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The objective of this research is to assess the breeding value of male individuals and calculate heritability values for body weight and body length at 12 months of age in the rainbow trout population in the Republic of Serbia. The study utilized data on the physical development of trout obtained through the Center for Fisheries and Applied Hydrobiology “Mali Dunav”, Experimental Estate “Radmilovac” of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade (CEFAH) Breeding Program for rainbow trout in the Republic of Serbia. The fish were raised in individual tanks under tightly controlled conditions at the CEFAH, until they reached 5 months of age. At this point, the fish were marked (with PIT tags Norway) and transferred to commercial fish farms, where monitoring of their production results continued. To estimate the breeding value for body weight and body length of rainbow trout at 12 months of age, we analyzed data collected between 2016 and 2020, which included a total of 2014 individuals. The breeding values were estimated using a sire model. The mixed model incorporated fixed effects (spawning year and sex) and a random effect for the individual sire. The heritability estimate at 12 months of age was 0.44 for body weight, and 0.45 for body length. The breeding values were estimated for 107 sires, with body weight values ranging from −37.83 to +37.83 g and body length values ranging from −14.00 to +14.00 mm. The substantial variation observed within the studied rainbow trout population suggests the potential for further genetic improvement. The high heritability values confirm that further selection can be based on the phenotype. The inclusion of high-quality and validated males in breeding programs will contribute to the enhancement of production characteristics within the existing rainbow trout population in Serbia.

The aim of this study was to replace fish meal (FM) with soy protein concentrate (SPC) in carp diets. During a carp feeding trial, the replacement of FM with SPC in four diets 100% replacement (SPC100); 50% replacement (SPC50); 25% replacement (SPC25), and; 0% replacement (SPC0) had no negative effects on the feed conversion ratio or the feed efficiency ratio of the live carp. However, significant differences in the specific growth rate and condition factor were found. The data obtained showed the four different carp diets led to differences in the chemical composition of the resultant carp meat. Between dietary treatments, significant differences were seen in the level of saturated fatty acids (FAs) in carp meat (P < 0.05). The levels of monounsaturated FAs and polyunsaturated FAs in carp meat differed significantly between dietary treatments (P ˂ 0.05). Pearson's correlation coefficient indicates a statistically significant correlation between the FA composition of the diet and the resultant carp meat. It is possible to replace up to 25% of the FM with SPC. Diets SPC25 and SPC0 had no significant FA composition and had amino acid balances that, more than the other diets studied, closely met the requirements of the carp.

The collapse of socialism changed the global picture of the world order and on international plan shifted most of the ex-communist countries of Europe towards Euro-Atlantic integration and membership in the European Union. The economic and social transition of most post-socialist states under the influence of Euro-Atlanticists and domestic pro-Western reformers, is taking place under Washington's consensus. The proposal of international mentors was the urgent privatization, liberalization and decentralization of the economy and society. The aim of the paper is to analyze the privatization of Serbian agriculture according to the shock model, both from the aspect of the application of regulations and the work of institutions, as well as the evaluation of the success of the procedure and privatization effects. Privatization of agricultural enterprises in Serbia has shown numerous weaknesses, which manifest in the work of institutions, inadequate strategy and vision, and in economic terms of stagnation of livestock breeding, reduction of the number of agricultural holdings and increase of unemployment. In this context, the experiences of Germany and China and some European Union countries were presented, which in the choice of transition path were guided primarily by their state and national interests.

The paper analyzes territorial organization of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, i.e. the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. After a brief review of the emergence of that country, which largely influenced its territorial organization, the systems of territorial organization in both of its constitutions the "Vidovdan" Constitution and the "September" Constitution - were analyzed. Finally, there is a short evaluation of the degree of self-government that these systems envisioned.

This paper presents the determination of the vertical deflection components using the Global Geopotential Model EGM2008. The components are defined in two groups of points: 4083 points are relatively correctly distributed across the territory of Serbia and 46 Laplas and geoid points defined in Serbia in the past century, from the set of institutions. All presented determinations in this paper are related to the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80), with the coordinates of all the points used to refer to the International Terrestrial Frame 1996 (ITRF96). Analysis of the results of the determination showed that the EGM2008 can be used to approximate the astrogeodetic determination with the agreement of several arc seconds.

This article analyzes the position of judiciary in the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia. Legal norms on the organization of judiciary are one of the most important segments of constitutional matter, having in mind that for the functioning of democracy it is important to ensure complete independence of the judiciary from so-called 'political authorities' - legislative and executive. The independence of the judiciary can only be ensured by the constitution. However, the Serbian Constitution of 2006 has taken a different stand on this part of constitutional matter, giving the legislator a wide authority to regulate substantive issues relating to the judiciary (election and dismissal of judges), which largely subordinates judicial power to the legislative. First, the constitutional norms on judiciary will be analyzed in this paper. The Serbian Constitution contains five key issues related to the independence of judiciary. Further analysis will include proposed amendments to the Constitution. Ministry of Justice's Working Version of the Draft Amendments to the Constitution has not adequately solved any of five problems. Finally, useful conclusions about the position of the judiciary in the Republic of Serbia will be drawn. .

With the end of the Cold War, the world power of the great powers is emerging and the United States assumes the role of a world order hegemon. Existing international legal order, despite attempts to reform, does not follow the changes in contemporary international relations. Unilateral imposition of global solutions is often deteriorated by the complex system of formal legal decision making, and the bearers of the new world order are 'forced' to interpret international acts in accordance with their national interests. In order to achieve their geopolitical and economic interests, the instrumentalisation of international institutions and their organs is carried out. If ideological marketing opponents of the new world order do not believe the moral correctness of the decision of the globalists towards them, the means of economic coercion, sanctions, threats, and also the direct armed force are applied to them. Limited military interventions at the time of bipolarism are justified by ideological reasons, and today's liberal expansionist, which are most often carried out under the leadership of the NATO alliance led by the United States, 'the right to humanitarian intervention,' 'the care of human rights' and the 'responsibility for protection'. The significance of the basic principles prescribed by the Charter of the United Nations, such as sovereign equality, non-interference, territorial integrity, peaceful resolution of disputes and non-interference in internal matters, is relativized and disagreed, and 'promotion of democracy' and 'protection of human rights' puts it to the fore. The NATO military alliance's aggression against FR Yugoslavia in 1999 is an ancestral example of violating of all the basic principles of international law. The crisis in Kosovo was supposed to be presented in media and legal-political way through the vision of Euro-Atlantic states and in that way to ensure international legitimacy. The unilateral humanitarian armed intervention of the NATO alliance in FR Yugoslavia, without the consent of the Security Council, resulted in a violation of the territorial integrity and independence of the country, and the already inconsistent international legal order made it even more insecure. The Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice was in line with the political position of unilateral hegemony and its satellites, not in the spirit of the fundamental principles of international law.

Background: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is defined as high TSH and normal thyroxine. Data on the effects of early substitution by levothyroxine on psychophysical health in SCH are still not consistent enough to support its introduction. Methods: Clinical parameters, biochemical data and quality of life (Short Form 36 questionnaire) were measured before the intervention and 3 months after the euthyroid state had been achieved in SCH patients. Results: Significant reduction in body weight (p=0.030), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.024, p=0.019), homocysteine (p < 0.001), leukocytes and neutrophils (p=0.011, p=0.001), INR (p=0.049), K levels (p=0.040, p=0.013), HbA1c (p=0.001), fasting insulin (p

One of the biggest challenges that every framer of the constitution faces with is selection of appropriate forms of state - form of rule, political system, state structure and system of government. At the same time, compatibility of these various forms shown in practice is very important, because the efficiency of the particular constitutional system largely depends on that compatibility. This paper analyzes the relationship between federal states with various systems of government, namely, the ways in which complex, federal state structure 'fits' with different systems - presidential, parliamentary, assembly and mixed. Special attention is paid to the relationship of the system of government with the principle of participation of federal units, in other words, how system of government can ensure representation of federal units within federal political authorities (legislative and executive). In this regard, paper also analysis the influence of electoral and party system to the principle of participation. In the end, there is an attempt to find the answer to the question which system of government is most compatible with the federal state.

The difference between the VTEC values obtained from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and satellite altimetry is much more noticeable over the ocean and the sea due to less coverage of the GNSS observations. Previous research shows that differences can go up to 15 TECU. The main problem is calculating VTEC from raw data which is ambiguous. This paper presents filtering methods for estimating the differences between mentioned datasets. By using this solution, it is possible to achieve better accuracy on a global estimation of the deviation. The International Reference Ionosphere values were used for validation of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses various issues that emerge as a consequence of constitutional pluralism existing in federal states. Particular attention is dedicated to the relationship between constitutions of federal units and federal constitutions and laws. As a consequence of two coexisting legal systems in a federation, there are as many as six categories of general acts - a constitution, laws and bylaws of the federation, on the one hand, and constitutions, laws and bylaws of federal units, on the other. It is necessary that so many categories of legal acts are in harmony with each other, and this can be ensured only by means of judicial (constitutional) review. Two of the globally most recognized and most representative models of conformity control among different categories of legislative acts - German and American - have been presented. Finally, an attempt has been made to emphasize the importance of such control and the challenges that it may face in the future.

Belgian Constitution of 1831 is one of the oldest constitutions in the world which is still in force. It is well known for having remained in force despite the change of organization of state - from unitary to federal. Starting from the 1970s, six state reforms were conducted in Belgium, and the monarchy was transformed from centralized unitary state into a decentralized federation. Pressures for further devolution are getting stronger, and some of the members of the Flemish community have clearly expressed their desire for independence from the Kingdom of Belgium and the establishment of their own state. This paper in its first part analyzes five previously conducted reforms of Belgian constitutional system. The second part deals with changes agreed in so-called Butterfly agreement and implemented in sixth state reform. In the end, author is trying to anticipate possible epilogues of state crisis, which takes almost a decade.

A designed segment of multidisciplinary co-teaching was used to activate a process of professional decision-making and study undergraduate students' perception of this skill development. A questionnaire was constructed to analyse students' perception of the process of decision-making and to reflect on the contribution of designed teaching to development of this competence. Students in our study had difficulties in perceiving, analysing, and monitoring the decision-making process. They had positive reactions, recognised contributions to their personal and professional development and perceived lack of classes for practicing complex competencies, during bachelor studies. To be able to expect some lasting effects, it is necessary for the development of these competencies to become a regular part of the curriculum and teaching practice, but also assessment of student achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most widely cultured fish species in the world. It is predominantly cultivated in the Balkans in the semiintensive system that is based on the utilization of natural food from the fish pond and supplemental feed (cereals, pelleted and extruded feed). Currently, an intensified type of semi-intensive production is starting to be more present in Serbia, where cereals, as the most common supplemental feed, are replaced by concentrated feed that fill in the lack of proteins from carps’ natural food in periods of its decreased production. The nutritional requirements for growth, reproduction and normal physiological functions of fish are similar to other animals, but generally fish need more proteins in their diet. Due to this, the efficiency in the use and utilization of proteins is more significant for fish than for other animals. The selection of supplemental feed in semi-intensive system of fish culture depends on the natural potential of the fish pond, culturing period, fish category, price and quality of feed.

This manuscript describes the importance of using histological methods to assess the effects of feed on the liver and intestine of fish. Due to the constantly increasing world production of fish and other aquatic organisms, it is necessary to replace fishmeal and fish oil in diets with less expensive raw materials of plant origin. Due to the increased fiber content, increased presence of carbohydrates, antinutritional factors, and inappropriate content of amino acids and new compounds can have negative effects on the digestive system of fish and therefore on fitness, health and production characteristics of cultivated fish. The liver and intestines are the most important organs for the digestion and absorption of nutrients from feed. Therefore, monitoring histological structure of fish liver and intestine is the method of choice in assessing the effects of nutrient mixtures that use raw materials of plant origin. For both of these vital organs the normal histological structure and the most important results obtained by research are discussed. This paper presents a critical review of the histological methods used in research on feed effects. Results related to the negative effects of raw soy-based feed on the occurrence of enteritis in carnivorous fish species are discussed. The results point out that use of modern approach in fish pathology such as improved histochemical, stereological, scoring, and other analytical methods could be a beneficial approach in an accurate assessment of new feed effects on fish.

The aim of this study was to estimate heritability and genetic correlations between weight, length and height of common carp in Serbia (Cyprinus carpio L.) during 3-year growth period. The 50 families of common carp were produced in 2007 and used for the estimation of genetic parameters. The fish were measured at tagging for weight, length and height (W0, L0, H0), then during the first autumn (W1, L1, H1) and during the second autumn (W2, L2, H2). Based on univariate models heritability estimates were high for all traits (0.39, 0.34 and 0.45 for W1, L1 and H1, respectively) and also for the second production year (0.49, 0.47 and 0.44 for W2, L2 and H2, respectively). The genetic correlations were estimated using multivariate models and they were high between W1 and L1 and H1 (0.81 ± 0.06 and 0.91 ± 0.03 for L1 and H1, respectively), while between H1 and L1 were moderately correlated (0.54 ± 0.12). In the second production year genetic correlations were also high, between W2 and L2 and H2 (0.64 ± 0.09 and 0.74 ± 0.06, respectively), while between length and height they were lower (0.24 ± 0.15). Based on the current results improving growth rate of common carp through genetic selection is expected to be effective.

In a recent paper, we have introduced two types of fuzzy simulations (forward and backward) and five types of fuzzy bisimulations (forward, backward, forward-backward, backward-forward and regular) between Kripke models for the fuzzy multimodal logics over a complete linearly ordered Heyting algebra. In this paper, for a given non-empty set Ψ of modal formulae, we introduce the concept of a weak bisimulation between Kripke models. This concept can be used to express the degree of equality of fuzzy sets of formulae from Ψ that are valid in two worlds w and w', that is, to express the degree of modal equivalence between worlds w and w' with respect to the formulae from Ψ. We prove several Hennessy-Milner type theorems. The first theorem determines that the greatest weak bisimulation for the set of plus-formulae between imagefinite Kripke models coincides with the greatest forward bisimulation. The second theorem determines that the greatest weak bisimulation for the set of minus-formulae between domain-finite Kripke models coincides with the greatest backward bisimulation. Finally, the third theorem determines that the greatest weak bisimulation for the set of all modal formulae between the degree-finite Kripke models coincides with the greatest regular bisimulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the quality of several local reference quasigeoid surfaces obtained from several Global Geopotential Models (GGM) relative to the official quasigeoid solution of Serbia (SQM2011) and GNSS/dh observations for the territory of Serbia. Therefore, validation and comparison of the derived surfaces from the three GGM’s were made based on comparisons of height anomaly derived from GGM’s, SQM2011, and the GNSS/dh observations at the points of the high-precision leveling network. The selected publicly available GGM’s in this study are GOCO05c, SGG- UGM-2, and XGM2019e. Primarily, at 1001 points of the high-precision leveling network, the differences between GGM and GNSS/dh height anomaly were calculated. The final translation parameters were calculated in the iteration procedure, which was then used to calculate the final values of the estimated height anomaly for all GGM’s at 143207 points of the regular grid of spatial resolution 0.5' × 0.5' on the entire territory of Serbia. From the estimated height anomaly, three GGM-derived surfaces were modeled relative to the SQM2011. According to the results of the calculations, SGG-UGM-2 provides the best approximation of the quasi- geoid SQM2011, where the remaining differences have a mean value of 0.01 m, a standard deviation of 0.06 m, and a span of 0.67 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]