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Given the great importance of innovation for economic development, each country strives to adapt its business environment to the continuous development of innovation. At the beginning of the Covid-19 health crisis, the question was what the impact on innovation would be. Investments in innovations have shown great resilience in the conditions of the pandemic, especially in the field of modern information and communication technologies and scientific research activities. North America and Europe continue to be ahead of other regions in terms of innovation. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of innovation as a factor of economic development in the conditions of the Covid-19 health crisis. The first part of the paper points out the role of innovation as a factor of economic development. The second part of the paper is dedicated to the analysis of the Global Innovation Index for 2021 and the impact of the Covid-19 health crisis on innovation. The third part of the paper analyzes the innovation in the Republic of Serbia and gives recommendations for improving the innovativeness of the economy of the Republic of Serbia in the conditions of the Covid-19 health crisis. After a comprehensive analysis of the available literature, relevant conclusions are presented.

Operators of modern mobile networks are faced with significant challenges in providing the requested level of service to an ever increasing number of user entities. Advanced machine learning techniques based on deep architectures and appropriate learning methods are recognized as promising ways of tackling the said challenges in many aspects of mobile networks, such as mobile data and mobility analysis, network control, network security and signal processing. Having firstly presented the background of deep learning and related technologies, the paper goes on to present the architectures used for deployment of deep learning in mobile networks. The paper continues with an overview of applications and services related to the new generation of mobile networks that employ deep learning methods. Finally, the paper presents practical use case of modulation classification as implementation of deep learning in an application essential for modern spectrum management. We complete this work by pinpointing future directions for research.

The concept of Smart City started its development path around two to three decades ago; it has been mainly influenced and driven by radical changes in technological, social and business environments. Big Data, Internet of Things and Networked Cyber-Physical Systems, together with the concepts of Cloud, Fog and Edge Computing, have tremendous impact on the development of Smart City, reforming its frame and tasks and redefining its requirements and challenges. We consider feasible architectures of the IT infrastructure and signal processing, taking into account aspects of Big Data, followed by summary of benefits and main challenges, like security of infrastructure and private data. As a practical example we present a public safety application of multi-sensor imaging system: a smart device with target detection subsystem based on artificial intelligence used for activation of target tracking. The experiments have been performed in the cities of Abu Dhabi and Belgrade, which have very different environment. The experiments have shown the effects of videostreaming compression on thermal imagers and the importance of distributed processing power that optimizes requirements for amount of transmitted data and delay.

The right hemisphere has traditionally been considered as dominant in odor and emotion perception, whereas little is known about odor influence on emotion recognition. This study aimed to examine a possible difference in the recognition of basic emotions presented to the left or the right visual field following short-term left or right nostril treatment with an unpleasant odor. A total of 60 right-handed female participants completed an emotion recognition task in conditions of the right and left nostril treatment with an unpleasant odor (isovaleric acid). Results showed the right hemisphere advantage in speed, but not in the accuracy of basic emotion recognition after the right nostril treatment with an unpleasant odor, while the left nostril treatment had no effect. The right hemisphere and valence-specific hypotheses in emotion recognition were not confirmed, whereas the model of the right hemisphere dominance in odor perception was confirmed. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 179002]

Previous studies have demonstrated a strong association of criminal behavior of juvenile delinquents with delinquents’ personality traits and family interactions. However, little is known about the extent to which family interactions and personality traits are associated with criminal recidivism. The present study aimed to examine these relationships, using the Velikih pet plus dva (Big Five Plus Two) – short version (assessing Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Aggressiveness, Positive Valence, Negative Valence), The Quality of Family Interaction Scale (Satisfaction with family, Mother and Father Acceptance/Rejection), and official data from criminal records. The study included 61 institutionalized delinquents and 64 non-delinquents, 15 to 18 years of age. Neuroticism, Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Negative valence, acceptance by father and rejection by mother are statistically significant predictors of criminal recidivism in juvenile delinquents. Delinquents showed higher Neuroticism, lower Conscientiousness and acceptance by mother compared to non-delinquents. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 179002]

Oxytocin achieves its effects after binding the oxytocin receptor (OXTR). Oxytocin plays an important role in empathy. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the OXTR gene (rs53576 and rs2254298) on empathy measures and plasma oxytocin levels. Seventy-four university students were screened for the OXTR rs53576 and rs2254298 SNPs using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The level of oxytocin in the plasma was measured by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All subjects were assessed with the empathy quotient (EQ) questionnaire and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). Subjects carrying the rs53576 GG genotype had a higher EQ score, compared to GA/AA genotype carriers. By gender analysis, significance was reached only in females. Considering the influence of both examined polymorphisms on empathy, participants with the GGGG diplotype had a higher EQ in comparison with GAGG/AAGG carriers. These hormone effects were not correlated with plasma oxytocin levels. This is the first study implying that higher empathy in rs53576 GG genotype carriers may not depend on plasma oxytocin levels, but possibly on the number and function of OXTRs in the brain. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III41018]

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Thin-walled cylindrical shells are commonly used in numerous branches of industry. Since they are subjected to axial load, the most common cause of their failure is buckling. This paper provides numerical analysis and experimental verification of the buckling of the thin-walled aluminium alloy cylindrical shell with special regard to the influence of dent, positioned in the middle of the shell. Numerical simulation was performed using ANSYS 16.2, and experimental verification was performed by means of hydraulic press Armavir, PSU-50, which was used to subject the specimen to the increasing axial load until the occurrence of buckling. Comparing the results it was concluded that there is significant decrease of the buckling resistance if compared the values of the specimen with no dent, and the specimen with 2 mm deep dent. On the contrary, resistance of the 2 mm and 4 mm dented specimen is quite similar. Position and shape of the deformations occurred due to buckling are matching if experimental and numerical results are compared.

The Code of Hammurabi does not include any provisions that could be qualified at least as the traces of the formation of last will as a legal transaction by which a person fulfilling the prescribed requirements, directly and unilaterally, in the form envisaged by the law, without consideration and with the possibility of revoke, disposes of his/her estate in case of death, in terms of the changing of the custom or law-intended scope of his/her heirs or changing the amount of their inheritance quota. First of all, the limitation of the scope of persons who could have an active testamentary capacity to God-devoted temple-maids and temple virgins only, in particular to the devoted temple-maids and temple-virgins of the temple of the Marduk of Babylon, regardless of the privileged social and legal status they had, is not enough to draw a general conclusion about the possibility of requesting. Secondly, the absence of any precisely arranged form for possible disposal in the case of death in the Code of Hammurabi Articles 179 and 182, as well as the dilemma whether such disposals were with or without consideration, are not in concordance with the legal nature of the last will. Finally, the failure to mention the possibility to unilaterally modify or revoke such disposal until the moment of death, is another argument for the assertion that the idea of the freedom of testation was still not in its infancy at the time. Although the insistence on the existence of all, or even most of the necessary elements of the legal nature of the last will in the Code of Hammurabi, would at first glance appear to be an anachronism, one should not forget that these contemporary features of the legal nature of last will are familiar with the Roman law from their very first testamentary forms - most of them being familiar with the Ancient Greek law as well, through the testamentary legacy and the testamentary adoption. Bearing in mind the entirety of the Code of Hammurabi, it can be said that it is more familiar with the beginnings of the contractual inheritance (contractual legacies, to be more precise), i.e. the consensual arrangement of the legal destiny of precisely certain parts of the estate of certain categories of persons after their death, for which, as a proof, there primarily are nudunu and donatio mortis causa. It is quite in accordance with the hypothesis that in almost all civilizations the bilateral disposal of property in the case of death has preceded the unilateral ones. Despite the innovative role in creating Article 182 of the Code of Hammurabi, the absence of last will in this codex was confirmed both by the combined application of the comparative and historical method, as well as the systematic interpretation and the interpretation by purpose of the Code of Hammurabi itself. None of the codes, spatially and civilizationally speaking, close and similar to the Code of Hammurabi, as well as none of the codes that are related to it in terms of the level of social and legal development, such as the Ur-Namu Code, the Lipit-Ishtar Code, the Central Syrian Laws, the Hittite Laws, or the Law of Moses, are familiar with the roots of a legal transaction which could be qualified as a last will. Bearing in mind that the very content of the Code of Hammurabi is a combination of existing customs in the area between Tigris and Euphrates and the innovating ambitions of the legislator, the absence of clear indications of the freedom of an individual to unilaterally regulate the future of his/her estate in the case of his/her death, indicates that the Babylonian law of the emperor Hammurabi had not yet reached the level of the necessary development for the affirmation of this legal transaction. On the other hand, we should not overlook the fact that the Code of Hammurabi had an appropriate systematics - truly enough, not in the spirit of the modern time, but certainly in the manner of understanding the way of how to present legal matters in the time the Code was created. If things are perceived in this way, it is clear that both Article 182 and Article 179 actually constitute a part of the corpus of norms that sought to ensure the maintenance to devoted temple-maids and priestesses, depending on whether they received the dowry from their fathers or not, regardless to the fact of their living in the temples or somewhere else. It seems that in this family-law context, not in an inheritance-law one, in the sense of guaranteeing the provision of livelihoods and not unilateral management of the inherent legal consequences of one's own death, it is necessary to consider not only the authority of the priestesses in the temple of the Marduk of Babylon, which in Article 182 of codification is expressed in words that 'Marduk may leave her estate to whomsoever she wishes', but also the similar authority that is guaranteed in the article 179 of the Code, which states: 'If a 'sister of a god,' or a prostitute, receive a gift from her father, and a deed in which it has been explicitly stated that she may dispose of it as she pleases, and give her complete disposition thereof: if then her father die, then she may leave her property to whomsoever she pleases.' The reason for the special attention paid in the Code to Marduk's priestesses should be sought not only in the fact that these God-devoted women were women of a higher social status who enjoyed great reputation for the work they did, but also in the fact that Marduk was the supreme authentic Babylonian deity that pushed out the previous gods, and was in need to legally obtain authority.

In this paper a novel distributed algorithm for blind macro-calibration in sensor networks based on consensus is proposed. The algorithm is formulated as a set of gradient-type recursions for estimating parameters of sensor calibration functions, starting from local criteria defined as weighted sums of mean square differences between the outputs of neighboring sensors. It is proved that the algorithm achieves asymptotic agreement for sensor gains and offsets in the mean square sense and with probability one. In the case of additive measurement noise, additive inter-agent communication noise and communication outages, a modification of the original algorithm is proposed. It is proved using stochastic approximation arguments that the modified algorithm achieves asymptotic consensus for sensor gains and offsets in the mean square sense and with probability one. Special attention is paid to the situation when one sensor is selected as a reference. Illustrative simulation examples are provided.

Large amounts of aerosols that linger in the atmosphere are becoming carriers of pollen. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L has the ability to produce large amounts of pollen. Given the high adaptability of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L for the dissemination of the big problem is its suppression. In practice, the most common method of combating Ambrosia is the use of different groups of herbicides which adversely affects the environment. Therefore, the aim of the paper is set to investigate the efficacy of the treatment plant Ambrosia artemisiifolia L supply via innovative devices in the stage of development of vegetative growth of the plants after harvest of wheat. The first results were visible after only 20 minutes, and the total number of plants in the treatment was destroyed after 5 days.

In Salian and Ripuarian Code affatomia represented a bilateral legal transaction that was aimed at changing of the scoped of heirs determined by the customs, at least insofar being applied in the absence of biological descendants only. However, almost all further similarities in the field cease at this point. The form for using affatomia with Ripuarian Franks was much simpler than the one with the Salian Franks. Unlike the Salian Franks, affatomia could by all odds be used by Ripuarian Franks spouses in determining each other for a heir. Legal nature of the Salian Franks affatomia is most similar to the mancipatio familiae type of will in the Roman law (which does not mean it emerged from this law), while its form in the Ripuarian Code is much closer to testamentary adoption. As with Ripuarian Franks, affatomia seems to have definitely produced legal effects only after the death of the disposant, while its legal effects with the Salian Code performed inter vivos. Contemporary authors are trying to designate the legal nature of legal affairs from the early development of human and legal civilization through modern institutes that represent the completion of their evolutionary path. Taking the inheritance contract of the German or Swiss law, or the future assets donation of the French law, for example, and then comparing them to affatomia and thinx is an anachronism. This is evident by the fact that the legal nature of these ancient Germanic institutes can not be viewed unilaterally, but always through a combination of those institutes which we know today as adoption, gift or mixed donation with retention of different modalities for the transferor or the testator (usually usufruct). In this sense, if we are looking for a inheritance agreement in the Middle Ages, the contract in which a person determines other person for his/her universal or singular successor in the modern sense, we will certainly not find one. However, if within this institute we see bilateral legal transaction whose subject is the future legacy or exactly specified legal issue from legacy, which aims to voluntarily change the law and customs of the established circuit of heirs, who partially performed legal effects among the living, and partly in case of death, the one that differs from the legacy through its irreversibility, we will then find its roots with the Franks and the Langobards, while its first clear shapes and forms we will find as early as XIII century. If we start from this initial premise, bearing in mind that different nations in different historical epochs attained a certain level of cultural, economic and legal emancipation, it is possible to draw another conclusion. It is the fact that disposal of assets in case of death, which meant some form of approval of the one in whose favour assets were disposed (what we would call today a bilateral legal transaction), has always preceded legacy as a unilateral legal transaction. Further on, it means that affatomia and thinx, as well as Morgengabe, can be considered roots in Germanic contractual inheritance law. But if we follow the development of an idea, abstracting the inevitable differences, Babylonian nudunu, Islamic vassijet, donatio mortis causa (from Babylon, through the Spartan and Roman law, to the Mirror of the Saxons), Vergabungen of the Schwabenspiegel, especially the Roman mancipatio familiae last will, can all equally be regarded as the roots of the contractual inheritance.

This paper presents a design of a decentralized fault detection and isolation (FDI) filter by means of an overlapping decentralized estimation algorithm based on a consensus strategy. An efficient solution to the FDI problem can be obtained by an adequate system decomposition into overlapping subsystems and the construction of local FDI estimators aimed at achieving the desired performance. The general aspects and properties of a consensus based estimator are described in the first part of the paper. An applicability of such an estimator to an FDI problem in a large scale system is discussed next. Namely, a case study related to the detection of fire dissymmetry in a thermal power plant boiler is presented, including the process description and identification procedure, comparison between the results obtained by local and decentralized estimators and conclusions concerning their validity.

When a distractor frequently appears in a certain region of a search display, it interferes less with performance, reflecting learned distractor suppression. While this effect is well established, it remains unknown whether this suppression is ongoing (tonic) or deactivated upon task completion (phasic). To address this, the present eye-tracking study examined the time course of distractor suppression. Participants searched for and compared two targets to determine whether to make a response or withhold responding (“No-go” trials). The No-go trials allowed observation of post-decision suppression via eye movements. Response-critical target features either remained present for the whole trial (Experiment 1) or were removed halfway through (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, distractors in the frequent region were substantially less likely to attract eye movements, including after inspection of both targets. However, in Experiment 2, the post-target distractor-region effect disappeared when the response-critical information was removed, indicating that suppression operates phasically and flexibly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]