2009). The main features of newly hatched larvae making them morphologicaly similar to the first stage are the following: lack of comb of bifid setae on the tarsungulus; a lower number of setae (in comparison to the last larval instar) on the femur, tibia (27 and 22, respectively) and segment I of the urogomphi (about 18); the presence of rod-shaped setae on the abdominal tergites. Compared with the second larval stage, newly hatched larvae are similar in terms of the body size. They also have the same number of sensory appendages and solenidia on the third antennal segment (3 and 1, respectively) as well as setae on tarsungulus (two setae). In conclusion, the newly hatched larvae of S. erythropterus combine morphological features, observed in the first and second larval instars of other known larvae of Staphylinini. The tendency of embryonisation of S. erythropterus may be related to the intensification of predation of this large and very active staphylinid (Tikhomirova & Melnikov 1970). Concluding remarks. Platydracus Thomson, 1858 was originally described as a separated genus. Until 1956, however, almost all authors considered the taxon a subgenus of the genus Staphylinus Linné. Even though Coiffait (1956) re-elevated Platydracus to the genus level, some authors still consider Platydracus a subgenus. The taxonomic history of both of the genera shows they are closely related. As usually, all these taxonomic transfers were done besed exclusively on adult feateures. Our study enriches the current database of adult characters with new, larval ones. Numerous significant characters suggesting the genus level of Platydracus, and the distinction between the larvae of P. latebricola and S. erythropterus presented in table 2, seem definitely confirm the validity position of the categorization of the species as separate genera. FIGURES 12–22. Mature larva of P. latebricola (12, 13, 16, 19, 21) and S. erythropterus (14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22). (12, 15, 19, 20) Head, in dorsal aspect (12, 15*) with microstructure (A), ventral aspect (19, 20*); (13, 14) stemmata; (16, 18) nasale; (17) anterior part of nasale; (21, 22) apotome and tentorial pits. Abbreviations: Ap—apotome, E—epicranial part, Gp—glandular pit, Lt—lateral teeth, Mt—median tooth, Na—nasale, P—posterior part, Pmt—paramedian tooth, Tp—tentorial pit, *—right or left half. FIGURES 23–31. Mature larva of P. latebricola (23 –25, 28, 29) and S. erythropterus (26, 27, 30, 31). (23, 26) Apical part of right antenna in dorsal aspect; (24, 27) right antenna in dorsal aspect with version of apical part of segment IV bearing long setae (27 A); (25) region of sensory appendages of antennal segment III in ventral aspect; (28) epipharynx; (29, 30) right mandibles with regions of two short sutures convergent to furrow (29 A) in dorsal aspect; (31) basal part of mandible. Abbreviations: I–IV—antennal segments, Sa—sensory appendage, So—solenidia. FIGURES 32–42. Mature larva of P. latebricola (32 –34, 38, 40, 41) and S. erythropterus (35 –37, 39, 42). (32, 35) Region of mala in ventral aspect; (34, 36) right maxilla in dorsal aspect with inner margin of stipes (34 A, 36 A); (33, 37) segment III of maxillary palp; (38, 39) hypopharynx with anterior part (39 A); (40, 42) labium with ligula (42 A) in ventral aspect; (41) segment II of labial palp in dorsal aspect. Abbreviations: I–III—maxillary palps segments, I–II—labial palps segments, Cd&mdash

The mature larva of Platydracus latebricola (Gravenhorst, 1806) is described for the first time and the larva and pupa of Staphylinus erythropterus Linné, 1758 are redescribed. Illustrations of structural features are provided. The combination of characters that allow for distinguishing the known mature larvae of Platydracus, and larvae and pupae of Staphylinus from closely related genera within tribe Staphylinini are given. The mature larvae of Platydracus and Staphylinus are compared and the generic status of the former is confirmed. Life history data under laboratory conditions of S. erythropterus are provided. Two larval instars in this species, a state unique within the tribe Staphylinini was reported.

The genus Wasmannellus was established by Bernhauer (1920: 186) to include a single species, W. tristis, from Sikkim (Darjeeling). The genus was redescribed and redefined by Smetana (2006). Not only has W. tristis remained the sole species of the genus until now, but also the holotype is still the only known specimen of the taxon. It was, therefore, a rather pleasant surprise that in some recently collected Chinese Staphylinina submitted for identification, a series of specimens was found that turned out to represent a second species of the genus Wasmannellus. The specimens displayed all the important character states defining Wasmannellus, including the puncture bearing the postocular seta on the head being situated closer to posterior margin of head than to posterior margin of eye (Fig. 2).

Staphylinus ornaticauda LeConte, 1863 Staphylinus ornaticauda was inadvertently included in the table of adventive Staphylinidae given by Majka and Klimaszewski (2008: 72). Th e species was previously treated in North America as Staphylinus erythropterus L., 1758, a Palaearctic species and was accidentally retained on the list of adventive species. Staphylinus ornaticauda is a native, Nearctic species., Published as part of Majka, Christopher & Klimaszewski, Jan, 2008, Adventive Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) of the Maritime Provinces of Canada: further contributions, pp. 151-174 in ZooKeys 2 (2) on page 163, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.2.5, http://zenodo.org/record/576407, {"references":["Majka CG, Klimaszewski J (2008) Introduced Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) in the Maritime Provinces of Canada. Th e Canadian Entomologist 140: 48 - 72."]}

The monotypic genus Wasmannellus Bernhauer, 1920 is redescribed and reevaluated; its relationship with the relevant genera of Staphylinini is briefly discussed; the appropriate portion of the key to genera in Smetana & Davies (2000) is modified to allow the inclusion of the genus. The genus Nelmanwaslus is described as new, with N. ornatus spec. nov. as the type species and another included species: N. stevensi (Cameron, 1932) (comb. nov., from Wasmannellus). Nelmanwaslus is the genus that was misidentified as Wasmannellus in Smetana & Davies (2000).

This is the second paper dealing with the Chinese species of the genus Sphaerobulbus Smetana, 2003. Four species are described as new: S. rex (Shaanxi), S. pusio (Sichuan), S. businskorum (Sichuan) and S. bicolor (Sichuan). Notes concerning the taxonomy of S. bisinuatus Smetana, 2003 and S. abdominalis Smetana, 2003 are presented. New distributional records for S. bisinuatus, S. brezinai Smetana, 2003, S. yulongmontis and S. murzini Smetana, 2003 are given.

The species Staphylinus luctuosus Blanchard, 1842 was transferred to the genus Creophilus early in this century, apparently based on comments in the original description, and has not been studied since. Examination of a type (here designated as lectotype) demonstrates that this species does not belong in either of these genera of the subtribe Staphylinina, but instead belongs in the genus Xanthopygus of the subtribe Xanthopygina. Xanthopygus luctuosus NEW COMBINATION is probably a valid species, possibly most closely related to X. max Blackwelder from Peru. Although X. luctuosus is listed only from Brazil in all catalogs, it was originally recorded from Bolivia, and the type locality is here corrected to the area between Chilon and Mataral, Bolivia.

Smetana, Aleš (2005): Contributions to the knowledge of the " Staphylinus­complex " (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Staphylinini) of China. Part 10. A new species of the genus Platydracus Thomson, 1858. Zootaxa 1048: 21-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.169926

Elaphoidella moreae n. sp., Parapseudoleptomesochra hellenica n. sp. and Nitocrella achaiae n. sp. are described from phreatic subterranean waters of Greece. Moreover, new localities are reported for the species Elaphoidella karamani Chappuis, Elaphoidella elaphoides (Chappuis), Attheyella (Brehmiella) dentata (Poggenpol), Attheyella (Attheyella) crassa (Sars), Nitocrella skirensis Pesce, Nitocra spinipes Boeck, Bryocamptus (Bryocamptus) minutus (Claus), and Canthocamptus staphylinus (Jurine). The systematic status of the species Elaphoidella karamani, Elaphoidella eucharis Chappuis, and Elaphoidella elaphoides is briefly discussed.

The population dynamics of Canthocamptus staphylinus in the littoral zone of Lake Constance are described (fig. 2). Adult animals aestivate as cysts. The main part of the population emerges from the cysts in autumn. During the resting stage and the first spell after emerging, mortality is very low (fig. 3). Reproduction, expressed as numbers of ovigerous females, begins in November and reaches its maximum in January. The new generation becomes adult in May/June and encysts without previous reproduction. According to Sarvala (1979) it may be possible, that in littoral populations dormancy is induced by long day periods and temperatures of over 12° C (figs. 1, 2). In the profundal zone C. staphylinus also forms cysts, however, both light and temperature are not likely to induce this stage in depths of over 60 m.

The harpacticoid copepod Canthocamptus staphylinus (Jurine) was shown to reproduce parthenogenetically in an oligotrophic Finnish lake. The population was univoltine with peaks of egg production in winter and early spring. Young from both peaks became adults in spring and aestivated as cysts. Laboratory experiments suggested that either high temperature (12 °C or more) or long days will inhibit egg production, but that both factors together are needed to induce encystment. Embryonic survival was low, on the average only 60%. The population was limited by low food levels in winter, and it is suggested that food shortage prevents the species from colonizing the profundal zone of oligotrophic lakes.